As atividades de mineração causam impactos significativos ao meio ambiente, pois o desenvolvimento dessa atividade implica supressão de vegetação, exposição do solo aos processos erosivos com alterações na quantidade e qualidade dos recursos hídricos superficiais e subterrâneos, além de causar poluição do ar, entre outros aspectos negativos. Uma alternativa para a recuperação de áreas degradadas é a rochagem, que consiste basicamente na incorporação de rochas/minerais ao solo. Uma fonte considerável de resíduos minerais para a rochagem é a indústria de beneficiamento de rochas ornamentais, pois em serrarias que produzem blocos de 20 mm de espessura, de 25 a 30% do bloco de granito são perdidos como partículas finas, considerando o fato de que o mercado brasileiro gera 240.000 t.ano-1, contabilizando apenas o mármore e o granito. O presente trabalho propõe a utilização de resíduos de corte de granito e resíduos orgânicos de Eichhornia crassipes, em consórcio na produção de um substrato rico em matéria orgânica e mineral, composto por micro e macro nutrientes essenciais à nutrição vegetal, favorecendo a recuperação de áreas degradadas por mineração. Desta forma, o presente trabalho objetivou verificar os efeitos da rochagem com resíduos de marmoraria (granito) e da aplicação de resíduos orgânicos de macrófita aquática aguapé (Eichhornia crassipes) sobre aspectos químicos e microbiológicos de um subsolo exposto e sobre o crescimento de capim pensacola (Paspalum notatum), uma gramínea nativa da América do Sul. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e constou de 12 tratamentos, como segue: subsolo de área degradada com três doses de resíduos de marmoraria (8, 16 e 32 t. ha-1), combinadas com 8 t. ha-1 de resíduos orgânicos (aguapé), gerando 9 tratamentos, além de três adicionais, com solo de área degradada por mineração de argila vermelha preservado, utilizado como referência. Foram realizadas análises químicas e microbiológicas do solo, além de medidas de altura, massa seca e fresca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular das plantas. Os resultados indicam que os procedimentos com resíduos de granito e aguapé, contribuíram para melhorar as condições químicas e biológicas do solo e proporcionar bons resultados para as variáveis microbiológicas, enquanto as plantas apresentaram o maior crescimento nos tratamentos em que foram adicionados maiores concentrações de resíduos de marmoraria. A rochagem consorciada com macrófitas aquáticas proporcionou elevação da qualidade do solo exposto pela atividade, colaborando para recuperação de locais degradados e fechamento do ciclo de resíduos. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-04-20T13:37:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Rogerio Pires Santos.pdf: 3332728 bytes, checksum: 2b1a73f27e95f5e857ab6908bb71178e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T13:37:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Rogerio Pires Santos.pdf: 3332728 bytes, checksum: 2b1a73f27e95f5e857ab6908bb71178e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-19 / Mining activities cause significant impacts to the environment, since the development of this activity implies suppression of vegetation, soil exposure to erosive processes with changes in the quantity and quality of surface and underground water resources, besides causing air pollution, among other aspects Negative results. An alternative for the recovery of degraded areas is rock, which basically consists of incorporating rocks / minerals into the soil. A considerable source of mineral waste for rock is the ornamental stone industry, because in sawmills that produce 20 mm thick blocks, 25 to 30% of the granite block is lost as fine particles, considering the fact that The Brazilian market generates 240,000 t.-1, accounting for only marble and granite. The present work proposes the use of granite cutting residues and organic residues of Eichhornia crassipes, in a consortium in the production of a substrate rich in organic and mineral matter, composed of micro and macro nutrients essential to plant nutrition, favoring the recovery of degraded areas by mining. In this way, the present work aimed to verify the effects of rocks with marble and granite residues and the application of organic residues of aquatic macrophyte (Eichhornia crassipes) on chemical and microbiological aspects of an exposed basement and on the growth of pensacola grass (Paspalum notatum), a grass native to South America. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and consisted of 12 treatments, as follows: degraded area subsoil with three doses of marble waste (8, 16 and 32. ha- 1), combined with 8 t. ha-1 of organic waste (water hyacinth), generating 9 treatments, in addition to three additional ones, with degraded area soil by mining of preserved red clay, used as reference. Soil chemical and microbiological analyzes were carried out, as well as measurements of height, dry and fresh mass of shoot and root system of plants. The results indicate that the procedures with granite and water hyacinth residues contributed to improve the chemical and biological conditions of the soil and to provide good results for the microbiological variables, while the plants presented the highest growth in the treatments in which were added higher concentrations of residues of marble work. The rock consortium with aquatic macrophytes gave rise to the quality of the soil exposed by the activity, collaborating for the recovery of degraded sites and closure of the waste cycle.

As atividades de mineração causam impactos significativos ao meio ambiente, pois o desenvolvimento dessa atividade implica supressão de vegetação, exposição do solo aos processos erosivos com alterações na quantidade e qualidade dos recursos hídricos superficiais e subterrâneos, além de causar poluição do ar, entre outros aspectos negativos. Uma alternativa para a recuperação de áreas degradadas é a rochagem, que consiste basicamente na incorporação de rochas/minerais ao solo. Uma fonte considerável de resíduos minerais para a rochagem é a indústria de beneficiamento de rochas ornamentais, pois em serrarias que produzem blocos de 20 mm de espessura, de 25 a 30% do bloco de granito são perdidos como partículas finas, considerando o fato de que o mercado brasileiro gera 240.000 t.ano-1, contabilizando apenas o mármore e o granito. O presente trabalho propõe a utilização de resíduos de corte de granito e resíduos orgânicos de Eichhornia crassipes, em consórcio na produção de um substrato rico em matéria orgânica e mineral, composto por micro e macro nutrientes essenciais à nutrição vegetal, favorecendo a recuperação de áreas degradadas por mineração. Desta forma, o presente trabalho objetivou verificar os efeitos da rochagem com resíduos de marmoraria (granito) e da aplicação de resíduos orgânicos de macrófita aquática aguapé (Eichhornia crassipes) sobre aspectos químicos e microbiológicos de um subsolo exposto e sobre o crescimento de capim pensacola (Paspalum notatum), uma gramínea nativa da América do Sul. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e constou de 12 tratamentos, como segue: subsolo de área degradada com três doses de resíduos de marmoraria (8, 16 e 32 t. ha-1), combinadas com 8 t. ha-1 de resíduos orgânicos (aguapé), gerando 9 tratamentos, além de três adicionais, com solo de área degradada por mineração de argila vermelha preservado, utilizado como referência. Foram realizadas análises químicas e microbiológicas do solo, além de medidas de altura, massa seca e fresca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular das plantas. Os resultados indicam que os procedimentos com resíduos de granito e aguapé, contribuíram para melhorar as condições químicas e biológicas do solo e proporcionar bons resultados para as variáveis microbiológicas, enquanto as plantas apresentaram o maior crescimento nos tratamentos em que foram adicionados maiores concentrações de resíduos de marmoraria. A rochagem consorciada com macrófitas aquáticas proporcionou elevação da qualidade do solo exposto pela atividade, colaborando para recuperação de locais degradados e fechamento do ciclo de resíduos. / Mining activities cause significant impacts to the environment, since the development of this activity implies suppression of vegetation, soil exposure to erosive processes with changes in the quantity and quality of surface and underground water resources, besides causing air pollution, among other aspects Negative results. An alternative for the recovery of degraded areas is rock, which basically consists of incorporating rocks / minerals into the soil. A considerable source of mineral waste for rock is the ornamental stone industry, because in sawmills that produce 20 mm thick blocks, 25 to 30% of the granite block is lost as fine particles, considering the fact that The Brazilian market generates 240,000 t.-1, accounting for only marble and granite. The present work proposes the use of granite cutting residues and organic residues of Eichhornia crassipes, in a consortium in the production of a substrate rich in organic and mineral matter, composed of micro and macro nutrients essential to plant nutrition, favoring the recovery of degraded areas by mining. In this way, the present work aimed to verify the effects of rocks with marble and granite residues and the application of organic residues of aquatic macrophyte (Eichhornia crassipes) on chemical and microbiological aspects of an exposed basement and on the growth of pensacola grass (Paspalum notatum), a grass native to South America. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and consisted of 12 treatments, as follows: degraded area subsoil with three doses of marble waste (8, 16 and 32. ha- 1), combined with 8 t. ha-1 of organic waste (water hyacinth), generating 9 treatments, in addition to three additional ones, with degraded area soil by mining of preserved red clay, used as reference. Soil chemical and microbiological analyzes were carried out, as well as measurements of height, dry and fresh mass of shoot and root system of plants. The results indicate that the procedures with granite and water hyacinth residues contributed to improve the chemical and biological conditions of the soil and to provide good results for the microbiological variables, while the plants presented the highest growth in the treatments in which were added higher concentrations of residues of marble work. The rock consortium with aquatic macrophytes gave rise to the quality of the soil exposed by the activity, collaborating for the recovery of degraded sites and closure of the waste cycle.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Lignocellulosic biomass use for obtaining biofuels has been showing itself with much more evidence during these past years through cellulosic ethanol and biooils, biogases and biochars. Aquatic plants of lignocellulosic basis, Eichhornia crassipes species, commonly known by water hyacinth, represent a major environmental problem due to their invasive nature and their high proliferation rate. In this work we evaluated the possibility of use this biomass source from pyrolysis in a rotary kilns reactor in three different temperatures. The results evidence that the major yield of the liquid fraction (bio-oil + acid extract) was obtained at 500 ºC (42.11%). For 400 ºC and 600 ºC, the biochar and biogas had major production, 37.78% and 42.36%, respectively. Bio-oils characterization by GC/MS produced in microscale allowed an investigation upon the scale-up phenomenon under the bio-oils composition. The results show that, in qualitative terms, the chemical composition of bio-oils was not changed, however, at semiquantitative aspect, show they are produced in distinguish relative percentages. The mainly chemical classes identified in biooils were: acids, alcohols, phenols and sugar derivatives. Bio-oils showed in average, 68% of calorific power of the fuels derived from petroleum, glimpsing enforcement on the energetic area. In the produced biochars, with yields between 37% and 26%, the increase on pyrolysis temperature has provided an increase upon carbon concentration, and a decreasing upon the hydrogen and oxygen concentrations, reflecting in high aromaticity of the materials. These materials ware tested in some aspects about the soils management, nutritional function and water retention. In view of this, the water hyacinth pyrolysis has associated sustainability concepts and green chemistry, putting concepts of renewable energetic sources together and glimpsing an environmental problems inhibition, to offer an alternative to the 2nd generation of bio-fuels production. / O uso de biomassas lignocelulósicas para a obtenção de biocombustíveis apresenta-se com muito mais evidência nos últimos anos através do etanol celulósico e de bio-óleos, biogás e biocarvão. As plantas aquáticas de base lignocelulósica da espécie Eichhornia crassipes, popularmente conhecida por aguapé, representam um grande problema ambiental devido ao seu caráter invasor e sua alta taxa de proliferação. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a possibilidade de aproveitamento dessa fonte de biomassa a partir do processo de pirólise em um reator cilindro rotativo em três diferentes temperaturas. Os resultados demonstraram que o maior rendimento da fração líquida (bio-óleo + extrato ácido) foi obtido a 500 ºC (42,11%). Para as temperaturas de 400 e 600 ºC, o biocarvão e o biogás tiveram maior produção, 37,78% e 42,36%, respectivamente. A caracterização por CG/EM dos bio-óleos produzidos em microescala permitiram investigar o efeito de scale-up sob a composição dos bio-óleos. Os resultados mostraram que em termos qualitativos, a composição química dos bio-óleos não foi alterada, no entanto, no aspecto semiquantitativo mostraram que são produzidos em percentuais relativos distintos. As principais classes químicas identificadas nos bio-óleos foram: ácidos, álcoois, fenóis e derivados de açúcares. Os bio-óleos apresentaram em média 68% do poder calorífico do combustível derivado de petróleo, vislumbrando uma aplicação na área energética. Nos biocarvões produzidos, com rendimento variando de 37% a 26%, o aumento da temperatura de pirólise proporcionou um aumento na concentração de C, e uma diminuição nas concentrações de H e O, refletindo em maior aromaticidade dos materiais. Estes materiais foram testados sob alguns aspectos quanto ao manejo de solos, função nutricional e retenção de água. À vista disto, a pirólise de aguapé relacionou conceitos de sustentabilidade e química verde, unindo o conceito de fontes de energias renováveis com a inibição de problemas de cunho ambientais, ao oferecer uma biomassa alternativa para a produção de biocombustíveis de 2ª geração.

Water hyacinth is recognised as one of the most problematic invasive aquatic plant species in Africa. For this reason considerable funds are spent each year on itscontrol. As a consequence of the amount of money being spent on problems such as the invasion of water hyacinth, and because of the recognition of the ongoing and accelerated efforts that are required in the future, recent research has focused on accurately quantifying the costs and benefits of control of invasive species to aid policy decisions.A comprehensive cost-benefit analysis would be able to identify if the funds are justified and are being spent effectively. This thesis provides an example of a cost-benefit analysis of funds spent on the control of water hyacinth in an urban environment in South Africa. In order to develop a comprehensive assessment of the total economic value of the control of water hyacinth to an urban population, the Nahoon River in East London was selected as the study site to calculate the benefits of control. In addition to valuing the direct services provided by the resources that are traded in the market (in this case water provision), a contingent valuation study was undertaken in Abbottsford and Dorchester Heights (two suburbs in East London banking the Nahoon River). These were done in order to assess any non-use value a sample of 132 households of the population has for the control of water hyacinth, and any use values that are not traded in the market, for example recreational value. When the benefits of control of water hyacinth were compared to the costs of one of the least cost effective methods of control (herbicidal control), the benefits outweighed the costs by a ratio of more than 4:1, and for the most cost effective method of control the ratio was almost 6:1. These results provide a justification for the funds that are devoted to the control of water hyacinth, providing an argument for the continued expenditure for its control, and for further research into more cost effective methods of control, such as biological control.

The aim of this study is to compare selected episodes of Ovid's Metamorphoses with three works of modern literature containing the theme of metamorphosis, and to follow their intertextual relations, dependency and innovation of Ovidian themes. On the basis of a comparison of the ancient and the modern text it is examined which motives remain constant during centuries and which, on the contrary, are evolving and shifting their meanings. Through the perspective of the Metamorphoses an attempt is made to interpret the works from a less usual angle. The most significant Ovidian characters that are examined in this study are Teiresias, Daphne, Hyacinth, Orpheus, Ceres, Icarus, Callisto and Io.

In Mozambique, establishment of aquatic weeds has been enhanced through the increased enrichment of water bodies by nutrient runoffs from human and agricultural wastes that lead to an increase in nitrate and phosphate in the water. The aquatic weeds, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), red water fern ( Azolla microphylla), water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) and salvinia (Salvinia molesta) were found in most watercourses in Mozambique and are becoming aggressive in some watercourses, especially in the Umbeluzi and Incomati rivers. Farmers and people living along the rivers are aware of the negative impact of the water weeds because the large mats of weeds cause loss of shoreline and navigability along the rivers. Other commonly perceived effects of aquatic invasive plants in Mozambique rivers include: reduced navigable surface area; difficulties for fishermen, which reduces income; increased prevalence of insects and insect-borne disease, and decreased aesthetic value. The methods currently used for the control and management of the aquatic weeds are mechanical and manual control. Both methods are costly, time consuming, and only provide a short-term solution to the problem. The study found that the weevils Neochetina eichhorniae and N. bruchi were effective biological control agents in the study area but their impact is too gradual compared to the aggressive proliferation of water hyacinth. The one year lab-experiment clearly demonstrated that the water lettuce weed had a significant impact on the recruitment of macro-invertebrates to the artificial substrates, and water lettuce contributed to the reduction of oxygen in the water and consequent reduction of macro-invertebrate abundance and diversity. The biodiversity recovered at the same time in the pools containing water lettuce controlled by N. affinis and water lettuce controlled by herbicide, but richness and diversity of macro-invertebrates was higher in the water lettuce controlled by N affinis during the first sampling occasion compared to the water lettuce in pools controlled by herbicide, where macro-invertebrates increased only when DO levels recovered after water lettuce mat decay. The number of taxa recorded in this study is an indication of the significance of macro-invertebrates in an aquatic environment. This therefore emphasizes the need for more research efforts into macrophyte and macro-invertebrate associations in the aquatic system to better understand the implications of habitat modification arising from human activities. It will also enable us to be better equipped with a more appropriate ecological understanding for aquatic resources management.