Qual a produção possível a partir das conexões entre trabalhadores participantes de uma rede social na internet? Esta foi a questão norteadora desta tese que teve como objetivo apreender tais conexões e analisar suas possibilidades enquanto veículo de produção cooperativa do trabalho e de si em contexto de trabalho imaterial. A rede escolhida foi a Rede HumanizaSUS (RHS), um blog coletivo vinculado às propostas da Política Nacional de Humanização da Atenção e Gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde (PNH). A RHS constitui-se como uma rede de cooperação e articulação da inteligência coletiva, reunindo trabalhadores, gestores ou não, usuários e demais interessados no tema da saúde. Acompanhei esta Rede em um percurso cartográfico, método que consiste no mapeamento de territórios psicossociais, seguindo as linhas de força que os constituem. Atenta aos processos que compõem a subjetividade e que se passam entre os estados instituídos, a cartografia busca abarcar a complexidade da vida, resistindo às tendências reducionistas de métodos simplificadores. Este processo teve início em uma leitura flutuante, de reconhecimento dos temas, dos participantes, das tendências, dos desvios etc. A partir daí, estabeleci dois movimentos. O primeiro consistiu na alteração da forma de ler. Menos desprendida do que no primeiro momento, esta foi realizada com a lupa do objetivo de pesquisa. Neste movimento, percorri todos os posts que figuraram na página principal da RHS desde seu início, em fevereiro de 2008, a julho de 2011. O segundo movimento consistiu no esquadrinhamento dos 630 posts publicados na página principal da RHS no ano de 2010. Estes dois movimentos possibilitaram a constatação da produção cooperativa que se evidenciou em dois planos complementares. O primeiro plano contempla a produção dos serviços de saúde, envolvendo os elementos que favorecem a realização do trabalho com relação aos conhecimentos, às experiências e aos modos de colocar o saber em prática, abrangendo comunicação, criatividade e afeto, aspectos típicos do trabalho imaterial. O segundo plano enfoca a produção do coletivo a partir dos laços estabelecidos na Rede, das interações favorecidas pelas tecnologias da informação e comunicação que produzem outros modos de subjetivação. Estes planos são sustentados em pontos de adensamento nas conexões, os nós da Rede, compreendidos mais pela sua força na composição de sentidos do que por uma rigidez. A partir de tais nós, encontrei a possibilidade de produção coletiva na Rede. Mais ainda, me deparei com a produção coletiva de um coletivo produtor, contrastando com o modo indivíduo valorizado contemporaneamente. Na RHS são estabelecidas novas relações com as práticas de saúde e com outros trabalhadores, afetando os sentidos atribuídos ao trabalho-vida, demonstrando potência do encontro na esfera online para produzir saúde, saudavelmente, reforçando as conquistas mas também reconhecendo os desafios. / What is the possible production from the connections between workers participating in a social network on the internet? This was the guiding question of this thesis aimed to grasp such connections and analyze its possibilities as a vehicle for cooperative production of the work itself and in the context of immaterial labor. The network chosen was “Rede HumanizaSUS” (RHS), a group blog linked to the proposals of the National Policy of Humanization of Care and Management of the Health System. The RHS is as a network of cooperation and coordination of collective intelligence, bringing together workers, managers or not, users and other stakeholders in the health theme. I followed this path in cartography, a method that consists in mapping psychosocial territories, following the lines of force that constitute them. Aware of the processes that form the subjectivity and that pass between the states established, mapping seeks to embrace the complexity of life, resisting the trends simplistic reductionist methods. This process began in an initial reading, recognition of the topics, participants, trends, deviations etc. From there, I established two movements. The first was the change of how to read. Less detached than the first time, this was accomplished with the magnifying glass of the research goal. In this movement, went through all the posts that figured in the RHS home page since its inception in February 2008 to July 2011. The second movement consisted in scrutinizing the 630 posts published on the homepage of the RHS in 2010. These two movements made possible the realization of cooperative production that was evident in two additional planes. The first plan includes the production of health services, involving the elements that favor the completion of work in relation to knowledge, experience and the ways to put knowledge into practice, including communication, creativity and affection, typical aspects of immaterial labor. The second plan focuses on the production of the collective from the links established in the network, the interactions favored by information and communication technologies that produce other modes of subjectivity. These plans are supported at points of density of connections, the nodes of the network, included more for its strength in the composition of the senses than by rigidity. From these I found the possibility of collective production in the Network. Moreover, I stumbled upon the collective production of a collective producer, contrasting with the way the individual valued contemporaneously. In the RHS are established new relationships with health practices and with other employees, affecting the meanings attributed to work-life, demonstrating the power of the online sphere meeting in order to produce health, healthy, reinforcing the achievements but also recognizing the challenges.

Qual a produção possível a partir das conexões entre trabalhadores participantes de uma rede social na internet? Esta foi a questão norteadora desta tese que teve como objetivo apreender tais conexões e analisar suas possibilidades enquanto veículo de produção cooperativa do trabalho e de si em contexto de trabalho imaterial. A rede escolhida foi a Rede HumanizaSUS (RHS), um blog coletivo vinculado às propostas da Política Nacional de Humanização da Atenção e Gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde (PNH). A RHS constitui-se como uma rede de cooperação e articulação da inteligência coletiva, reunindo trabalhadores, gestores ou não, usuários e demais interessados no tema da saúde. Acompanhei esta Rede em um percurso cartográfico, método que consiste no mapeamento de territórios psicossociais, seguindo as linhas de força que os constituem. Atenta aos processos que compõem a subjetividade e que se passam entre os estados instituídos, a cartografia busca abarcar a complexidade da vida, resistindo às tendências reducionistas de métodos simplificadores. Este processo teve início em uma leitura flutuante, de reconhecimento dos temas, dos participantes, das tendências, dos desvios etc. A partir daí, estabeleci dois movimentos. O primeiro consistiu na alteração da forma de ler. Menos desprendida do que no primeiro momento, esta foi realizada com a lupa do objetivo de pesquisa. Neste movimento, percorri todos os posts que figuraram na página principal da RHS desde seu início, em fevereiro de 2008, a julho de 2011. O segundo movimento consistiu no esquadrinhamento dos 630 posts publicados na página principal da RHS no ano de 2010. Estes dois movimentos possibilitaram a constatação da produção cooperativa que se evidenciou em dois planos complementares. O primeiro plano contempla a produção dos serviços de saúde, envolvendo os elementos que favorecem a realização do trabalho com relação aos conhecimentos, às experiências e aos modos de colocar o saber em prática, abrangendo comunicação, criatividade e afeto, aspectos típicos do trabalho imaterial. O segundo plano enfoca a produção do coletivo a partir dos laços estabelecidos na Rede, das interações favorecidas pelas tecnologias da informação e comunicação que produzem outros modos de subjetivação. Estes planos são sustentados em pontos de adensamento nas conexões, os nós da Rede, compreendidos mais pela sua força na composição de sentidos do que por uma rigidez. A partir de tais nós, encontrei a possibilidade de produção coletiva na Rede. Mais ainda, me deparei com a produção coletiva de um coletivo produtor, contrastando com o modo indivíduo valorizado contemporaneamente. Na RHS são estabelecidas novas relações com as práticas de saúde e com outros trabalhadores, afetando os sentidos atribuídos ao trabalho-vida, demonstrando potência do encontro na esfera online para produzir saúde, saudavelmente, reforçando as conquistas mas também reconhecendo os desafios. / What is the possible production from the connections between workers participating in a social network on the internet? This was the guiding question of this thesis aimed to grasp such connections and analyze its possibilities as a vehicle for cooperative production of the work itself and in the context of immaterial labor. The network chosen was “Rede HumanizaSUS” (RHS), a group blog linked to the proposals of the National Policy of Humanization of Care and Management of the Health System. The RHS is as a network of cooperation and coordination of collective intelligence, bringing together workers, managers or not, users and other stakeholders in the health theme. I followed this path in cartography, a method that consists in mapping psychosocial territories, following the lines of force that constitute them. Aware of the processes that form the subjectivity and that pass between the states established, mapping seeks to embrace the complexity of life, resisting the trends simplistic reductionist methods. This process began in an initial reading, recognition of the topics, participants, trends, deviations etc. From there, I established two movements. The first was the change of how to read. Less detached than the first time, this was accomplished with the magnifying glass of the research goal. In this movement, went through all the posts that figured in the RHS home page since its inception in February 2008 to July 2011. The second movement consisted in scrutinizing the 630 posts published on the homepage of the RHS in 2010. These two movements made possible the realization of cooperative production that was evident in two additional planes. The first plan includes the production of health services, involving the elements that favor the completion of work in relation to knowledge, experience and the ways to put knowledge into practice, including communication, creativity and affection, typical aspects of immaterial labor. The second plan focuses on the production of the collective from the links established in the network, the interactions favored by information and communication technologies that produce other modes of subjectivity. These plans are supported at points of density of connections, the nodes of the network, included more for its strength in the composition of the senses than by rigidity. From these I found the possibility of collective production in the Network. Moreover, I stumbled upon the collective production of a collective producer, contrasting with the way the individual valued contemporaneously. In the RHS are established new relationships with health practices and with other employees, affecting the meanings attributed to work-life, demonstrating the power of the online sphere meeting in order to produce health, healthy, reinforcing the achievements but also recognizing the challenges.

The convenience of mobile applications combined with the efficiency and effectiveness provided by technology has contributed to an increased interest in mobile applications. Local groups and non-profit organizations often utilize outdated, manual processes and don’t have the resources or time to look into improving these systems. For Cal Poly students and other members of the community, this means there is an opportunity to apply technical skills and school projects to address these inefficiencies. This work explores whether a better system can be developed to provide the functionality of the existing system and enhance the experience of users through technology, data tracking, and automation. Two apps demonstrate the application of technology to meet needs within the San Luis Obispo community: Poly Rides is an iOS and Android application that improves ridesharing for Cal Poly students. The idea stemmed from the Cal Poly Rideshare Facebook page, where the posting format for a ride is inconsistent, making it difficult to find a ride match. The Poly Rides app provides an improved user interface for posting, searching, and coordinating rides with other students. Its success has been validated through the popularity of the app. There were 3734 installations and 7925 messages sent as of May 27, 2016. Woods is an iOS application for iPhone, iPad, and Apple Watch that improves the care tracking process for dogs at Woods Humane Society. The previous technique involved updating a whiteboard to manage the information and care for the avail- able dogs. The whiteboard had inconsistent and limited information, was often out of date, and did not have room to list all of the dogs. An app was created which automatically pulls the dogs from the shelter database, provides more detailed information and instructions, and is available for volunteers on their personal devices. The results revealed a much larger and more positive impact than originally anticipated; volunteers reported feeling more confident providing appropriate care to the dog (65.9%) and that they have more trust in the dogs’ information (52.3%). Of staff and volunteers, 83.9% prefer the app over the whiteboard and 10.7% have no preference. Dog breed, size, age, and photo, details not available on the whiteboard, were reported to be “Very” or “Extremely” important by 56.8% of volunteers. This thesis describes some important requirements for developing community service mobile applications, offers suggestions for facilitating the development of a high quality product, and lists some useful resources for iOS development. Both apps not only reach their goal of improving a manual process in the local community, but also have the potential to improve and impact other communities around the world.

Hepatozyten sind von großer Bedeutung in Klinik und Forschung. Da sie derzeit nicht kultiviert werden können wird vielfach versucht sie aus Vorläuferzellen zu generieren. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Entwicklung von zwei Stammzelllinien in einem xenogenen Transplantationsmodell mit immundefizienten Mäusen untersucht. Verwendet wurden Stammzellen aus humanem Nabelschnurblut und vordifferenzierte humane Monozyten, sogenannte Neohepatozyten. Es wurden jeweils 750.000 dieser Zellen in die Leber von NOD/SCID-Mäusen transplantiert und die Lebern im Verlauf explantiert. Die Identifikation der transplantierten Zellen im Gewebeschnitt gelang durch den Membranfarbstoff CM-DiI. Zur genetischen Charakterisierung wurde eine in situ Hybridisierung mit human- bzw. mausspezifischen Gensonden etabliert. So konnten die transplantierten Zellen sicher in den Mauslebern detektiert werden. Im Weiteren wurde immunhistochemisch humanes Albumin in Mauslebern nachgewiesen. Humanes Albumin diente als Differenzierungsmarker und zeigt eine Entwicklung der transplantierten Zellen in Richtung Hepatozyten an. Interessanterweise wurden bei der Analyse beider Zelllinien zwei Typen Humanalbumin-positiver Zellen beobachtet: Typ I Zellen traten meist in Gruppen auf, waren kleiner als Hepatozyten und trugen einen dichten, dezentral gelegenen Kern. Sie lagen im Parenchym oder in kleineren Gefäßen und waren in der Lage, wie Hepatozyten, Glycogen und Eisen zu speichern. Typ II Zellen traten einzeln auf und glichen in ihrer Form exakt den Hepatozyten. Durch die Kombination von Immunhistochemie und in situ Hybridisierung konnten die Humanalbumin-positiven Zellen genetisch charakterisiert werden. Typ I Zellen trugen einen menschlichen Kern. Ihre Entstehung kann durch Teildifferenzierung der Stammzellen erklärt werden. Typ II Zellen wiesen einen Mauskern auf. Ein möglicher Entstehungsmechanismus ist der horizontale Gentransfer nach Zerfall der transplantierten Zellen im Zuge einer Immunreaktion. Der formale Nachweis eines solchen Phänomens steht noch aus.

Der Schlaganfall stellt die häufigste Ursache für dauerhafte körperliche Behinderungen im Erwachsenenalter dar. Derzeit steht aufgrund des engen therapeutischen Zeitfensters lediglich für 10% aller Schlaganfallpatienten die kausale Thrombolysetherapie zur Eröffnung des verschlossenen Blutgefäßes zur Verfügung. Eine vielversprechende Therapieoption stellen humane Nabelschnurblutzellen dar, deren Effektivität bisher ausschließlich bei jungen und meist gesunden Tieren nachgewiesen wurde. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte die Wirksamkeit intravenös applizierter, kryokonservierter mononukleärer Zellen des humanen Nabelschnurblutes auf die Entwicklung eines experimentellen Schlaganfalles in jungen und alten hypertensiven Ratten. Die sensomotorische Regeneration der Tiere wurde anhand der BeamWalk- und mNSS-Tests untersucht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde außerdem der LadderRung Walking-Test etabliert. Parallel durchgeführte MRT-Untersuchungen dienten zur Analyse des Infarktvolumens. Nach Ablauf des 64-tägigen Beobachtungszeitraumes wurde die Proliferationsaktivität von Astrozyten im Randbereich des Infarktes überprüft. Die Auswertungen sensomotorischer Fähigkeiten, der Infarktvolumina und der Zellproliferation ergaben keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen Therapie- und Kontrollgruppe beider Altersstufen. Junge und alte Ratten entwickelten vergleichbare Infarktvolumina und wiesen ähnliche motorische Fähigkeiten auf. Ein erhöhtes Alter der Versuchstiere war darüber hinaus mit methodischen Problemen behaftet, was die sensomotorische Funktionalitätsprüfung alter Tiere eingeschränkte und eine histopathologische Auswertung ausschloss.

<p>  </p> <p>A large portion of the demand for purebred dogs in the United States is met by commercial breeding (CB). CB is a contentious issue, and concern exists surrounding the quality and quantity of human-animal interactions in CB kennels. Quality of caretaker interactions has been demonstrated to affect welfare in livestock and laboratory animals, yet is widely understudied in kenneled dogs, especially those kept for CB. It therefore warrants investigation. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of a short, regular, positive caretaker interaction on physiological and behavioral metrics of dog welfare in CB kennels. Adult bitches (n = 47) from two CB kennels received a daily interaction with a familiar caretaker for two weeks. Half of the dogs (n = 24) received a 2-minute caretaker interaction with treats (CI), and the other half (n = 23) received treats only (TO). All other human interactions were limited to routine husbandry. Fecal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), hair cortisol concentration (HCC), and behavior in response to human approach were measured at baseline (Day 0), after two weeks of treatment (Day 14), and two weeks after treatment ended (Day 28). Behavior during treatment delivery was scored from video on days 1, 2, 8, 9, 13, and 14. General linear mixed models were used with treatment type and timepoint as fixed effects, dog nested within pen as random effects, and welfare metrics as dependent variables. Data from both facilities were analyzed and presented separately. In Facility 1 (n = 25), treatment type did not affect hair cortisol concentration (HCC) or fecal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). However, HCC increased significantly from Day 0 to Day 28 (X2 = 5.83, <em>p </em>= 0.016) and fecal sIgA decreased significantly (X2 = 21.52, <em>p </em>< 0.001) over all three timepoints. Affiliative behavior in response to human approach increased over time with no significant effect of treatment type or tester (X2=10.549, <em>p</em>=0.001). Additionally, time spent in proximity to the caretaker significantly increased in both treatment groups during the daily interaction (CI: X2=14.047, <em>p</em><0.001, and TO: X2=5.121, <em>p</em>=0.024). In Facility 2 (n = 22), there was no effect of treatment type on physiological metrics, however, HCC decreased in time (X2 = 6.66, <em>p </em>= 0.009) in both treatment groups combined. Affiliative response to human approach increased over time in Facility 2 (X2=13.5782, <em>p</em>=0.001). During daily interactions, dogs from the TO group displayed increased affiliative (X2 = 8.58, <em>p </em>= 0.003) and decreased ambivalent (X2 = 10.42, <em>p </em>= 0.001) behaviors over time, while dogs from the CI group showed increasing latency to approach the caretaker (X2 = 4.38, <em>p </em>= 0.033). Changes in physiological and behavioral metrics differed by facility and treatment group. Factors such as variation in treatment quality and prior caretaker-animal relationship may play a role in dogs’ responses to the treatment. These results suggest that a caretaker interaction has the potential to improve welfare in dogs residing in CB kennels. However, careful consideration must be taken when implementing new protocols to avoid unintended increases in stress. For some adult dogs unaccustomed to extended, structured interactions with their caretakers, a 2-minute session may have resulted in increased physiological and behavioral stress, suggesting that a longer interaction might have jeopardized rather than improved their welfare. For these dogs, a more gradual introduction to human interactions may be more beneficial. This study offers new insight on the implementation of socialization, counterconditioning, and caretaker-dog interaction practices to maximize positive welfare in CB kennels. Future research is needed to further validate and expand upon these findings.</p>

Schädigungen des retinalen Pigmentepithels spielen bei der Pathogenese der altersbedingten Makuladegeneration eine Schlüsselrolle. Oxidativer Stress und Komplementaktivierung tragen zur Degeneration des retinalen Pigmentepithels (RPE) und somit zum Tod von Photorezeptoren im Bereich der Makula bei. In dieser Arbeit wurde der Einfluss von oxidativem Stress auf humane retinale Pigmentepithel-(RPE-) Zellen in vitro untersucht. Die Viabilität, Nekrose- und Apoptoserate der Zellen wurde unter dem Einfluss von Serumfaktoren oder antioxidativen Wirkstoffen analysiert. Steigender oxidativer Stress, experimentell ausgelöst durch steigende H2O2-Konzentrationen, war mit einer verminderten Viabilität bzw. erhöhten Nekrose-/Apoptoserate der humanen RPE-Zellen verbunden. Es zeigte sich, dass sowohl Serum (FKS), als auch Substanzen, die als Antioxidans (NAC) oder Radikalfänger (MnTBAP) wirken, bei einer H2O2-Konzentration bis 2 mM einen protektiven Effekt auf das Überleben der Zellen hatten. Außerdem konnte gezeigt werden, dass humane RPE-Zellen auf H2O2-Konzentrationen bis zu 0,5 mM mit zunehmender Freisetzung der Komplementkomponente C5a reagieren. Diese Ergebnisse erlauben den Schluss, dass oxidativer Stress des RPE eine Komplementaktivierung begünstigt, die ihrerseits den zytolytischen Untergang von RPE-Zellen vorantreibt. Sowohl antioxidativ wirksame als auch komplementmodulierende Wirkstoffe wären demnach als therapeutischer Ansatz in der Behandlung der AMD denkbar. Weiterführende Studien sind zur Charakterisierung derartiger Substanzen erforderlich.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Die altersbedingte Makuladegeneration (AMD) 1.1.1 Definition 1.1.2 Prävalenz der AMD 1.1.3 Risikofaktoren der AMD 1.1.3.1 Genvarianten als prädisponierende Risikofaktoren der AMD 1.1.4 Formen der AMD 1.1.5 Physiologische Funktion von RPE-Zellen 1.2 Pathophysiologie 1.2.1 Pathophysiologische Rolle der RPE-Zellen bei der Entstehung von AMD 1.2.2 Entstehung von Drusen 1.2.3 Die Rolle des lokalen Komplementsystems im RPE-Choroidea-Komplex 1.2.4 Entstehung von choroidalen Neovaskularisationen 1.2.4.1 Die Rolle des Komplementsystems bei der Entstehung von CNV 1.3 Therapiemöglichkeiten der AMD 1.4 Das Komplementsystem 1.4.1 Der klassische Weg 1.4.2 Der alternative Weg 1.4.3 Der Lektinweg 1.4.4 Aktivierung über das C-reaktive Protein 1.4.5 Die Aufgaben von C3a, C4a und C5a 1.4.6 Aktivierung des Komplementsystems im Zusammenhang mit oxidativem Stress 1.5 Zielstellung der Arbeit 2 Material und Methoden 2.1 Material 2.1.1 Kulturmedien 2.1.2 Puffer 2.1.3 Chemikalien 2.1.4 Antikörper und Immunglobuline 2.1.5 Kits 2.1.6 Lösungen 2.1.7 Sonstiges 2.1.8 Verbrauchsmaterialien 2.1.9 Laborgeräte 2.2 Methoden 2.2.1 Allgemeine Verfahren beim Umgang mit einer Zellkultur 2.2.1.1 Herstellung des Kulturmediums für humane RPE-Zellen 2.2.1.2 Auftauen von Zellen 2.2.1.3 Mediumwechsel 2.2.1.4 Passagieren von humanen RPE-Zellen 2.2.1.5 Sterilfiltrieren von Flüssigkeiten 2.2.2 Vorbereitung der Experimente mit humanen RPE-Zellen 2.2.3 C5a - Assay 2.2.4 MTT-Test 2.2.4.1 MTT-Test mit oder ohne Zugabe von FKS 2.2.4.2 MTT-Test mit oder ohne Zugabe einer antioxidativ wirksamen Substanz 2.2.5 LDH-Bestimmung und Auszählung toter Zellen 2.2.6 BrdU-Apoptose-Assay 2.2.7 Statistische Auswertung 3 Ergebnisse 3.1 Einfluss von oxidativem Stress auf das Überleben von humanen RPE- Zellen 3.2 Einfluss von Additiven auf das durch oxidativen Stress beeinträchtigte Überleben humaner RPE-Zellen 3.2.1 Einfluss von Serumfaktoren und Dichte der Zellen auf das Überleben humaner RPE-Zellen 3.2.2 Einfluss von FKS 3.2.3 Einfluss von NAC 3.2.4 Einfluss von MnTBAP 3.3 Effekt von oxidativem Stress auf die Apoptose von humanen RPE-Zellen 3.4 Effekt von oxidativem Stress auf die Nekrose von humanen RPE-Zellen 3.5 Freisetzung von C5a nach Exposition von humanen RPE-Zellen gegenüber oxidativem Stress 4 Diskussion 5 Zusammenfassung 6 Literaturverzeichnis

Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Verbesserung der Qualität und Vitalität von Gefäßtransplantaten bei Kaltlagerung. Optimiert wurden antimikrobiell wirksame Gefäßprotektionslösungen unter der Berücksichtigung der strengen Auflagen des Arzneimittelgesetzes (AMG). Für die umfangreichen Untersuchungen sind gesetzliche Mindestzeiten von bis zu einer Woche festgelegt. Für die antimikrobielle Dekontamination der Grafts wird ein Zeitraum zwischen 20 und 48 Stunden angegeben. In dieser Studie wurde die bereits sehr erfolgreich getestete Protektionslösung TiProtec® für Kaltlagerungsbedingungen genutzt. Zur Evaluierung der Gefäßfunktionen wurde die humane A. mammaria interna verwendet. Bei den Funktionsmessungen wurden die Wandspannungsentwicklung durch die rezeptorabhängige und rezeptorunabhängige Konstriktion sowie die endothelabhängige und die endothelunabhängige Vasodilatation evaluiert. Getestet wurden kurze Lagerungszeiten von 2 bis 48 Stunden sowie lange Lagerungszeiten von 96 Stunden bis zu einer Woche. Des Weiteren wurde überprüft, ob die Lagerung der Arteriensegmente für 48 Stunden in einer speziellen Lagerungslösung mit anschließender Umlagerung für weitere fünf Tage in TiProtec® eine Verbesserung der Funktionalität bewirkte. Untersucht wurden vier antimikrobielle Dekontaminationslösungen. Neben der Vergleichsgruppe mit TiProtec®-Lösung ohne Zusatz, wurden als Zusätze die Antibiotikamixtur 1 (Gentamicin, Clindamycin, Flucloxacillin, Metronidazol, Fluconazol und Itraconazol), Antibiotikamixtur 2 ( Gentamicin, Clindamycin, Metronidazol und Fluconazol) und das Antiseptikum Taurolidin in den Konzentrationen 0,5% und 0,002% verwendet.

Zu den bekannten Risikofaktoren der altersbedingten Makuladegeneration (AMD), häufigste Erblindungsursache des Erwachsenen in den Industrienationen, gehören unter anderem die arterielle Hypertonie und/ oder eine hohe Kochsalzzufuhr, Zustände, die mit Gewebehypoxie und Hyperosmolarität einhergehen können. Die vorgelegte Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der wichtigen Aufklärung von Veränderungen des neuroprotektiven Osteopontins (OPN) in humanen retinalen Pigmentepithelzellen (RPE-Zellen) durch unterschiedliche pathogene Faktoren. Osteopontin erbringt wichtige supportive Leistungen für die Photorezeptoren der Netzhaut, so die Bereitstellung von Nährstoffen und die Regeneration des Sehpigments. Sowohl unter hypoxischen- wie auch unter hyperosmolaren Versuchsbedingungen kam es zu einer gesteigerten OPN-Genexpression, wobei je nach Art des Stimulus, unterschiedliche Signaltransduktionswege engagiert wurden. Es konnten viele positive Einflüsse von Osteopontin auf RPE- Zellen und Photozeptoren gezeigt werden, die neue Therapiemöglichkeiten unter Einschluss protektiv wirkender Osteopontin-Peptide nahelegen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einführung 1.1 Das retinale Pigmentepithel 1.2 Degenerative Erkrankungen der Netzhaut 1.2.1 Die altersbedingte Makuladegeneration 1.2.2 Risikofaktoren 1.2.3 Die Frühstadien der AMD 1.2.4 Die atrophe AMD 1.2.5 Die exsudative AMD 1.2.6 Therapie der AMD 1.3 Angiogener Wachstumsfaktor VEGF 1.4 Neuroprotektive Faktoren 1.4.1 GDNF 1.4.2 bFGF 1.4.3 Osteopontin (OPN) 2 Fragestellung 3 Material und Methoden 3.1 Arbeitsmaterialien 3.1.1 Substanzen 3.1.2 Pharmakologische Inhibitoren 3.1.3 Geräte und Materialien 3.1.4 Zellkulturmedien 3.1.5 Kits 3.1.6 Rekombinante Proteine 3.1.7 Primer für die PCR 3.2 Zellbiologische Methoden 3.2.1 Zellkultivierung 3.2.2 Zellstimulation 3.2.3 Transfektion mit siRNA 3.2.4 RNA Extraktion 3.2.5 Quantifizierung der RNA Menge 3.2.6 cDNA-Synthese 3.2.7 Real-Time-Polymerasekettenreaktion 3.2.8 Agarose-Gelelektrophorese 3.2.9 ELISA 3.2.10 Statistik 4 Ergebnisse 4.1 Expression des Osteopontin-Gens bei humanen RPE-Zellen 4.2 Regulation der Osteopontin-Gen- und Proteinexpression 4.3 OPN-Genexpression - Beteiligung intrazellulärer Signalwege 4.3.1 Regulation der hyperosmolaren Genexpression von Osteopontin 4.3.2 Regulation der hypoxischen Genexpression von Osteopontin 4.4 Rolle des extrazellulären Signalings bei hyperosmolarer und hypoxischer OPN-Genexpression 4.4.1 Wachstumsfaktor-Rezeptoren 4.4.2 Purinerge Rezeptoren 4.5 Funktion der Transkriptionsfaktoraktivität 4.5 Wirkung von Osteopontin auf die Expression und Sekretion angiogener Faktoren bei RPE-Zellen 5 Diskussion 6 Zusammenfassung 7 Literaturverzeichnis 8 Abbildungsverzeichnis 9 Tabellenverzeichnis 10 Selbstständigkeitserklärung 11 Anlagen (Lebenslauf, Danksagung, Nachweis der Teilnahme an der Vorlesung 'Gute Wissenschaftliche Praxis“)

Two long-standing and erroneous claims have plagued Marxism for the past century. First, Marx held no static view of human-nature. Second, Marx's theory of alienation was the naive view of a young Marx, which was jettisoned in his wiser adult years. Both views are demonstrable false. Moreover, the validity of his theory of human nature, and alienation, are contingent upon the acceptance of each other. One cannot fully comprehend his view of alienation without understanding his view of human nature, and vice versa. Upon demonstrating Marx's theory of human nature, and defending it as a crucial bedrock for the theory of alienation, mainstream rejections of each will be considered, and critiqued. The constant misunderstanding of Marx's theory of human nature comes in his unique theory of essence. He is an essentialist, with a fluid conception of man's essence. One's historical essence is an ensemble of socio-historical reflections, dialectically interplaying off a historically transcending essentialism.