Orientador: Carola Dobrigkeit Chinellato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:39:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Selmi-Dei_DanielPakk_M.pdf: 2342914 bytes, checksum: 162b44347e391de172fb12130f4bad2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta dissertação cobre a análise dos primeiros eventos detectados simultaneamente pelos tanques de superfície e telescópios de fluorescência durante a fase de prototipagem do Observatório Pierre Auger, na Argentina, entre dezembro de 2001 e abril de 2002. Há muitos anos diversos experimentos espalhados pelo mundo, dedicados à detecção de raios cósmicos, vêm coletando e montando uma estatística bem estabelecida do fluxo, direção de chegada, energia e composição química até 1019 eV através do constante desenvolvimento de novas técnicas. Ficou comprovado, porém, que radiação cósmica acima de 1020 eV existe, uma contradição com previsões teóricas que imediatamente abriu um leque de questões, variando desde qual origem extragalática poderiam ter, até o modo como se propagam pelo espaço. A riqueza e detalhamento que o estudo dessas partículas envolve são sintetizados em três partes neste trabalho. O primeiro capítulo aborda a radiação desde suas mais prováveis fontes geradoras e mecanismos de aceleração, os efeitos a que está sujeita durante a propagação pelo espaço e, por fim, o conjunto de processos desencadeados a partir da chegada no topo da atmosfera terrestre até o nível do solo -o chamado chuveiro atmosférico extenso. Com essa motivação inicial, a segunda parte abrange a totalidade do que será o Projeto Auger em sua fase final: um observatório que emprega as duas técnicas mais bem sucedidas já utilizadas em outros experimentos de menor porte, juntamente com a física, a matemática e o embasamento computacional da análise e reconstrução das propriedades que caracterizam uma partícula primária. No último capítulo é colocado em prática tudo o que foi discutido no anterior , com algumas restrições existentes na época em questão. A mais evidente é o funcionamento do observatório como um protótipo, quando foram operadas apenas parte de um olho (conjunto de telescópios de fluorescência) e do arranjo de solo. Outra são os códigos disponibilizados para análise pela colaboração, em constante desenvolvimento em paralelo com simulações. Uma análise completa da reconstrução geométrica e energética de todos os eventos registrados é apresentada e depois confrontada com resultados de outros membros da colaboração, dando um panorama geral do que se propõe o projeto no futuro, quais seus principais aspectos a serem melhorados e que ferramentas de análise ainda devem ser desenvolvidas / Abstract: This dissertation covers the analysis of the first events detected simultaneously by water tanks and fluorescence telescopes during the prototype phase of the Pierre Auger Observatory, between December 2001 and April 2002. For years several experiments over the world dedicated to the detection of cosmic rays collected and built a well established statistics for the flux, arrival direction, energy and chemical composition up to 1019 eV with the constant development of new techniques. It is a fact, though, that cosmic radiation over 1020 eV exists, a contradiction to previous theoretical results that immediately raises questions like which extragalactic origin they could have or how they propagate through space. The richness and level of detail involved in the study of such particles are synthesized in three parts in this work. The first chapter approaches cosmic radiation from its most likely sources and acceleration mechanisms, the effects to which it is subjected during propagation through space and, at last, the set of processes caused by the arrival at the top of the Earth's atmosphere to the ground level -the so-called extensive air shower . After this initial motivation, the second part covers the totality of what is to be the Auger Project in its final phase: an observatory that employs the two most successful techniques ever used in other smaller-scale experiments, along with the physics, mathematics and computational basis of the analysis and reconstruction of the properties that characterize a primary particle. Everything discussed previously is put into practice in the last chapter, with some of the restrictions at the time. The most evident is the operation of the observatory as a prototype, when only parts of one eye (set of fluorescence telescopes) and surface array were available. Another one are the codes available to analysis by the collaboration, in constant development in parallel with simulations. A complete analysis of the geometry and energy reconstruction of all events registered is presented and cross-checked with results from other collaboration members, giving a general view of the project's proposal for the future, its main aspects to be improved and which analysis tools are still to be developed. / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Tourism industry is one of the hardest hits by the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, Event industry as an important stakeholder of tourism has been fiercely damaged globally. In this study the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the event industry businesses in Sweden, their methods of coping with this situation and the recovery plans will be evaluated. Further some predictions about the future trends and possible transformations of the industry have been made. This research has been conducted qualitatively and by gathering data from both primary and secondary sources provided a very broad reference for the researcher. Restrictions in Sweden started with a 500-person limit then the figures went down to 50 people, followed by 8 people, afterwards 300 and finally 8 people limit again. Commercially, it has been difficult to conduct business due to the massive uncertainty brought on by COVID-19 for all the companies in the event industry in Sweden. Cancelling or postponing events caused huge revenue losses, redundancies, closing businesses etc. limitations and uncertainties brought by COVID-19 pandemic forced some innovative companies to start rethinking their event packages. By upskilling staff and digital investing in building the needed infrastructures, many event companies could step into the virtual and hybrid events landscape. Meanwhile , Small to medium-sized companies suffered the most in terms of tackling the situation due to limited resources and severity of the situation. The forceful hiatus to hold-on till going back to normal has been the best solution for those who were not able to come up with coping strategies. Clearly by the mass vaccine distribution, the event industry will gradually go back to its normal status quo, while virtual on demand and hybrid events will stay as important components of the industry.The result of this study reveals the value of resiliency and being prepared that will help companies to survive during crisis situations. But after all, although this pandemic is a disruption that caused many challenges for the event industry. But, at the same time it brought many dynamic opportunities for the sector to slowly evolve and develop.