Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-11T14:44:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Andrade Wanderley.pdf: 1025084 bytes, checksum: 6e914f9adffda90721f08f0275a3264c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T14:44:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Andrade Wanderley.pdf: 1025084 bytes, checksum: 6e914f9adffda90721f08f0275a3264c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-29 / The use of waters under appropriate conditions of management should not offer great problems for irrigation. In the semi-arid area of the Brazilian Northeast that presents a hydrological deficit, the inadequate management of the irrigation practice, allied to the incomplete leaching and to the intense evaporation, result in an increasing of the salts in the surface and/or undersurface layers of the soil due to the insufficient salt balance commonly verified in those areas. In this way, aiming to evaluate the soil salty process of the Moxotó – PE irrigation project, submitted to the application of both rejects of desalt machine and of desalt machine after use in the lettuce cultivation in the nutrient laminate flow (type NFT) as a hydroponic technical system, it was realized an experiment in soil columns installed in the Soil Mechanic and Residue Use Laboratory of the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. The treatments were delineated in a randomized blocks with factorial arrangement of two soils (clayly and sandy), two types of reject (reject of desalt machine and reject of the hydroponic system) and five salty concentrations (0,53; 1,16; 1,90; 3,52; 4,60 dS m ֿ¹), with three replicates. The evaluated components in the extract of the saturated paste were the electric conductivity (EC), soluble cations and the relationship of sodium adsorption relationship (SAR). In the leached solution it was determined the electric conductivity, the soluble sodium, the pH. The calcium, magnesium and potassium soluble concentrations increased independently of the quality of the reject used, and this increasing was proportional at the electric conductivity levels applied. The use of the irrigation volumes equivalent to three volumes of pores, using rejects both of desalt machine and of hydroponic system didn't provide the neither salty process nor sodium process of the soils studied (EC > 4,00 dS m-¹ and SAR > 13). The drainage water was characterized as a material potentially pollutant in terms of the concentration of soluble salts, verifying decreasing in the saturated hydraulic conductivity values of the soils. / O uso de águas sob condições adequadas de manejo não deveria oferecer maiores problemas para irrigação. Na região semi-árida do Nordeste brasileiro que apresenta um déficit hídrico, o manejo inadequado da prática da irrigação, aliada à lixiviação incompleta e a intensa evaporação, resulta num aumento dos sais nas camadas superficial e/ou subsuperficial do solo em decorrência da insuficiência do balanço de sais comumente verificado nessas áreas. Desse modo, objetivando avaliar o processo de salinização de solos do perímetro irrigado do Moxotó–PE, submetidos a aplicação de rejeito de dessalinizador e rejeito de dessalinizador depois de ser utilizado no cultivo de alface no sistema hidropônico técnica do fluxo laminar de nutriente (tipo NFT), realizou-se um experimento em colunas de solo instalado no laboratório de Mecânica do solo e aproveitamento de resíduos da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Os tratamento foram dispostos em um delineamento de blocos casualizados com arranjo fatorial de dois de solos (argiloso e arenoso), dois tipos de rejeito (rejeito de dessalinizador e rejeito da hidroponia) e cinco concentração salinas (0,53; 1,16; 1,90; 3,52; 4,60 dS m ֿ¹), com três repetições. Os componentes avaliados no extrato da pasta saturada foram a condutividade elétrica (CE), cátions solúveis e a relação de adsorção de sódio (RAS). No lixiviado determinou-se a condutividade elétrica, o sódio solúvel, o pH. A concentração de cálcio, de magnésio e de potássio solúveis aumentou independentemente da qualidade do rejeito utilizado, e este aumento foi proporcional aos níveis de condutividade elétrica aplicados. A utilização da lâmina de irrigação equivalente a três volumes de poros, utilizando rejeito de dessalinizador e de hidroponia não proporcionou a salinização e nem sodificação dos solos em estudo (CE > 4,00 dS m ֿ¹ e RAS > 13). A água de drenagem caracterizou-se como material potencialmente poluente em termos da concentração de sais solúveis, tornando-se impróprio para reutilização agrícola.

Com o objetivo de analisar a rentabilidade econômica da produção de mudas de alface produzidas em bandejas com diferentes volumes de substrato e formato de célula, foram realizados levantamentos de custos de um produtor de mudas localizado no estado de São Paulo, nas safras de verão e de inverno. Para avaliar os custos de produção para cada safra de cultivo, foi usado a metodologia adotada pelo Centro de Estudos Avançados em Economia Aplicada (CEPEA), onde se calcula o Custo Total de produção pela soma entre o Custo Anual de Recuperação do Patrimônio (CARP) e o Custo Operacional (CO). O CARP é uma metodologia que considera o fator depreciação e custo de oportunidade do capital imobilizado para aquisição dos bens envolvidos, e o CO envolve todos os custos operacionais da atividade (viveiro de produção de mudas). O custo total de produção por área (m2), custo total de produção por muda e custo total de produção por bandeja foram superiores na safra de inverno em relação à safra de verão. Para o custo de produção por muda, os valores obtidos seguiram a seguinte ordem (R$): 84 células > 105 células > 128 células achatada alta > 128 células achatada baixa > 128 células cônicas > 200 células cônicas. Já para o custo de produção por bandeja, a ordem foi a seguinte: 84 células > 105 células > 128 células achatada alta > 128 células achatada baixa > 200 células cônicas > 128 células cônicas. Para o lucro da atividade, a ordem dos lucros foi (R$): 128 células achatada alta > 128 células achatada baixa > 84 células > 105 células > 200 células cônicas > 128 células cônicas. Além da rentabilidade econômica, dois experimentos foram conduzidos no viveiro especializado na produção de mudas, durante os períodos de 25 de dezembro de 2015 a 3 de fevereiro de 2016 e 26 de janeiro a 26 de fevereiro de 2016. Os períodos de cultivo foram de 28 e 40 dias para o primeiro ciclo (mudas convencionais e \"mudões\", respectivamente) e de 31 dias para todas as bandejas, no segundo ciclo. Os experimentos (primeiro e segundo ciclo) foram instalados em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos constituídos por 6 diferentes tipos de bandejas para produção de mudas (128 células com formato cônico,128 células achatada baixa, 128 células achatada alta, 84 células, 105 células e 200 células com formato cônico). As mudas convencionais são destinadas para a produção hidropônica com uso de berçário, e os \"mudões\" para sistemas de cultivo hidropônico sem uso de berçário. As características agronômicas avaliadas foram massas frescas e secas das partes aéreas e das raízes, área foliar, comprimento total, área superficial, diâmetro médio, volume total e número total de raízes. Para mudões, que são destinados ao cultivo hidropônico sem a utilização da fase de berçário, as bandejas de 105 células resultaram em mudas com crescimento similar àquelas produzidas em bandejas de 84 células. Através desses resultados é possível recomendar as bandejas de 105 células por possibilitarem maior rendimento por área ao produtor de mudas. As mudas produzidas em bandejas de 84 e 105 células foram mais desenvolvidas, em geral, no primeiro ciclo do que no segundo ciclo. Para mudas convencionais, de maneira geral, as bandejas de 200 células cônicas resultaram em menor desenvolvimento das plântulas comparadas às bandejas de 128 células cônicas, achatadas baixas e achatadas altas. As bandejas de 200 células cônicas resultaram em maior massa fresca da parte aérea, área foliar, comprimento total das raízes e número total de raízes no segundo ciclo em relação ao primeiro, devido ao período de cultivo ter sido superior no segundo ciclo (31 dias após a semeadura). / The objective of this study was to analyze the economic profitability of lettuce seedling production in trays with different cell volume and format through cost survey of production related to a grower located at Sao Paulo State. In order to evaluate the production costs for each growth period, the methodology adopted by Center of Advanced Studies on Applied Economy (CEPEA) was used to calculate the Total Cost of Production by the sum between the Annual Cost of Recovery (CARP) and the Operating Cost (CO). The CARP is a methodology that considers the factor of depreciation and opportunity cost of immobilized capital to acquire the assets involved, and the CO involves all operational costs of the activity (nursery of seedling production). The total cost of production per square meter (m2), total cost of production per seedling and total cost of production per tray were higher in the winter season as compared to the summer season. For the production cost per seedling, the values obtained were in the following order (R $): 84 cells> 105 cells> 128 flattened high cell> 128 flattened low cell> 128 conic cells > 200 conic cells. For the cost of production per tray, the order was as follows: 84 cells> 105 cells> 128 flattened high cells> 128 flattened low cells > 200 conic cells > 128 conic cells. For the profit of the activity, the order of profits was (R $): 128 flattened high cells > 128 flattened low cells > 84 cells> 105 cells> 200 conic cells> 128 conic cells. Besides the economic profitability, two experiments were conducted in the nursery specialized in the seedling production of lettuce during the periods of December 25, 2015 to February 3, 2016 and January 26 to February 26, 2016. The growing periods were 28 And 40 days for the first cycle (conventional seedlings and \"large seedlings\", respectively) and 31 days for all trays in the second cycle. The experiments (first and second cycle) were installed in a completely randomized experimental design with four replicates, and the treatments consisted of 6 different types of trays for seedlings production (128 cells with conical shape, 128 flattened low cells, 128 flattened high cells, 84 cells, 105 cells and 200 cells with conical shape). The conventional seedlings are destined for hydroponic production with the use of nursery phase and the \"large seedlings\" are used to hydroponic systems without of nursery phase. The agronomic characteristics evaluated were fresh and dry masses of the aerial parts and roots, leaf area, total length, surface area, mean diameter, total volume and total number of roots. For \"large seedlings\", trays of 105 cells resulted in seedlings with growth similar to those produced in trays of 84 cells. Through these results, it is possible to recommend the trays of 105 cells because they allow greater yield per square meter to the grower of seedlings. The seedlings produced in trays of 84 and 105 cells, in general, were more developed in the first cycle than in the second cycle. For conventional seedlings, the trays of 200 conical cells resulted in lower seedling development as compared to trays of 128 conical cells, flattened low and flattened tall cells. The trays of 200 conical cells resulted in higher fresh shoot mass, leaf area, total root length and total number of roots in the second cycle as compared to the first, because the growing period was higher in the second cycle (31 days after sowing).

Wheat was grown hydroponically for 23 days ( early boot stage) in a controlled environment at NO3- concentrations of 100 and 1000 μ,M and CO2 levels of 360 and 1200 μ,mol mo1-1. Nitrogen consumption and transpiration were measured daily. Tissue nitrogen concentration, total biomass, and percent root mass were measured at harvest. Nitrogen recovery and nitrogen use efficiency were calculated. Elevated CO2 increased nitrogen consumption of the 100 μ,M NO3- treatment by 13.6% and the 1000 μ,M NO3- treatment by 21.3%. These increases were particularly evident during tillering and early grain fill. Whole plant nitrogen, shoot NO3-, and root NO3- concentrations were increased by elevated CO2. High CO2increased biomass by 15% and increased percent root mass by 11 %. Nitrogen recovery and nitrogen use efficiency were similar at both CO2 concentrations. Transpiration (L m-2ground d-1) decreased by 40% in elevated CO2. The 1000 μ,M NO3- treatment consumed more NO3- than did the 100 μ,M NO3- treatment (8.1% in ambient CO2, 15.5% in elevated CO2); this effect was most pronounced during the last 5 days of the experiment (flag leaf emergence and early grain fill). Percent root mass increased as N concentration decreased from 1000 to 100 μ,M. Nitrogen levels did not significantly affect tissue N concentration or biomass. Nitrogen losses increased as N supply increased; an average of 16% of the nitrogen added to the 100 μ,M NO3- treatment was lost, while the 1000 μ,M NO3- treatment lost 21%. Nitrogen use efficiency and transpiration were similar in both nitrogen treatments.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21155号 / 農博第2281号 / 新制||農||1059(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H30||N5129(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 川島 茂人, 教授 星野 敏, 教授 藤原 正幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

This report includes research into how to automate a small scale system for hydroponics. Hydroponics is a growing technique which features a soil-less environment were the plants roots are exposed to a nutrient-enriched water solution. The research focused mainly on how to regulate the pH and the level of nutrient in the water solvent and finding a system to automate that process. In the research fully grown basil plants were used as test specimens, with the plants roots submerged in a water solvent. The water solvent had sensors that were connected to a micro controller making it possible to monitor the presence of nutrients and pH in the solvent. If the micro controller deemed that the pH and/or the nutrient level was too high or too low, the micro controller would adjust the solvent by activating pumps adding pH down buffer solution and/or nutrient solution to the solvent. The research proved that a way to automate a small scale hydroponics system is by building a computerized system consisting of: • Micro controller. • pH sensor. •EC sensor (to measure nutrient level in solvent). • Temperature sensor. • Fluid pumps connected to pH- and nutrient reservoirs / I denna rapport följer en forskning om hur ett system för hydroponics kan automatiseras. Hydroponics är en odlingsteknik som utesluter nyttjandet av jord. Istället får plantorna näring och vatten via en näringsrik vattenlösning som dess rötter är i kontakt med. Forskningen fokuserade huvudsakligen på hur man reglerar pH och nivån av näringsämnen i en vattenlösning och skapa ett system för att automatisera denna processen. I undersökningen användes fullvuxna basilikaväxter som prover med plantornas rötter nedsänkta i en vattenlösning. Vattenlösningen hade sensorer som var anslutna till en mikrostyrenhet som gjorde det möjligt att övervaka nivån av näringsämnen och pH i vattenlösningen.  Om mikrokontrollen ansåg att pH- och/eller nivån av näringsämnen var felaktig så skulle mikrostyrenheten justera vattenlösningen. Detta skedde genom att mikrostyrenheten aktiverade vätskepumpar som tilsatte pH-buffer och/eller näringslösning. Forskningen visade att ett sätt att automatisera ett hydroponicsystem är att bygga ett datoriserat system som består utav: mikrostyrenhet. pH mätare. EC mätare (används för att mäta näringsnivån i vattenlösningen). Temperaturmätare. Vätskepumpar anslutna till behållare inehållandes pH- och näringslösning.

<p><a>Facing challenges for increasing demands for agricultural land, water, and energy, aquaponics has emerged as a sustainable solution that can contribute to global food production while minimizing environmental impacts. In a recirculating aquaponic system, the waste produced by aquatic animals is processed through microbes and breaks down into compounds for plant uptake. By recycling nutrients and water between hydroponics and aquaculture systems, aquaponics can reduce the waste of fish feeds and the use of chemical fertilizers and use 90-99% less water than conventional aquaculture. However, a few studies reported that nutrient use efficiency is still low in aquaponics, and only 10-37% and 20-30% of nitrogen (N) is typically assimilated by plants and fish, respectively. Yield reduction is commonly reported for plants in aquaponics. Due to the unique water physical and chemical environment, the microbiomes are more diverse in aquaponics than in hydroponics. While the most important microbial group is considered nitrifying bacteria, <i>Nitrosomonas</i> spp. and <i>Nitrobacter</i> spp. mediating the N conversion process from ammonia into nitrate,</a> some plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) in soils were found in aquaponics indicating their important function in the system. Meanwhile, the use of aquaculture wastewater can introduce and promote the growth of harmful microbial pathogens, posing a food safety concern. </p> The goal of this research is to investigate the effects of microbiomes in aquaponic systems. A series of studies were conducted to examine the effects of different bacterial groups on food crop yield and quality and investigate the potential risk of contamination with enteric pathogens in aquaponic systems. The specific objectives are: to 1) examine whether enteric pathogens present in aquaponics and hydroponics; 2) investigate the effects of plant age and root damage on internalization of STEC <i>E. coli</i> in leafy vegetables and herbs. 3) examine the effects of pH on the plant yield in aquaponics; and 4) investigate the effects of PGPB on lettuce in aquaponics and hydroponics3. The data obtained from this research will fill the knowledge gap and provide new management strategies for cultivating crops in aquaponics, which will greatly promote the application of aquaponics to provide a solution for the increasing food demands in the future.

Phosphorus (P) is poorly soluble in most soils and, thus, has poor plant uptake efficiency. AVAIL® and Carbond P (CBP) are new fertilizer products shown to increase P use efficiency (PUE) and increase crop yields when grown in P limiting soils. Carbond P has specifically been seen to increases P uptake and crop yields in soils low in P, although effectiveness in regards to soil organic matter is unknown. The objectives of these studies were to determine if the mode of action for these products is related to physiological response, to determine if Carbond P is toxic to plant roots when in direct contact at high rates, and determine the limitations of Carbond P in regards to biomass (yield), P uptake and concentration. We used a hydroponic study to compare CBP to AVAIL in evaluating plant toxicity and plant philological response. AVAIL and CBP were also compared to ammonium polyphosphate (APP) at pH 6 or 8 for hydroponically grown maize (Zea mays L.). Additionally, a glasshouse study evaluated the PUE of CBP with soil in which maize was grown. Soils were moderate or high in organic matter, with 0, 5, 15, 45, or 135 kg P2O5 ha-1 applied as either APP or CBP. Both studies showed that CBP is a suitable PUE enhancing fertilizer. In the greenhouse study, the high organic matter soil revealed that both CBP and APP fertilization resulted in similar increases in biomass yield and P concentration and uptake. However, in the moderate organic matter soil, biomass and total P uptake was significantly greater for CBP than APP at the two lowest P rates of fertilization and significantly higher for APP than CBP at the highest P application rate. In the hydroponic study, neither AVAIL nor CBP had any positive or adverse effects on the plants as compared to APP. These results, coupled with this and previous soil-based greenhouse and field studies with AVAIL and CBP, show that the increase in PUE is not a physiological growth stimulant response, but rather likely the result of impacts on P solubility in the soil. However, the presence of high organic matter in the soil seemed to negate the effects of the organic acid bonded P used in Carbond P. We conclude that CBP, and possibly other organic acid based fertilizers, can assist in furthering agricultural goals, as well as environmental responsibility with these known limits.

Pythium diseases are common in the greenhouse production of tobacco transplants and can cause up to 70% seedling loss in hydroponic (float-bed) greenhouses. However, the symptoms and consequences of Pythium diseases are often variable among these greenhouses. A tobacco transplant greenhouse survey was conducted in 2017 in order to investigate the sources of this variability, especially the composition and distribution of Pythium communities within greenhouses. The survey revealed twelve Pythium species. Approximately 80% of the surveyed greenhouses harbored Pythium in at least one of four sites within the greenhouse, including the center walkway, weeds, but especially bay water and tobacco seedlings. Pythium dissotocum, followed by P. myriotylum, were the most common species. Pythium myriotylum, P. coloratum, and P. dissotocum were aggressive pathogens that suppressed seed germination and caused root rot, stunting, foliar chlorosis, and death of tobacco seedlings. Pythium aristosporum, P. porphyrae, P. torulosum, P. inflatum, P. irregulare, P. catenulatum, and a different isolate of P. dissotocum, were weak pathogens, causing root symptoms without affecting the upper part of tobacco seedlings. Pythium adhaerens, P. attrantheridium, and P. pectinolyticum did not affect tobacco seeds or seedlings. The consequences of Pythium infection were more likely to be severe when they occurred during seed germination than at seedling emergence, or after plant stem elongation when seedling roots had started to grow into underlying nutrient solutions, depending on the species of Pythium. High and low variation was observed among isolates of P. dissotocum and P. myriotylum, respectively. Pythium myriotylum co-existed with multiple other Pythium or oomycete species in the same environments within tobacco greenhouses, and significant in vitro and/or in vivo interactions between P. myriotylum and some naturally co-existing species were revealed. Pythium porphyrae may have the potential to protect tobacco seeds and seedlings from P. myriotylum infection. Greenhouse Pythium control trials identified ethaboxam, mefenoxam, and copper ionization as potentially promising alternatives to etridiazole for Pythium disease management in tobacco transplant production. The outcomes of this project provide useful new information to better understand the composition, distribution, and diversity of Pythium communities in tobacco transplant greenhouses and to improve Pythium disease management for tobacco transplant production. / Doctor of Philosophy / Pythium diseases are common in tobacco transplant production and can cause up to 70% seedling losses in hydroponic (float-bed) tobacco transplant greenhouses. However, little is known about the composition and distribution of Pythium communities in tobacco transplant greenhouses. This project began with a tobacco transplant greenhouse survey, in which 12 Pythium species were recovered from center walkways, weeds, greenhouse bay water, and tobacco seedlings. Pythium dissotocum and P. myriotylum were the two types (species) of Pythium most commonly found in the survey. Pythium myriotylum, P. coloratum, and P. dissotocum were aggressive pathogens that suppressed seed germination and caused root rot, stunting, foliar chlorosis, and death of tobacco seedlings. Pythium aristosporum, P. porphyrae, P. torulosum, P. inflatum, P. irregulare, P. catenulatum, and an isolate of P. dissotocum, were weak pathogens causing root symptoms without affecting the upper part of tobacco seedlings. Pythium adhaerens, P. attrantheridium, and P. pectinolyticum did not affect tobacco seeds or seedlings. The symptoms caused by infection by Pythium species differed among host (tobacco) growth stages, except for the most aggressive species, P. myriotylum. High levels of variation were observed among isolates of P. dissotocum, in terms of vegetative growth rate (on V8 agar media) and aggressiveness on tobacco seed and seedlings. Pythium myriotylum was found to co-exist with multiple other Pythium or oomycete species (neighbor isolates) in the same environments within tobacco greenhouses. Significant interactions between P. myriotylum and some neighbor isolates were revealed, and these interactions significantly affect the consequences of P. myriotylum infection of tobacco seeds. Greenhouse Pythium control trials identified two chemical water treatments (ethaboxam and mefenoxam), and a non-chemical water treatment (copper ionization) as potentially promising alternatives to the current standard Pythium control (etridiazole) for Pythium disease management in tobacco transplant production. The outcomes of this project provide useful new information to both better understand the composition, distribution, and diversity of Pythium communities in tobacco transplant greenhouses and to improve Pythium disease management for tobacco transplant production.

The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich (Mp) is the causal agent of charcoal rot in soybean and infects over 500 plant species worldwide. Mp produces various mycotoxins and is suspected of utilizing a toxin-mediated process to penetrate host tissue. Identification and evaluation of secondary metabolites produced by Mp will further elucidate the pathogenesis mechanisms used by the fungus. Mp cultures isolated from soybean were evaluated for phytotoxicity in a hydroponic soybean bioassay and chemically analyzed by LC-MS/MS. All Mp cultures at two dilutions induced phytotoxicity symptoms including chlorosis, necrosis, wilting, stunting, and death. Analysis identified 13 unreported secondary metabolites including mellein, a compound with various biological activities. The phytotoxicity of mellein was evaluated against soybean seedlings in hydroponic culture, and symptoms of wilting and stunting were observed at levels above 40 MUg/L. Observations suggest that mellein does not directly contribute to the phytotoxic effects of Mp cultures.

No description available.