Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskans roll vid humanitära insatser i kris- och katastrofområden har rötter långt bak i tiden. Intresset för internationellt arbete är stort och sjuksköterskan har en viktig och ansvarsfull uppgift. Många olika motiv finns för att delta i ett humanitärt arbete, bland annat viljan att bidra och utföra ett meningsfullt arbete, en professionell utmaning och önskan om personlig utveckling genom att verka i en annan kultur och uppleva något annat. Arbete ställer dock höga krav på kompetens och en rad olika förmågor som t.ex. ledar- och organisationsförmåga, samarbete och flexibilitet. Befintlig litteratur består till stor del av skönlitterära berättelser. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av humanitärt fältarbete. Metod: Metoden för detta arbete var en litteraturöversikt. Nio vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ ansats har valts ut, granskats och sammanställts utifrån likheter och skillnader enligt Fribergs (2006b) modell. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras utifrån fyra teman; arbetets karaktär, miljö, olika men ändå lika och kompetens. Dessa inkluderar ett antal subteman; bristande resurser, att mötas och samarbeta, professionella utmaningar, levnadsförhållanden i fält, isolering och beroende, kulturella skillnader och likheter mellan människor. Diskussion: Valda delar ur resultatet diskuteras med Madeleine Leiningers teori om transkulturell omvårdnad som teoretisk utgångspunkt. Områden som behandlas är att sjuksköterskorna trots bristande resurser upplevde en tillfredsställelse i att ge omsorg (caring), etiska svårigheter/ dilemman, miljöns olika delar som påverkansfaktorer, viljan att tjäna, medvetenhet om kulturella olikheter och det universella människor emellan och hur man skapar möjlighet till en kulturanpassad vård. Avslutningsvis diskuteras vikten av kompetens med särskilt fokus på pediatrisk omvårdnad med den etiska principen ”att inte skada” belyst. / Background: There is a long tradition of nurses involved in humanitarian work in disaster areas. The commitment for international work is wide- spread among nurses and they have an important role to play. There are many different motives for engaging in humanitarian work. A few central ones are the will to contribute to and do meaningful work, the professional as well as personal challenge attained by working and living in another culture and under different conditions. The work requires high demands on competencies and abilities such as leader- and organizational skills, collaboration and flexibility. The literature presents mostly anecdotal stories. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe nurses´ experiences of humanitarian fieldwork. Methods: The method for this thesis was a literature review. Nine scientific articles with qualitative design have been chosen, analyzed and compiled on the bases of similarities and differences by the Friberg (2006b) model. Results: The result is presented from four themes; the character of the work, environment, different but still similar and competence. These includes a number of subthemes; lack of resources, to meet and collaborate, professional challenges, living conditions in the field, isolation and dependence, cultural differences and similarities between people. Discussions: Based on Madeleine Leininger´s theory about transcultural nursing, chosen parts from the findings are discussed. Areas addressed are the nurses´ experience of satisfaction, despite lack of resources, when being able to give caring, ethical difficulties/ dilemmas, affecting environmental effects, the will to serve, awareness of cultural differences and the universality among human beings and how to create a transcultural care. The importance of competence with special focus on pediatrics related is finally discussed with the ethical princip of  “do no harm” highlighted.

This research examined the effects of motivation on the well-being of humanitarian health workers. Using Self-Determination Theory, I argued introjected and identified motivations were applicable to this occupational domain, and have differential effects on well-being. Introjected motivation would be positively related to hedonic well-being and burnout, while identified motivation would be positively related to eudaimonic well-being and vitality. Orientations to happiness and passion were proposed as mediating these relationships. An online quantitative questionnaire was used in the first phase of data collection. Respondents were N = 82 humanitarian health workers. A semi-structured interview methodology was used in the second phase. Participants were N = 5 humanitarian health workers. Path analyses revealed neither introjected nor identified motivation was significantly related to vitality or hedonic vs. eudaimonic well-being. Both motivations had significant direct effects on burnout, albeit in the opposite direction to hypotheses. Passion moderated the relationship between motivation and burnout. Additional path analyses showed obsessive passion mediated the path between introjected motivation and emotional exhaustion. Harmonious passion mediated the path between identified motivation and diminished personal accomplishment. Both obsessive and harmonious passion mediated the paths between each motivation and depersonalisation, although identified motivation had the strongest relationship with this aspect of burnout. Interview data supported the majority of quantitative findings. The results suggest the motivations underlying engagement in humanitarian work, are related to the development of burnout. The mediational effect of passion determines which aspect of burnout will be most prevalent. The findings have applicability to the design and implementation of recruitment strategies, and programs aimed at the treatment and prevention of burnout in workers, both pre- and post-deployment to humanitarian situations.

The rising number of disasters, both natural and man-made, has created a greater need for humanitarian interventions. Simultaneously, it has also created larger room for disaster capitalism, a phenomenon where certain actors use disasters to push economic interests. NGO:s are one of the main actors in post-disaster settings, which happens to be the very same sphere as the one where disaster capitalism occurs. Thus, this study will examine how NGO:s can work to counteract disaster capitalism. This is done by looking at how Swedish NGO:s implement their work and whether this is compatible with Loretta Pyles’ decolonising disaster social work framework (2017), which is deemed to contain measures which can hamper disaster capitalism. Furthermore, it also delves into NGO perception of privatisation of the humanitarian sector, which consociates with disaster capitalism, which is done by looking at how Swedish NGO:s experience the expansion of privatisations into the humanitarian sphere. The methodology is based on semi-structured interviews with representatives from a number of Swedish NGO:s active in the humanitarian sector, from which data has been qualitatively analysed. The results show, among other things, that disaster capitalism as a concept is fairly unknown among most of the NGO:s, however central aspects are recognised by many. It also shows that Swedish NGO:s are generally in line with Pyles’ framework. The dilemmas of the localisation agenda are examined, where the ambitions are high but institutional barriers hamper movement in its direction. Similarly, the pros and cons of international standards are discussed and whether these are a barrier to localisation. Resilience and the humanitarian-development nexus are highly contemporary matters and are also debated. The position towards private actors and privatisations of the humanitarian sector is contradictive, as there is a general opinion that being private and for-profit is not a problem, but also a general opinion that actors have to work on a principle-basis and not to make profit. It became clear that some scepticism is levelled at private actors from an NGO perspective. Finally, critical aspects of the humanitarian system and potential future risks are discussed, with the main concern regarding a phasing out of Western NGO:s in favour for less principle-based actors from other parts of the world.

Sexual and Gender-Based Violence constitutes one of the major protection concerns in displacement settings, being the current Syrian crisis in Lebanon no exception. This has led international and Lebanese humanitarian actors to design and implement prevention and response programmes country-wide to ensure the protection of persons of concern. Yet, gender-related programmes seem to maintain a traditional approach which focuses disproportionately on women and girls. As for SGBV programmes, while women and girls do constitute the bulk of SGBV survivors, such traditional approach overlooks the need of other groups concerned by any gender and SGBV-related interventions. This holds especially true to men and boys, whose engagement in SGBV programming is still conceived in silos, usually included in prevention programmes in their role as perpetrators. Working with men and boys survivors is not widespread and there is no consistent attempt to involve men across all stages in programmes. With no aim to compromise the much needed interventions with women and girls, this Master’s thesis aims at exploring an enhanced men-inclusive approach to SGBV programmes through the exploration of a tool called the men’s lens. By analyzing how Syrian refugee men’s own masculinities and manhood and their linkages to their social positioning influence the emergence of SGBV, this Master’s thesis explores the feasibility of such approach through interviews and a set of recommendations to humanitarian actors in Lebanon. As such, the thesis contributes to bringing together academia and the humanitarian realm, contextualising the men’s lens to the reality on the ground. This includes the adoption of a practical focus on the intertwinement between SGBV, masculinities and intersectionality among Syrian refugees in Lebanon, with the ultimate goal of contributing to improving current SGBV programmes in the Syria crisis.

There is limited evidence-based data on income-generating interventions, both within thehumanitarian and the development field. Nevertheless, there is a growing and unavoidable nexus between the two fields, and therefore also, within their methodologies for measuring project intervention results, as well as their success rates. The challenge in many cases,however, is finding a measuring system which does not only account for a project’s expenditures, but can also tell something about a project’s effectiveness, which can then be compared to similar intervention’s results, and applied in future endeavors. Hence, this study analyzes the economic effectiveness of an Income Generating Activity (IGA) project in rural Guatemala as a case study, using an Economic Rate of Return (ERR) as the basis of measurement, which is acquired using a cost-benefit analysis (CBA). The study draws on the various viewpoints of scholars on the subject, taking into account different Monitoring and Evaluation (M & E) practices, particularly in the manners carried out by the United Nations and the World Bank, as they have long histories of M & E practices in the field. It especially lays emphasis on the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF), which is a tool which is often used within humanitarian work as well as in development to determine possible economic opportunities in communities. Although the study aims at IGA programs in the humanitarian sector, data within development projects is also explored in this thesis, because longer timeframes within development, allow for more careful study of long-term results, which is usually a requirement for the evaluation of livelihood. Results within the development sector allow for more careful study of results, and more certain conclusions than within the humanitarian sector, which due to its emergency settings, usually has a more difficult time collecting data.This study then makes an ex-ante analysis of the case study in question, which is a potential aquaponic fish tank project, with economic benefits, in the unattended, post-disaster settings of San Andrés Osuna, Guatemala, following the eruption of the Volcan de Fuego, in 2018. The study reveals that the project has a potential ERR of 280 percent, compared to other WorldBank projects which tend to have an ERR ranging between 15 and 25 percent. Nevertheless, other projects which have also been explored by this study, also offer results ranging ERRs of about 280 percent as well. Many times, projects utilize cost-efficiency analysis which make them more difficult tocompare and contrast to other projects than if they had used ERR results, to measure the projects’ success. This comparison of projects can help decision makers better allocate their resources to the most efficient income generating projects in the future, which can therefore better economic livelihoods of people in post-disaster settings. The World Bank has used this ERR as an indicator for their cost-benefit analyses for the past 70 years, but is increasingly utilizing it less and less, whilst other humanitarian and financial organizations, do not use it at all; making this a possible issue within the field.

Contexte Depuis la création du système humanitaire, ce dernier a subi de fortes transformations et a fait l’expérience de plusieurs désillusions. La réponse principale à ces événements a été de chercher à professionnaliser le système humanitaire via une plus grande structuration des organismes. Cette volonté vise, entre autres, l’harmonisation des pratiques, la salarisation et la formation des travailleurs ou encore la mise en place de mode de gestion qui permettent de suivre les interventions au plus prêt. Cette transformation est aujourd’hui en partie remise en question de par son inadéquation avec des réalités d’intervention d’urgence dans des pays aux cultures et aux contextes socio-économiques différents. De plus, cette volonté de la professionnalisation interroge quant à la façon dont est gérée la transmission et la montée en compétences des travailleurs qui doivent souvent apprendre sur le tas, au contact des autres travailleurs déjà en place. Objectif Cette thèse propose de mieux comprendre les effets de la professionnalisation par rationalisation sur les collectifs d’intervention humanitaire au prisme des dynamiques de transmission. Méthodologie Afin de répondre à cet objectif, un cadre méthodologique a été développé en cinq grandes phases. Une première d’exploration et d’instruction de la demande, une seconde d’analyse de la littérature scientifique pour affiner la problématique et positionner la recherche, une troisième de ciblage de projets d’intervention et de préparation à la collecte de données. La quatrième phase s’est déroulée directement sur un terrain d’intervention de l’ONG partenaire, au siège de cette ONG et à distance. Enfin, la cinquième phase a consisté au traitement et à l’analyse des données ainsi qu’à la diffusion des résultats. Les outils de collecte des données utilisés sont les entretiens individuels, les observations flottantes, la tenue d’un journal de bord ainsi que d’une méthode innovante de photographie participative. Résultats Les résultats ont permis d’examiner les mécanismes qui soutiennent la professionnalisation par rationalisation au sein d’une ONG en mettant l'accent sur les dynamiques de transmission. Il a été observé que les interactions au sein d'un site d'intervention sont constamment influencées par des transmissions formelles et informelles qui émergent à différents lieux d’un même site géographique et abordant diverses thématiques et pôles de l’activité en fonction des domaines d’expertise des travailleurs. Ces transmissions jouent un rôle crucial dans le façonnement de l'identité individuelle des intervenants, de l'identité collective du projet et en répercussion, de l'identité organisationnelle de l'ONG. Concernant la professionnalisation, les déterminants identifiés englobent la gouvernance, axée sur la détermination de l'identité organisationnelle, les politiques opérationnelles et les relations avec les bailleurs de fonds. La coordination sert de relais entre la gouvernance et les initiatives sur le terrain, tout en mettant en œuvre diverses règles internes. Au niveau du projet, l'accent est mis sur la relation entre les directives organisationnelles et la gestion au quotidien. Le collectif d'intervention est segmenté par activités et statuts, créant un référentiel commun. Sur le plan individuel, la montée en compétences et l'établissement d'une identité conforme aux valeurs de l'ONG sont prééminents. Ces déterminants, lorsqu'ils sont synergiquement actionnés, peuvent contribuer à une professionnalisation efficace. Discussion/Conclusion La professionnalisation par rationalisation du secteur humanitaire soulève des préoccupations quant à l'équilibre entre standardisation des pratiques, adaptabilité et prise en considération des réalités du terrain. Alors que cette professionnalisation vise une amélioration du système de gestion, elle peut engendrer des inégalités entre les travailleurs et s’avérer peu adaptée aux divers contextes d’intervention. Par ailleurs, la valorisation de l’approche descendante dans la gestion de la transmission entrave une compréhension profonde des besoins sur le terrain et impacte directement la construction de la santé des travailleurs. Les encadrants de proximité, acteurs pivots dans ce système, sont souvent placés devant divers paradoxes, pris entre les injonctions de l’ONG et les réalités du terrain. / Background Since its creation, the humanitarian system has undergone major changes and experienced a number of disappointments. The main response to these events has been to professionalise by rationalization the humanitarian system by structuring organisations. Among other things, this has involved harmonising practices, employing and training workers and introducing management systems that monitor operations as closely as possible. This transformation is now being called into question in part because it does not reflect the realities of emergency response in countries with different cultures and socio-economic contexts. What's more, this drive towards professionalisation raises questions about the way in which the transfer of skills and the development of the skills of workers is managed, as they often have to learn on the job, in contact with other workers already in place. Objective The aim of this thesis is to gain a better understanding of the effects of professionalisation on humanitarian aid groups through the lens of transmission dynamics. Methodology In order to meet this objective, the methodological framework was developed in five main phases. The first involved exploring and appraising the request, the second analysed the scientific literature to refine the problem and position the research, and the third targeted intervention projects and prepared for data collection. The fourth phase took place in the partner NGO's field, at its head office and remotely. Finally, the fifth phase consisted of processing and analysing the data and disseminating the results. The data collection tools used were individual interviews, floating observations, a logbook and an innovative participatory photography method. Results The results made it possible to examine the mechanisms underpinning professionalisation within NGOs, focusing on the dynamics of transmission. It was observed that interactions within an intervention site are constantly influenced by formal and informal transmissions emerging at different locations within the same geographical site and addressing different themes and poles of activity depending on the workers' areas of expertise. These transmissions play a crucial role in shaping the individual identity of the workers, the collective identity of the project and, in turn, the organisational identity of the NGO. As far as professionalisation is concerned, the determinants identified include governance, which focuses on determining organisational identity, operational policies and relations with funders. Coordination acts as a relay between governance and initiatives in the field, while implementing various internal rules. At project level, the emphasis is on the relationship between organisational guidelines and day-to-day management. The project team is segmented by activity and status, creating a common frame of reference. At an individual level, the emphasis is on developing skills and establishing an identity in line with the NGO's values. When synergistically applied, these determinants lead to effective professionalisation of NGOs. Discussion/Conclusion The professionalization by rationalization of the humanitarian sector raises concerns about the balance between standardisation of practices, adaptability and taking into account the realities on the ground. Whilst this professionalisation aims to improve the management system, it can lead to inequalities between workers and prove ill-suited to the various contexts in which it takes place. In addition, the emphasis on a top-down approach to transmission management can hamper a thorough understanding of needs on the ground and have a direct impact on the development of workers' health. Local supervisors, the pivotal players in this organisational system, are often faced with various paradoxes, caught between the NGO's injunctions and the realities on the ground.

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This study investigates the work of the performer, composer, educator, music therapist and activist Sharon Katz. Beginning in 1992, Katz made history in apartheid South Africa when she formed a 500-member choir that showcased both multi-cultural and multi- lingual songs in their staged the production, When Voices Meet, which incorporated music, songs and dance, intended to assist in promoting a peaceful transition to democracy in South Africa. The success of the concerts of When Voices Meet led to Katz securing sponsorships to hire a train, “The Peace Train”, which transported 130 performers from city to city with media crews in tow. The performers’ mission on this journey was to create an environment of trust, of joy, and of sharing through music, across the artificially-imposed barriers of a racially segregated society. This investigation includes several areas of inquiry: The South African Peace Train; the efforts of the non-profit Friends of the Peace Train; Katz’s work with Pennsylvania prisoners and boys at an American Reform School; the documentary When Voices Meet, and the American Peace Train Tour of July 2016, bringing the message of peace and harmony through song to racially and socio-economically divided Americans on a route that started in New York and culminated with a concert at UNESCO’s Mandela Day celebrations in Washington D. C. These endeavours are examined within the framework of musical activism. The multi-faceted nature of Katz’s activism lends itself to an in-depth multiple case study. Qualitative case study methodology will be used to understand and theorise musical activism through detailed contextual analyses of five significant sets of related events. These include Katz’s work as a music therapist with prisoners in Pennsylvania and a Boys’ Reform School; as activist with The South African Peace Train of 1993; as humanitarian with Friends of the Peace Train; in making the documentary, When Voices Meet, and as activist with the American Peace Train Tour of 2016. In documenting the grass-roots musical activism of Sharon Katz, I hope to contribute towards a gap in South African musicological history that would add to a more comprehensive understanding of musical activism and its role in social change. / Art History, Visual Arts and Musicology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Musicology)