Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2007. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.

Originally presented as the author's thesis, Wageningen. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 103-105).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-05-09Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:47:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000818026.pdf: 2869811 bytes, checksum: c40a7a5b6713c251d8df2561c429478c (MD5) / Os atributos químicos e físicos dos solos possuem variabilidade espacial natural que pode ser alterada pelo manejo. O entendimento do padrão da distribuição espacial desses atributos é questão-chave a ser considerada para o correto uso dos solos. Este trabalho avaliou a variabilidade dos atributos físicos e químicos em um Gleissolo Melânico Alítico típico sob três áreas no município de Arari - MA. Para realização da pesquisa foram selecionadas três áreas de um hectare em formato regular, com solo utilizado por arroz irrigado e pecuária (área A), pecuária extensiva em vegetação nativa (área B) e arroz irrigado (área C), onde foram coletadas amostras de solo (deformadas e indeformadas) na camada de 0,0-0,20 m, com malha regular de 10 x 10 m, perfazendo 121 amostras por área e um total de 363. As variáveis analisadas por estatística descritiva e geoestatística nas três áreas foram: resistência do solo à penetração, densidade do solo, porosidade (total, macro e microporosidade), areia, silte, argila, pH (CaCl2), C orgânico, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, P disponível, S, Na+, Al3+, H+Al (acidez potencial), SB (soma de bases), T (capacidade de troca catiônica), V% (saturação por bases) e m% (saturação por alumínio). Os valores foram elevados para a variável resistência do solo à penetração nas três áreas, sendo a área A aquela que teve o maior valor médio. Os atributos físicos apresentaram dependência espacial em todas as áreas, com exceção da areia na área A. A porosidade total teve maior dependência espacial e menor variabilidade / The chemical and physical attributes of soils have natural spatial variability that can be changed by management. Understanding the spatial distribution pattern of these attributes is the key issue to be considered for correct soil use. This study evaluated the variability of the physical and chemical properties of an Gleysoil Melanic Alitic typical in three areas in the municipality of Arari - MA. To achievement the survey were selected three areas of one hectare in regular format, with soil used for irrigated rice and livestock (area A), extensive cattle ranching in native vegetation (area B) and irrigated rice (area C), where samples were collected of soil (warped and undeformed) in the 0.0-0.20 m layer, with regular grid of 10 x 10 m, totaling 121 samples per area and a total of 363. The variables analyzed by descriptive statistics and geostatistics in the three areas were: resistance to penetration, density, porosity (total, macro and microporosity), sand, silt, clay, pH (CaCl2), organic C, K+, Ca+ 2, Mg+2, available P, S, Na+, Al3+, H+Al (potential acidity), SB (sum of bases), T (cation exchange capacity), V% (base saturation) m% (saturation aluminum). The values were higher for the resistance variable to penetration in the three areas, being the area A one that had the highest average value. The physical attributes present dependence spatial in all areas, with the exception of the sand in the area A. Total porosity had higher spatial dependence and less variability. The chemical attributes that showed greater dependence spatial were pH and Na. The area ...

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No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_gs_me_ilha.pdf: 2931916 bytes, checksum: 08cf7e0b568eae39d97f40933dfc95f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As veredas, subsistema típico do Cerrado Brasileiro, apresentam peculiar importância para o equilíbrio geoecológico deste, pois protegem nascentes, as quais garantem o abastecimento hídrico de cursos d’água. Caracterizadas por drenagens superficiais, as Veredas, são povoadas por árvores, vegetação arbustiva e plantas herbáceas, juntamente com o Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), palmeira típica destes ambientes. Este ambiente quando degradado apresenta baixa capacidade de regeneração, além de apresentar-se como altamente sensível às mudanças antrópicas. Para sua preservação, seus limites precisam ser bem definidos e tanto a cor, quanto a mineralogia dos solos presentes pode contribuir para isto, pois como se sabe os óxidos de ferro têm a sua formação influenciada pelas condições pedoambientais e processos pedogenéticos. Tendo por objetivo avaliar a utilização de parâmetros como cor do solo associada a dados de extração de ferro com ditionito (FeDCB), oxalato (FeOX) carbono orgânico total e pH em água e KCl, como indicadores para delimitação das áreas de abrangência de uma vereda, produzindo subsídios à adequação da área de preservação permanente no entorno desta e como indicação para delimitação de solos sob influência da água. Os resultados mostraram que as cores GLEY 1 valor 5 a 8 e cromas N e 10Y, 5Y com valor e croma variando entre 5/1, 6/1, 7/1 e 7/2, podem ser utilizadas para delimitação do pedoambiente das veredas, bem como 330 ppm de ferro em extração feita com dithionito, pois ambos indicam a ocorrência de solos em formação em ambientes hidromórficos. As informações avaliadas pela extração do oxalato corroboraram a literatura, onde o ferro amorfo encontra-se em maior quantidade em ambiente redutor e menor quantidade em ambientes oxidantes. O carbono orgânico total (COT) avaliado, em topossequência, apresenta variações das partes mais baixas (ambiente redutor) para as mais altas (oxidante) da paisagem. Nas áreas alagadas as condições não são satisfatórias aos microrganismos decompositores promovendo, consequentemente, a manutenção do COT no solo, contrapondo-se ao observado em solos bem drenados, onde as condições são favoráveis à decomposição e ocorre acompanhada de uma melhor distribuição do COT em profundidade. Os parâmetros pH em H2O e pH em KCl não apresentam variações indicativas de influência do pedoambiente. Os perfis de solos da topossequência foram classificados como LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico típico (LV), LATOSSOLO AMARELO Distrófico plintossólico (LA), GLEISSOLO HÁPLICO Distrófico típico (GXbd), GLEISSOLO HÁPLICO Ta Distrófico típico (GXvd). A técnica estatística “Split Moving Windows” mostrou-se uma ferramenta útil na identificação dos limites de preservação da Vereda, e indicou a delimitação atual da área de preservação permanente - APP como inadequada, precisando de uma readequação de aproximadamente 210.000 m2 de APP. / The Palm swamp, known as “vereda”, a typical subsystem of the Brazilian Cerrado, has special importance for its geoecological balance, protecting water sources, which guarantee the hydric supply for watercourses. Characterized by surficial drainage, the palm swamps, are populated by trees, shrub and herbaceous plants along with Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), palm tree typical of these environments. These environments, when degraded, have low regenerative capacity, and present themselves as highly sensitive to anthropogenic changes. For their preservation, the limits need to be very well defined and both color as soil mineralogy can contribute to this, once as known the iron oxides have their genese influenced by pedo-environmental conditions and pedogenic processes. In order to evaluate the use of parameters such as soil color associated with iron extracted with dithionito (FeDCB), oxalate (FeOX), total organic carbon and pH(H2O) and pH(KCl), as indicators for delimitation of palm swamp area, producing subsidies for adequacy of permanent preservation area surrounding that and as an indicator for delimitation of soils under influence of wetlands. The results indicated the colors Gley 1 value 5 to 8 and chromas N and 10Y, 5Y with value and chroma ranging from 5/1, 6/1, 7/1 and 7/2 can be used for delimitation of the palm swamp pedo-enviroment and 330 ppm of Fe(DBC), both indicate the occurrence of soils in hydromorphic environments. The information evaluated by extraction of the oxalate is confirmed with the literature where the amorphous iron is in the larger amount in the reducing environment, and less at oxidants. The total organic carbon (TOC) of toposequence show variations from lower parts (reducing environment) to the highest parts (oxidizer) of the landscape. In wetlands the conditions are not satisfactory to microbiological decomposition and subsequent maintenance of the TOC in the soil, on other hand, the well-drained soil has good conditions to decomposition, and better TOC distribution in depth. The pH in H2O and KCl not show indicative of pedoambiente influence. The Soil profiles of toposequence were classified as Typic Hapludox (LV), Plinthic Hapludox (LA), Typic Hydraquents (GXbd) Typic Hydraquents (GXvd). The statistical technique "Split Moving Windows" proved to be a useful tool in identifying the limits of Vereda preservation, which has unsuitable current delimitation of preservation area, needing a readjustment approximately 210,000 m2 of permanent protection area.

Orientador: Kátia Luciene Maltoni / Resumo: As veredas, subsistema típico do Cerrado Brasileiro, apresentam peculiar importância para o equilíbrio geoecológico deste, pois protegem nascentes, as quais garantem o abastecimento hídrico de cursos d’água. Caracterizadas por drenagens superficiais, as Veredas, são povoadas por árvores, vegetação arbustiva e plantas herbáceas, juntamente com o Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), palmeira típica destes ambientes. Este ambiente quando degradado apresenta baixa capacidade de regeneração, além de apresentar-se como altamente sensível às mudanças antrópicas. Para sua preservação, seus limites precisam ser bem definidos e tanto a cor, quanto a mineralogia dos solos presentes pode contribuir para isto, pois como se sabe os óxidos de ferro têm a sua formação influenciada pelas condições pedoambientais e processos pedogenéticos. Tendo por objetivo avaliar a utilização de parâmetros como cor do solo associada a dados de extração de ferro com ditionito (FeDCB), oxalato (FeOX) carbono orgânico total e pH em água e KCl, como indicadores para delimitação das áreas de abrangência de uma vereda, produzindo subsídios à adequação da área de preservação permanente no entorno desta e como indicação para delimitação de solos sob influência da água. Os resultados mostraram que as cores GLEY 1 valor 5 a 8 e cromas N e 10Y, 5Y com valor e croma variando entre 5/1, 6/1, 7/1 e 7/2, podem ser utilizadas para delimitação do pedoambiente das veredas, bem como 330 ppm de ferro em extração feita com dithionito, p... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Palm swamp, known as “vereda”, a typical subsystem of the Brazilian Cerrado, has special importance for its geoecological balance, protecting water sources, which guarantee the hydric supply for watercourses. Characterized by surficial drainage, the palm swamps, are populated by trees, shrub and herbaceous plants along with Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), palm tree typical of these environments. These environments, when degraded, have low regenerative capacity, and present themselves as highly sensitive to anthropogenic changes. For their preservation, the limits need to be very well defined and both color as soil mineralogy can contribute to this, once as known the iron oxides have their genese influenced by pedo-environmental conditions and pedogenic processes. In order to evaluate the use of parameters such as soil color associated with iron extracted with dithionito (FeDCB), oxalate (FeOX), total organic carbon and pH(H2O) and pH(KCl), as indicators for delimitation of palm swamp area, producing subsidies for adequacy of permanent preservation area surrounding that and as an indicator for delimitation of soils under influence of wetlands. The results indicated the colors Gley 1 value 5 to 8 and chromas N and 10Y, 5Y with value and chroma ranging from 5/1, 6/1, 7/1 and 7/2 can be used for delimitation of the palm swamp pedo-enviroment and 330 ppm of Fe(DBC), both indicate the occurrence of soils in hydromorphic environments. The information evaluated by extraction of the o... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Célia Regina Paes Bueno / Banca: João Tavares Filho / Banca: Gener Tadeu Pereira / Banca: José Eduardo Corá / Banca: Adeodato Ari Calvacante Salviano / Resumo: Os atributos químicos e físicos dos solos possuem variabilidade espacial natural que pode ser alterada pelo manejo. O entendimento do padrão da distribuição espacial desses atributos é questão-chave a ser considerada para o correto uso dos solos. Este trabalho avaliou a variabilidade dos atributos físicos e químicos em um Gleissolo Melânico Alítico típico sob três áreas no município de Arari - MA. Para realização da pesquisa foram selecionadas três áreas de um hectare em formato regular, com solo utilizado por arroz irrigado e pecuária (área A), pecuária extensiva em vegetação nativa (área B) e arroz irrigado (área C), onde foram coletadas amostras de solo (deformadas e indeformadas) na camada de 0,0-0,20 m, com malha regular de 10 x 10 m, perfazendo 121 amostras por área e um total de 363. As variáveis analisadas por estatística descritiva e geoestatística nas três áreas foram: resistência do solo à penetração, densidade do solo, porosidade (total, macro e microporosidade), areia, silte, argila, pH (CaCl2), C orgânico, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, P disponível, S, Na+, Al3+, H+Al (acidez potencial), SB (soma de bases), T (capacidade de troca catiônica), V% (saturação por bases) e m% (saturação por alumínio). Os valores foram elevados para a variável resistência do solo à penetração nas três áreas, sendo a área A aquela que teve o maior valor médio. Os atributos físicos apresentaram dependência espacial em todas as áreas, com exceção da areia na área A. A porosidade total teve maior dependência espacial e menor variabilidade / Abstract: The chemical and physical attributes of soils have natural spatial variability that can be changed by management. Understanding the spatial distribution pattern of these attributes is the key issue to be considered for correct soil use. This study evaluated the variability of the physical and chemical properties of an Gleysoil Melanic Alitic typical in three areas in the municipality of Arari - MA. To achievement the survey were selected three areas of one hectare in regular format, with soil used for irrigated rice and livestock (area A), extensive cattle ranching in native vegetation (area B) and irrigated rice (area C), where samples were collected of soil (warped and undeformed) in the 0.0-0.20 m layer, with regular grid of 10 x 10 m, totaling 121 samples per area and a total of 363. The variables analyzed by descriptive statistics and geostatistics in the three areas were: resistance to penetration, density, porosity (total, macro and microporosity), sand, silt, clay, pH (CaCl2), organic C, K+, Ca+ 2, Mg+2, available P, S, Na+, Al3+, H+Al (potential acidity), SB (sum of bases), T (cation exchange capacity), V% (base saturation) m% (saturation aluminum). The values were higher for the resistance variable to penetration in the three areas, being the area A one that had the highest average value. The physical attributes present dependence spatial in all areas, with the exception of the sand in the area A. Total porosity had higher spatial dependence and less variability. The chemical attributes that showed greater dependence spatial were pH and Na. The area ... / Doutor

Nous avons identifié le rôle de la distribution solide et l’implication de facteurs (potentiel d’oxydoréduction, anions compétiteurs, activité biologique, matière organique (MO)) dans la mobilité de l’arsenic (As) et l’antimoine (Sb) dans un sol de zone humide (ZH) agricole. Pour cela, nous avons effectué i) un suivi de la physico–chimie de l’eau interstitielle de la ZH et ii) des incubations en batch du sol de surface de la ZH (0–20/30 cm). En parallèle, nous avons déterminé la distribution solide de As et Sb sur le sol de la ZH à différentes profondeurs (0–130 cm). Nous avons démontré que As est accumulé à la surface du sol avec une association préférentielle avec les oxyhydroxydes de Fe/Mn « amorphes » (59% de As total) en présence de taux élevés de MO. En conditions réductrices, As est fortement solubilisé (jusqu’à 20% de la teneur en As total) contrairement aux conditions oxydantes ce qui est associé i) à la dissolution des oxyhydroxydes de Fe/Mn catalysée par l’activité microbienne et ii) au changement de la spéciation inorganique de As sous forme de As(III) (espèce plus mobile que As(V)). Pour ce qui est de Sb, il est accumulé à la surface du sol avec i) une distribution plus étendues avec les phases solides (27% et 15% dans les oxyhydroxydes de Fe/Mn « amorphes » et « cristallins », 21% dans la MO et 32% dans la fraction résiduelle) et ii) une affinité directe pour la MO contrairement à As. La mobilisation de Sb est favorisée en conditions oxydantes (jusqu'à 5 μg.L–1) en présence de MO dissoute dans l’eau interstitielle et est limitée en conditions réductrices (<3%) (0,2 μg.L–1 dans l’eau interstitielle et 1,5 μg.L–1 dans les batch). Cette mobilité en conditions réductrices est attribuée i) à la dissolution réductrice des oxyhydroxydes de Fe/ Mn catalysée par l’activité microbienne réductrice du sol et ii) au possible changement d’état d’oxydation de Sb sous forme de Sb(III) (espèce moins mobile que Sb(V)). En conditions réductrices, l’apport de 50 mg.L–1 de nitrates et de 20 mg.L–1 de phosphates au sol a engendré une mobilisation plus importante de As et Sb (d’un facteur 2,3 et 1,6, respectivement) qui est attribuée à une possible amplification de la respiration microbienne du sol causant une production plus importante en ions hydrogénocarbonates qui en plus des ions phosphates favoriserait la mobilisation de As et Sb par des effets de compétition. / In this study, we evaluated the effect of i) solid-phase distribution and ii) biophysico–chemical factors (redox potential (Eh), competing anions, microbial activity, organic matter (OM)) on the mobility of arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) in an agricultural wetland soil. For that, we first performed a physico–chemical monitoring of wetland porewater (field scale) then we conducted controlled batch incubations of the wetland soil (0–20/30 cm) (batch scale). The solid–phase distribution of As and Sb in wetland soil was also performed at different soil depths (0–130 cm). We showed that the highest As content was found in the upper soil layers (0–40 cm) with a preferential association to “amorphous” oxyhydroxydes (59% of total As) in presence of high levels of OM. Under reducing conditions, As was highly solubilized at both field and batch scale (up to 20% of the total As content) which was induced by i) the dissolution of Fe/Mn oxyhydroxides enhanced by soil microbial activity and ii) As(V) reduction into As(III) (very mobile specie). On the other hand, Sb mobilization was enhanced under oxidizing conditions at field scale (up to 5 μg.L–1) with the concomitant occurrence of dissolved OM (up to 93 mg.L–1) and was rather limited under reducing conditions (<3% of the total Sb content; 0.2 μg.L–1 at field scale and up to 1.5 μg.L–1 at batch scale). The mobility behavior of Sb was attributed to i) the dissolution of Fe/Mn oxyhydroxides catalyzed by microbial activity, ii) the possible occurrence of Sb in its less mobile form (Sb(III)) under reducing conditions and iii) probable DOM–induced mobilization under oxidizing conditions. Under reducing conditions, the addition of nitrate (50 mg.L–1) and phosphate (20 mg.L–1) to wetland soil, enhanced As and Sb mobilization by factors of 2.3 and 1.6 which was suggested to be caused by the combined competing effect of phosphate and hydrogenocarbonate ions; the latter one resulting from a possible enhanced microbial activity.

L’étude de la flore et de la végétation des clairières sur sol hydromorphe a été menée dans le Parc National de l’Ivindo au Nord-est du Gabon. La méthode phytosociologique de Braun-Blanquet (1932) a été retenue pour la réalisation des relevés au sein des deux principales formations végétales qui composent ce biotope: la prairie et la lisière qui la ceinture. Cent trente trois relevés ont permis de recenser 229 espèces réparties en 175 genres et 72 familles. Les matrices formées à partir de ces relevés et de ces espèces ont été analysées par la méthode Indicator Value (IndVal) ;des analyses canoniques redressées (DCA) et des analyses canoniques des correspondances (CCA) ont servi pour les ordinations. Des analyses de variance (ANOVA) suivies des tests post hoc de Bonferonni ont permis de voir si les valeurs des paramètres environnementaux et structuraux mesurés au sein des différents groupes sont différentes. <p>La flore globale des clairières est dominée par les Cyperaceae, les Rubiaceae et les Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae. Cinq espèces (Fuirena stricta subsp. stricta, Pycreus subtrigonus, Pycreus mundtii, Rhynchospora perrieri et Leptochloa coerulecens) sont signalées pour la première fois au Gabon. <p>Huit groupements sont décrits: 5 pour les prairies et 3 au niveau des lisières. Quatre des groupements des prairies (le groupement pélophyte semi-aquatique à Costus afer et Centotheca lappacea ;le groupement hélophyte semi-aquatique à Pycreus mundtii et Pycreus subtrigonus ;le groupement pélophyte semi-aquatique à Virectaria multiflora et Kyllinga pumila ainsi que le groupement nitrophyte à Tristemma leiocalyx et Bacopa crenata) appartiennent à la classe des Phragmitetea tandis que le dernier (le groupement aquatique à Schoenoplectus mucronatus et Nymphaea heudelotii) se rattache à la classe des Potametea.<p>Deux des groupements de lisières (le groupement pélophyte pré-forestier à Ludwigia africana et Nephrolepis bisserata; le groupement hygrophyte des forêts marécageuses à Anthocleista schweinfurthii et Uapaca guineensis) appartiennent à la classe des Mitragynetea et le dernier (le groupement nitrophyte pré-forestier marécageux à Leptochloa coerulescens et Echinochloa indica) à celle des Phragmitetea. <p>L’hydromorphie et la profondeur de la vase ainsi que la fréquentation animale constituent les variables environnementales qui influencent significativement le déterminisme de ces groupements au sein des prairies, alors que ces variables n’ont aucun effet sur les groupements de lisière. <p>La richesse spécifique varie de 62 à 164 pour les groupements de lisière tandis qu’au sein des prairies, elle varie de 35 à 63. Les indices de diversité moyens pour l’ensemble des groupements des clairières sont 4,4 ± 0,5 (Shannon), 0,07 ± 0,03 (Simpson) et l’équitabilité de Piélou est de 0,78 ± 0,05. <p>La flore étudié n’est inféodée aux clairières du Gabon, les espèces endémiques guinéo-congolaises sont dominantes au niveau des lisières alors que ce sont les espèces à large distribution qui prédominent dans les prairies. Les géophytes et des thérophytes dominent dans les prairies tandis que les phanérophytes sont dominants dans les lisières. La zoochorie et l’anémochorie constituent les modes de dissémination les plus rencontrés au sein de la flore étudiée. <p>Mots clés :clairière intraforestière, flore, groupements végétaux, phytosociologie, Gabon.<p>Abstract<p>The study of the flora and the vegetation of the swampy clearings on hydromorphic soils were realized in the National Park of Ivindo in north-eastern of Gabon. The phytosociological method of Braun-Blanquet was adopted for the realization of the relevés within the two principal vegetation type which form this biotope: the central meadow and the edge which girdles it. 133 relevés made it possible to count 229 species divided into 175 genera and 72 families. The matrices made starting from these relevés and of these species were analyzed by the method Ind Val; DCA made it possible to obtain groupings; CCA made it possible to evaluate the environmental link between parameter and the vegetation. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) follow-up of the tests post hoc of Bonferonni made it possible to see whether the values measured within the various groups are different.<p>The flora is dominated by Cyperaceae, Rubiaceae and Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae. Five species, Fuirena stricta subsp stricta, Pycreus subtrigonus, Pycreus mundtii, Rhynchospora perrieri and Leptochloa coerulescens are announced for the first time to Gabon.<p>Eight associations are described: 5 for the meadows and 3 on the level of the edges. Four of the associations of the meadows (the pelophyte semi-aquatic association with Costus afer and Centotheca lappacea; the helophyte semi-aquatic association with Pycreus mundtii and Pycreus subtrigonus; the pelophyte semi-aquatic association with Virectaria multiflora and Kyllinga pumila; the nitrophyte association with Tristemma leiocalyx and Bacopa crenata) belong to the class of Phragmitetea while the last (the aquatic association with Schoenoplectus mucronatus and Nymphaea heudelotii) is belong to the class of Potametea .<p>Two of the associations of edges (the pelophyte pre-forester association with Ludwigia africana and Nephrolepis bisserata; the hygrophyte association of the marshy forests with Anthocleista schweinfurthii and Uapaca guineensis) belong to the class of Mitragynetea and the third (the nitrophyte marshy pre-forester association with Leptochloa coerulescens and Echinochloa indica) to Phragmitetea. <p>The hydro-morphology and the depth of the mud as well as the animal frequentation constitute the environmental variables which influence the occurrence of these associations within the meadows, whereas they do not have any effect on the association edge.<p>The species richness varies from 62 to 164 for the association edge while within the meadows it varies from 35 to 63. The average indices of diversity for the whole of the associations of the clearings are 4.4 ± 0.5 (Shannon), 0.07 ± 0.03 (Simpson) while Piélou’s evenness is 0.78 ± 0.05.<p>The flora is not uniquely linked with the clearings of Gabon, although, on the phytogeographical level, the guineo-congolian endemics are dominant on the level of the edges whereas in fact the species with broad distributions prevail in the meadows. The analysis of the biological types shows the preponderance of the geophytes and the therophytes for the meadows while the edges are largely dominated by phanérophytes. The zoochory and the anemochory constitute the modes of dissemination most met within the studied flora.<p>Key words: Swampy clearings on hydromorphic soils, flora, association, phytosociology, forest clearings, Gabon.<p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L’étude de la flore et de la végétation des clairières sur sol hydromorphe a été menée dans le Parc National de l’Ivindo au Nord-est du Gabon. La méthode phytosociologique de Braun-Blanquet (1932) a été retenue pour la réalisation des relevés au sein des deux principales formations végétales qui composent ce biotope: la prairie et la lisière qui la ceinture. Cent trente trois relevés ont permis de recenser 229 espèces réparties en 175 genres et 72 familles. Les matrices formées à partir de ces relevés et de ces espèces ont été analysées par la méthode Indicator Value (IndVal) ; des analyses canoniques redressées (DCA) et des analyses canoniques des correspondances (CCA) ont servi pour les ordinations. Des analyses de variance (ANOVA) suivies des tests post hoc de Bonferonni ont permis de voir si les valeurs des paramètres environnementaux et structuraux mesurés au sein des différents groupes sont différentes. La flore globale des clairières est dominée par les Cyperaceae, les Rubiaceae et les Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae. Cinq espèces (Fuirena stricta subsp. stricta, Pycreus subtrigonus, Pycreus mundtii, Rhynchospora perrieri et Leptochloa coerulecens) sont signalées pour la première fois au Gabon. Huit groupements sont décrits: 5 pour les prairies et 3 au niveau des lisières. Quatre des groupements des prairies (le groupement pélophyte semi-aquatique à Costus afer et Centotheca lappacea ; le groupement hélophyte semi-aquatique à Pycreus mundtii et Pycreus subtrigonus ; le groupement pélophyte semi-aquatique à Virectaria multiflora et Kyllinga pumila ainsi que le groupement nitrophyte à Tristemma leiocalyx et Bacopa crenata) appartiennent à la classe des Phragmitetea tandis que le dernier (le groupement aquatique à Schoenoplectus mucronatus et Nymphaea heudelotii) se rattache à la classe des Potametea. Deux des groupements de lisières (le groupement pélophyte pré-forestier à Ludwigia africana et Nephrolepis bisserata; le groupement hygrophyte des forêts marécageuses à Anthocleista schweinfurthii et Uapaca guineensis) appartiennent à la classe des Mitragynetea et le dernier (le groupement nitrophyte pré-forestier marécageux à Leptochloa coerulescens et Echinochloa indica) à celle des Phragmitetea. L’hydromorphie et la profondeur de la vase ainsi que la fréquentation animale constituent les variables environnementales qui influencent significativement le déterminisme de ces groupements au sein des prairies, alors que ces variables n’ont aucun effet sur les groupements de lisière. La richesse spécifique varie de 62 à 164 pour les groupements de lisière tandis qu’au sein des prairies, elle varie de 35 à 63. Les indices de diversité moyens pour l’ensemble des groupements des clairières sont 4,4 ± 0,5 (Shannon), 0,07 ± 0,03 (Simpson) et l’équitabilité de Piélou est de 0,78 ± 0,05. La flore étudié n’est inféodée aux clairières du Gabon, les espèces endémiques guinéo-congolaises sont dominantes au niveau des lisières alors que ce sont les espèces à large distribution qui prédominent dans les prairies. Les géophytes et des thérophytes dominent dans les prairies tandis que les phanérophytes sont dominants dans les lisières. La zoochorie et l’anémochorie constituent les modes de dissémination les plus rencontrés au sein de la flore étudiée. Mots clés : clairière intraforestière, flore, groupements végétaux, phytosociologie, Gabon. Abstract The study of the flora and the vegetation of the swampy clearings on hydromorphic soils were realized in the National Park of Ivindo in north-eastern of Gabon. The phytosociological method of Braun-Blanquet was adopted for the realization of the relevés within the two principal vegetation type which form this biotope: the central meadow and the edge which girdles it. 133 relevés made it possible to count 229 species divided into 175 genera and 72 families. The matrices made starting from these relevés and of these species were analyzed by the method Ind Val; DCA made it possible to obtain groupings; CCA made it possible to evaluate the environmental link between parameter and the vegetation. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) follow-up of the tests post hoc of Bonferonni made it possible to see whether the values measured within the various groups are different. The flora is dominated by Cyperaceae, Rubiaceae and Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae. Five species, Fuirena stricta subsp stricta, Pycreus subtrigonus, Pycreus mundtii, Rhynchospora perrieri and Leptochloa coerulescens are announced for the first time to Gabon. Eight associations are described: 5 for the meadows and 3 on the level of the edges. Four of the associations of the meadows (the pelophyte semi-aquatic association with Costus afer and Centotheca lappacea; the helophyte semi-aquatic association with Pycreus mundtii and Pycreus subtrigonus; the pelophyte semi-aquatic association with Virectaria multiflora and Kyllinga pumila; the nitrophyte association with Tristemma leiocalyx and Bacopa crenata) belong to the class of Phragmitetea while the last (the aquatic association with Schoenoplectus mucronatus and Nymphaea heudelotii) is belong to the class of Potametea . Two of the associations of edges (the pelophyte pre-forester association with Ludwigia africana and Nephrolepis bisserata; the hygrophyte association of the marshy forests with Anthocleista schweinfurthii and Uapaca guineensis) belong to the class of Mitragynetea and the third (the nitrophyte marshy pre-forester association with Leptochloa coerulescens and Echinochloa indica) to Phragmitetea. The hydro-morphology and the depth of the mud as well as the animal frequentation constitute the environmental variables which influence the occurrence of these associations within the meadows, whereas they do not have any effect on the association edge. The species richness varies from 62 to 164 for the association edge while within the meadows it varies from 35 to 63. The average indices of diversity for the whole of the associations of the clearings are 4.4 ± 0.5 (Shannon), 0.07 ± 0.03 (Simpson) while Piélou’s evenness is 0.78 ± 0.05. The flora is not uniquely linked with the clearings of Gabon, although, on the phytogeographical level, the guineo-congolian endemics are dominant on the level of the edges whereas in fact the species with broad distributions prevail in the meadows. The analysis of the biological types shows the preponderance of the geophytes and the therophytes for the meadows while the edges are largely dominated by phanérophytes. The zoochory and the anemochory constitute the modes of dissemination most met within the studied flora. Key words: Swampy clearings on hydromorphic soils, flora, association, phytosociology, forest clearings, Gabon.

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