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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Hydrogen And Poly-beta Hydroxy Butyric Acid Production And Expression Analyses Of Related Genes In Rhodobacter Capsulatus At Different Acetate Concentrations

Ozsoy, Burcu 01 February 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Hydrogen, which is a clean energy source, is one of the alternatives for fossil fuels. Biological hydrogen production is one of the hydrogen production methods. Rhodobacter capsulatus is a photosynthetic bacterium that produces hydrogen via photofermentation. R. capsulatus can also synthesize some valuable by-products such as Poly-beta- hydroxy butyric acid (PHB), which is a biodegradable bioplastic. In a two stage biohydrogen production system, which is combination of dark fermentation and photofermentation, dark fermentor effluents are used for photofermentation by R.capsulatus. Dark fermentor effluents usually contain high amount of acetate. High amount of acetate may decrease the efficiency of hydrogen production by causing high amount of PHB production. Therefore, it is significant to determine optimum acetate concentration for photofermentation. In this study, the effects of acetate concentration on hydrogen and PHB production by R.capsulatus were investigated by growing bacteria at various acetate concentrations (10 mM-65 mM). In addition, gene expression analysis was performed to investigate the effects of acetate at transcriptional level. For this purpose, expression levels of the genes that encode nitrogenase which is the enzyme that catalyzes hydrogen production and PHB synthase, which is the key enzyme of the PHB synthesis pathway, are examined. Optimum acetate concentration for photofermentation with high hydrogen yield and low PHB amount was determined to be in the range 25 mM-50 mM. nifD expression was found to be high at optimum acetate concentrations and phaC expression was found to be the highest at 65 mM.
2

Ketolátky a volné mastné kyseliny v mléce vysokoužitkových krav

NOVÁ, Hana January 2018 (has links)
The aim of this diploma thesis was to evaluate the occurrence of ketones and free fatty acids in milk of high-yielding cows. Ketosis is a very common metabolic disorder in dairy cows resulting in reduced milk production, fertility disturbance and more frequent occurrences of other diseases. Ketosis is not only a serious health problem, but also an economic problem, that can be avoided by balancing the feeding dose respecting the physiological needs of energy delivery after birth and at the beginning of lactation of high-yielding cows. The monitoring was carried out in 2016 at Chyšná, which is one of the centers of Agribusiness Košetice a.s. Owerall were 1407 cows monitored during the 6 utility tests (from January to June 2016). The occurrence of subclinical ketoses was defined by the content of ketones in milk (acetone and beta-hydroxybutyric acid). Critical was the period of the first 12 days of lactation, when the occurence of subclinical ketoses was the highest, the occurence of this disease was lower than in other breeds. At Chyšná breeding, the low incidence of subclinical ketoses is mainly influenced by zootechnical work and by working with the feed consultant and the company for the production of compound feeds. As a precautionary process, regular feed analysis and examination of free fatty acids and ketones in milk can be recommended.
3

Advanced Capillary Electophoretic Techniques for the Detection of Date-Rape and Club Drugs for a Forensic Setting

Bishop, Sandra Charlotte January 2004 (has links)
No description available.
4

Uso de inibidores das histonas deacetilases na transferência nuclear de células somáticas em bovinos / Use of histone deacetylases inhibitors in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer

Sangalli, Juliano Rodrigues 07 July 2016 (has links)
A clonagem de mamíferos por transferência nuclear de células somáticas (TNCS) ainda é afetada pela baixa eficiência. As modificações epigenéticas estabelecidas durante o processo de diferenciação celular estão entre os principais fatores. Uma vez que estas modificações atuam como barreiras epigenéticas restringindo a reprogramação do núcleo somático. Considerando isso, a maioria dos fatores que promovem a descondensação da cromatina, incluindo os inibidores das Histonas Deacetilases (HDACis), tem sido demonstrado aumentarem a eficiência da reprogramação nuclear, tornando o seu uso comum para melhorar as taxas da TNCS. Neste trabalho, nós testamos dois inibidores das histonas deacetilases: o Ácido Valpróico (VPA) e o Ácido β-Hidróxibutírico (BOHB), sendo um farmacológico e o outro um metabólito endógeno na TNCS. Nosso objetivo era testar se o tratamento de células doadoras de núcleo ou zigotos com estes HDACis melhoravam o desenvolvimento de embriões bovinos clonados. Em relação ao VPA, nós observamos que o tratamento de fibroblastos com o VPA aumentou a acetilação das histonas e a expressão de genes importantes para o desenvolvimento como IGF2R e PPARGC1A. Entretanto, quando as células tratadas foram usadas como doadoras de núcleo, não foi observado diferença nos níveis de acetilação das H3K9 entre os grupos. Além disso, as alterações foram rapidamente removidas após a transferência nuclear. Em relação as taxas de desenvolvimento, o uso de células tratadas como doadoras de núcleo não resultou em diferença durante o desenvolvimento pré- e pós-implantacional. Em relação ao BOHB, nós executamos um série de experimentos para testar se esta molécula age como um inibidor das HDACs em bovinos. Nós observamos que fibroblastos tratados com BOHB apresentam aumento nos níveis globais de H3K9ac. O tratamento altera a expressão de genes importantes como os transportadores de glicose e a enzima chave no metabolismo lipídico SCD. Também, nós demonstramos que este metabólito é capaz de alterar uma marca epigenética em zigotos clonados, que persiste até o estágio de blastocisto. Entretanto, o tratamento dos zigotos com este metabólito endógeno não aumentou a taxa de desenvolvimento pré-implantacional, embora tenha alterado a expressão de um fator de transcrição que protege embriões contra estresse oxidativo, o FOXO3a. O tratamento de zigotos partenogenéticos com BOHB não afetou o desenvolvimento embrionário, nem a produção de ATP, sugerindo que o BOHB não apresenta efeitos tóxicos como anteriormente pensado. Concluindo, os resultados deste trabalho mostram que a inibição das HDACs através de uma molécula farmacológica ou um metabólito endógeno, não aumenta a eficiência da TNCS em bovinos. Entretanto, aqui nós mostramos que o corpo cetônico BOHB pode ser um elo de ligação entre o ambiente extracelular e a regulação do metabolismo. E serve como um modelo in vitro para testar como distúrbios metabólicos como a cetose afeta o metabolismo e epigenoma celular e embrionário em bovinos / Cloning of mammals by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is still plagued by the low efficiency. The epigenetic marks established during the cell differentiation process are among the main cause. These modifications act as a barrier restricting the nuclear reprogramming process of somatic nuclei. Based on this, molecules that promotes chromatin decondensing, including Histone Deacetylases inhibitors (HDACis), has been demonstrated increase the efficiency of nuclear reprogramming, making their use common on SCNT procedure. Herein, we tested two histone deacetylase inhibitors: Valproic Acid and β-hydroxybutyric Acid, the former a pharmacological drug and the latter, an endogenous metabolite on SCNT. Our objective was to test whether the donor cells treatment or zygotes with these HDACis improve the bovine cloned embryos development. Regarding the VPA, we observed that fibroblasts treatment with VPA increases the histone acetylation and expression of developmentally important genes such as IGF2R and PPARGC1A. However, when treated cells were used as nuclear donors, we did not observe difference on H3K9ac levels between the groups. Moreover, the alterations were quickly removed after SCNT. Regarding the developmental rates, the use of treated cells as nuclear donors did not affect the pre- and post-implantation development. In the second experiment, we used the BOHB in a series of experiments to test whether this molecule acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor in bovines. We observed that treatment of fibroblasts with BOHB increased the global levels of H3K9ac. Also, treatment alters the expression of important genes such as glucose transporters and a key enzyme regulating lipid synthesis. Additionally, we demonstrated that this metabolite affect at least one epigenetic mark in cloned zygotes, that lasts until the blastocyst stage. However, zygote treatment with this endogenous metabolite did not increase the pre-implantation developmental rates, albeit increased the expression of a transcription factor that protects cells against oxidative stress, the FOXO3a. Treatment of parthenogenetic embryos with BOHB did not affect the embryo development, neither ATP production, suggesting that BOHB is not toxic as previously believed. Concluding, the results presented here shows that the HDAC inhibition through a pharmacological compound or an endogenous metabolite did not increase the efficiency of bovine SCNT. However, here we showed that the ketone body BOHB might be a nexus between the extracellular environment and the cellular metabolism. Also, it can used as a in vitro model to interrogate questions about does metabolic disturbances such as ketosis in cattle affects the epigenome and cellular metabolism in bovines
5

Gaskromatografisk metod för analys av GHB i urin / Gas chromatographic method for GHB analysis in urine

Jansson, Emelie January 2009 (has links)
<p>En metod för detektering och kvantifiering av <em>gamma</em>-hydroxysmörsyra (GHB) i urin med gaskromatografi (GC) är framtagen på Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset. Metoden är relativt unik då den inte kräver upparbetning i form av derivatisering, indunstning eller extraktion. Urinen surgörs med koncentrerad saltsyra och internstandard, <em>gamma</em>-valerolakton, tillsätts. GHB övergår då till laktonformen, <em>gamma</em>-butyrolakton (GBL). Därefter injiceras provet direkt på en GC-FID med en kapillärkolonn för glykoler och alkoholer. Detektion ner till 100 μmol/L är möjligt med en variationskoefficient mellan 6 och 12 %. Provsvar erhålls efter 6,5 minuter. Metoden är dock inte fullständig då en del frågetecken kvarstår. Bland annat bör det undersökas om andra föreningar, som kan förekomma i urin, kan eluera samtidigt som GHB. Om ja så bör vidare analyser genomföras för att separera GHB och den andra föreningen. Metoden kan däremot användas i nuläget som en screeninganalys för att snabbt få ett svar på om GHB finns närvarande eller inte. Verifiering kan sedan ske med GC-MS.</p> / <p>A method for determination and quantification of <em>gamma</em>-hydroxyburyric acid (GHB) in urine samples is developed at Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhus. No time consuming procedures as derivatization and exctration is required, which makes the method fairly unique. Hydrochloric acid and internal standard, <em>gamma</em>-valerolakton, is added to the urine sample before the sample is injected to a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector and a column for glycols and alcohols. The hydrochloric acid makes the GHB convert into <em>gamma</em>-butyrolactone (GBL) which is easier to separate in the gas chromatograph. Limit of detection was found to be 100 μmol/L and test result is received after 6,5 minutes. There are still some question marks around the method, for example, there is a possibility that another substance elute at the same time as GHB. More tests are required to determine whether or not it is so. For now the method can be used as a screening analysis to hastily detect GHB presence. Verification can be done with GC-MS.</p>
6

Uso de inibidores das histonas deacetilases na transferência nuclear de células somáticas em bovinos / Use of histone deacetylases inhibitors in bovine somatic cell nuclear transfer

Juliano Rodrigues Sangalli 07 July 2016 (has links)
A clonagem de mamíferos por transferência nuclear de células somáticas (TNCS) ainda é afetada pela baixa eficiência. As modificações epigenéticas estabelecidas durante o processo de diferenciação celular estão entre os principais fatores. Uma vez que estas modificações atuam como barreiras epigenéticas restringindo a reprogramação do núcleo somático. Considerando isso, a maioria dos fatores que promovem a descondensação da cromatina, incluindo os inibidores das Histonas Deacetilases (HDACis), tem sido demonstrado aumentarem a eficiência da reprogramação nuclear, tornando o seu uso comum para melhorar as taxas da TNCS. Neste trabalho, nós testamos dois inibidores das histonas deacetilases: o Ácido Valpróico (VPA) e o Ácido &#946;-Hidróxibutírico (BOHB), sendo um farmacológico e o outro um metabólito endógeno na TNCS. Nosso objetivo era testar se o tratamento de células doadoras de núcleo ou zigotos com estes HDACis melhoravam o desenvolvimento de embriões bovinos clonados. Em relação ao VPA, nós observamos que o tratamento de fibroblastos com o VPA aumentou a acetilação das histonas e a expressão de genes importantes para o desenvolvimento como IGF2R e PPARGC1A. Entretanto, quando as células tratadas foram usadas como doadoras de núcleo, não foi observado diferença nos níveis de acetilação das H3K9 entre os grupos. Além disso, as alterações foram rapidamente removidas após a transferência nuclear. Em relação as taxas de desenvolvimento, o uso de células tratadas como doadoras de núcleo não resultou em diferença durante o desenvolvimento pré- e pós-implantacional. Em relação ao BOHB, nós executamos um série de experimentos para testar se esta molécula age como um inibidor das HDACs em bovinos. Nós observamos que fibroblastos tratados com BOHB apresentam aumento nos níveis globais de H3K9ac. O tratamento altera a expressão de genes importantes como os transportadores de glicose e a enzima chave no metabolismo lipídico SCD. Também, nós demonstramos que este metabólito é capaz de alterar uma marca epigenética em zigotos clonados, que persiste até o estágio de blastocisto. Entretanto, o tratamento dos zigotos com este metabólito endógeno não aumentou a taxa de desenvolvimento pré-implantacional, embora tenha alterado a expressão de um fator de transcrição que protege embriões contra estresse oxidativo, o FOXO3a. O tratamento de zigotos partenogenéticos com BOHB não afetou o desenvolvimento embrionário, nem a produção de ATP, sugerindo que o BOHB não apresenta efeitos tóxicos como anteriormente pensado. Concluindo, os resultados deste trabalho mostram que a inibição das HDACs através de uma molécula farmacológica ou um metabólito endógeno, não aumenta a eficiência da TNCS em bovinos. Entretanto, aqui nós mostramos que o corpo cetônico BOHB pode ser um elo de ligação entre o ambiente extracelular e a regulação do metabolismo. E serve como um modelo in vitro para testar como distúrbios metabólicos como a cetose afeta o metabolismo e epigenoma celular e embrionário em bovinos / Cloning of mammals by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is still plagued by the low efficiency. The epigenetic marks established during the cell differentiation process are among the main cause. These modifications act as a barrier restricting the nuclear reprogramming process of somatic nuclei. Based on this, molecules that promotes chromatin decondensing, including Histone Deacetylases inhibitors (HDACis), has been demonstrated increase the efficiency of nuclear reprogramming, making their use common on SCNT procedure. Herein, we tested two histone deacetylase inhibitors: Valproic Acid and &#946;-hydroxybutyric Acid, the former a pharmacological drug and the latter, an endogenous metabolite on SCNT. Our objective was to test whether the donor cells treatment or zygotes with these HDACis improve the bovine cloned embryos development. Regarding the VPA, we observed that fibroblasts treatment with VPA increases the histone acetylation and expression of developmentally important genes such as IGF2R and PPARGC1A. However, when treated cells were used as nuclear donors, we did not observe difference on H3K9ac levels between the groups. Moreover, the alterations were quickly removed after SCNT. Regarding the developmental rates, the use of treated cells as nuclear donors did not affect the pre- and post-implantation development. In the second experiment, we used the BOHB in a series of experiments to test whether this molecule acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor in bovines. We observed that treatment of fibroblasts with BOHB increased the global levels of H3K9ac. Also, treatment alters the expression of important genes such as glucose transporters and a key enzyme regulating lipid synthesis. Additionally, we demonstrated that this metabolite affect at least one epigenetic mark in cloned zygotes, that lasts until the blastocyst stage. However, zygote treatment with this endogenous metabolite did not increase the pre-implantation developmental rates, albeit increased the expression of a transcription factor that protects cells against oxidative stress, the FOXO3a. Treatment of parthenogenetic embryos with BOHB did not affect the embryo development, neither ATP production, suggesting that BOHB is not toxic as previously believed. Concluding, the results presented here shows that the HDAC inhibition through a pharmacological compound or an endogenous metabolite did not increase the efficiency of bovine SCNT. However, here we showed that the ketone body BOHB might be a nexus between the extracellular environment and the cellular metabolism. Also, it can used as a in vitro model to interrogate questions about does metabolic disturbances such as ketosis in cattle affects the epigenome and cellular metabolism in bovines
7

Efeito do ácido gama-hidroxibutírico e da tirosina sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em córtex cerebral de ratos jovens

Sgaravatti, Angela Malysz January 2008 (has links)
A deficiência da semi-aldeído succínico desidrogenase (SSADH) e a tirosinemia tipo II caracterizam-se pela presença de elevadas concentrações teciduais e plasmáticas de ácido γ-hidroxibutírico (GHB) e tirosina, respectivamente. Tanto os pacientes afetados pela deficiência da SSADH quanto aqueles com tirosinemia tipo II apresentam sinais e sintomas neurológicos. Embora os mecanismos responsáveis pela disfunção neurológica sejam pouco conhecidos, sabe-se que podem estar relacionados ao acúmulo de GHB e tirosina e seus possíveis efeitos tóxicos sobre o sistema nervoso central (SNC). Considerando ainda que o estresse oxidativo parece estar envolvido em diversas doenças ou alterações patológicas que afetam o SNC, os efeitos do GHB e da L-tirosina sobre vários parâmetros de estresse oxidativo foram investigados em homogeneizados de córtex cerebral de ratos jovens. Os efeitos in vivo do GHB, ou de seu precursor 1,4-butanodiol, foram semelhantes. Ambos mostraram comprometimento das defesas antioxidantes não-enzimáticas e indução da lipoperoxidação. Os efeitos in vitro e in vivo da L-tirosina, por sua vez, foram diferentes: in vitro, a L-tirosina provocou dano oxidativo ao DNA, diminuiu as defesas antioxidantes não-enzimáticas e enzimáticas e alterou o estado redox (razão SH/SS), enquanto que a administração aguda de L-tirosina causou dano oxidativo a lipídios e proteínas, modificou a razão SH/SS, diminuiu as defesas antioxidantes não-enzimáticas e estimulou a atividade da glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase. Esses resultados sugerem que o GHB e a L-tirosina são capazes de promover o estresse oxidativo em córtex cerebral de ratos jovens. Desta forma, caso esses mesmos efeitos ocorrerem em seres humanos, é provável que o estresse oxidativo seja um dos mecanismos responsáveis pela neuropatologia característica da deficiência da SSADH e tirosinemia tipo II. / Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency and tyrosinemia type II are characterized by predominant tissue and blood accumulation of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and tyrosine, respectively. Patients with SSADH deficiency and tyrosinemia type II present neurological signs and symptoms. Although mechanisms of brain damage remain unclear, they are probably related to the accumulation of GHB or tyrosine leading to possible noxious effects on central nervous system (CNS) development in those patients. Considering that the damaging consequences of oxidative stress have been implicated in a variety of disorders of CNS, the effect of GHB and L-tyrosine were investigated on some oxidative stress parameters in cerebral cortex homogenates of young rats. The in vitro and in vivo effects of GHB, or its precursor 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD), were similar. It was observed that GHB or 1,4-BD impairs non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses and induces lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, the in vitro and in vivo effects of L-tyrosine were different. Oxidative damage to DNA was promoted while non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant defenses, and thiol-disulfide redox state (SH/SS ratio) were markedly diminished by L-tyrosine in vitro. In contrast, the acute administration of L-tyrosine causes lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, decreases non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses, alters SH/SS ratio and stimulates glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Taken together, it may be presumed that GHB and L-tyrosine elicit oxidative stress in cerebral cortex of young rats. If these effects also occur in the brain of patients affected by SSADH deficiency or tyrosinemia type II, it is possible that oxidative stress may contribute, at least in part, to the neurological dysfunction characteristic of these diseases.
8

Efeito do ácido gama-hidroxibutírico e da tirosina sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em córtex cerebral de ratos jovens

Sgaravatti, Angela Malysz January 2008 (has links)
A deficiência da semi-aldeído succínico desidrogenase (SSADH) e a tirosinemia tipo II caracterizam-se pela presença de elevadas concentrações teciduais e plasmáticas de ácido γ-hidroxibutírico (GHB) e tirosina, respectivamente. Tanto os pacientes afetados pela deficiência da SSADH quanto aqueles com tirosinemia tipo II apresentam sinais e sintomas neurológicos. Embora os mecanismos responsáveis pela disfunção neurológica sejam pouco conhecidos, sabe-se que podem estar relacionados ao acúmulo de GHB e tirosina e seus possíveis efeitos tóxicos sobre o sistema nervoso central (SNC). Considerando ainda que o estresse oxidativo parece estar envolvido em diversas doenças ou alterações patológicas que afetam o SNC, os efeitos do GHB e da L-tirosina sobre vários parâmetros de estresse oxidativo foram investigados em homogeneizados de córtex cerebral de ratos jovens. Os efeitos in vivo do GHB, ou de seu precursor 1,4-butanodiol, foram semelhantes. Ambos mostraram comprometimento das defesas antioxidantes não-enzimáticas e indução da lipoperoxidação. Os efeitos in vitro e in vivo da L-tirosina, por sua vez, foram diferentes: in vitro, a L-tirosina provocou dano oxidativo ao DNA, diminuiu as defesas antioxidantes não-enzimáticas e enzimáticas e alterou o estado redox (razão SH/SS), enquanto que a administração aguda de L-tirosina causou dano oxidativo a lipídios e proteínas, modificou a razão SH/SS, diminuiu as defesas antioxidantes não-enzimáticas e estimulou a atividade da glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase. Esses resultados sugerem que o GHB e a L-tirosina são capazes de promover o estresse oxidativo em córtex cerebral de ratos jovens. Desta forma, caso esses mesmos efeitos ocorrerem em seres humanos, é provável que o estresse oxidativo seja um dos mecanismos responsáveis pela neuropatologia característica da deficiência da SSADH e tirosinemia tipo II. / Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency and tyrosinemia type II are characterized by predominant tissue and blood accumulation of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and tyrosine, respectively. Patients with SSADH deficiency and tyrosinemia type II present neurological signs and symptoms. Although mechanisms of brain damage remain unclear, they are probably related to the accumulation of GHB or tyrosine leading to possible noxious effects on central nervous system (CNS) development in those patients. Considering that the damaging consequences of oxidative stress have been implicated in a variety of disorders of CNS, the effect of GHB and L-tyrosine were investigated on some oxidative stress parameters in cerebral cortex homogenates of young rats. The in vitro and in vivo effects of GHB, or its precursor 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD), were similar. It was observed that GHB or 1,4-BD impairs non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses and induces lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, the in vitro and in vivo effects of L-tyrosine were different. Oxidative damage to DNA was promoted while non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant defenses, and thiol-disulfide redox state (SH/SS ratio) were markedly diminished by L-tyrosine in vitro. In contrast, the acute administration of L-tyrosine causes lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, decreases non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses, alters SH/SS ratio and stimulates glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Taken together, it may be presumed that GHB and L-tyrosine elicit oxidative stress in cerebral cortex of young rats. If these effects also occur in the brain of patients affected by SSADH deficiency or tyrosinemia type II, it is possible that oxidative stress may contribute, at least in part, to the neurological dysfunction characteristic of these diseases.
9

Gaskromatografisk metod för analys av GHB i urin / Gas chromatographic method for GHB analysis in urine

Jansson, Emelie January 2009 (has links)
En metod för detektering och kvantifiering av gamma-hydroxysmörsyra (GHB) i urin med gaskromatografi (GC) är framtagen på Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhuset. Metoden är relativt unik då den inte kräver upparbetning i form av derivatisering, indunstning eller extraktion. Urinen surgörs med koncentrerad saltsyra och internstandard, gamma-valerolakton, tillsätts. GHB övergår då till laktonformen, gamma-butyrolakton (GBL). Därefter injiceras provet direkt på en GC-FID med en kapillärkolonn för glykoler och alkoholer. Detektion ner till 100 μmol/L är möjligt med en variationskoefficient mellan 6 och 12 %. Provsvar erhålls efter 6,5 minuter. Metoden är dock inte fullständig då en del frågetecken kvarstår. Bland annat bör det undersökas om andra föreningar, som kan förekomma i urin, kan eluera samtidigt som GHB. Om ja så bör vidare analyser genomföras för att separera GHB och den andra föreningen. Metoden kan däremot användas i nuläget som en screeninganalys för att snabbt få ett svar på om GHB finns närvarande eller inte. Verifiering kan sedan ske med GC-MS. / A method for determination and quantification of gamma-hydroxyburyric acid (GHB) in urine samples is developed at Sahlgrenska universitetssjukhus. No time consuming procedures as derivatization and exctration is required, which makes the method fairly unique. Hydrochloric acid and internal standard, gamma-valerolakton, is added to the urine sample before the sample is injected to a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector and a column for glycols and alcohols. The hydrochloric acid makes the GHB convert into gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) which is easier to separate in the gas chromatograph. Limit of detection was found to be 100 μmol/L and test result is received after 6,5 minutes. There are still some question marks around the method, for example, there is a possibility that another substance elute at the same time as GHB. More tests are required to determine whether or not it is so. For now the method can be used as a screening analysis to hastily detect GHB presence. Verification can be done with GC-MS.
10

Efeito do ácido gama-hidroxibutírico e da tirosina sobre parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em córtex cerebral de ratos jovens

Sgaravatti, Angela Malysz January 2008 (has links)
A deficiência da semi-aldeído succínico desidrogenase (SSADH) e a tirosinemia tipo II caracterizam-se pela presença de elevadas concentrações teciduais e plasmáticas de ácido γ-hidroxibutírico (GHB) e tirosina, respectivamente. Tanto os pacientes afetados pela deficiência da SSADH quanto aqueles com tirosinemia tipo II apresentam sinais e sintomas neurológicos. Embora os mecanismos responsáveis pela disfunção neurológica sejam pouco conhecidos, sabe-se que podem estar relacionados ao acúmulo de GHB e tirosina e seus possíveis efeitos tóxicos sobre o sistema nervoso central (SNC). Considerando ainda que o estresse oxidativo parece estar envolvido em diversas doenças ou alterações patológicas que afetam o SNC, os efeitos do GHB e da L-tirosina sobre vários parâmetros de estresse oxidativo foram investigados em homogeneizados de córtex cerebral de ratos jovens. Os efeitos in vivo do GHB, ou de seu precursor 1,4-butanodiol, foram semelhantes. Ambos mostraram comprometimento das defesas antioxidantes não-enzimáticas e indução da lipoperoxidação. Os efeitos in vitro e in vivo da L-tirosina, por sua vez, foram diferentes: in vitro, a L-tirosina provocou dano oxidativo ao DNA, diminuiu as defesas antioxidantes não-enzimáticas e enzimáticas e alterou o estado redox (razão SH/SS), enquanto que a administração aguda de L-tirosina causou dano oxidativo a lipídios e proteínas, modificou a razão SH/SS, diminuiu as defesas antioxidantes não-enzimáticas e estimulou a atividade da glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase. Esses resultados sugerem que o GHB e a L-tirosina são capazes de promover o estresse oxidativo em córtex cerebral de ratos jovens. Desta forma, caso esses mesmos efeitos ocorrerem em seres humanos, é provável que o estresse oxidativo seja um dos mecanismos responsáveis pela neuropatologia característica da deficiência da SSADH e tirosinemia tipo II. / Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency and tyrosinemia type II are characterized by predominant tissue and blood accumulation of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and tyrosine, respectively. Patients with SSADH deficiency and tyrosinemia type II present neurological signs and symptoms. Although mechanisms of brain damage remain unclear, they are probably related to the accumulation of GHB or tyrosine leading to possible noxious effects on central nervous system (CNS) development in those patients. Considering that the damaging consequences of oxidative stress have been implicated in a variety of disorders of CNS, the effect of GHB and L-tyrosine were investigated on some oxidative stress parameters in cerebral cortex homogenates of young rats. The in vitro and in vivo effects of GHB, or its precursor 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD), were similar. It was observed that GHB or 1,4-BD impairs non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses and induces lipid peroxidation. On the other hand, the in vitro and in vivo effects of L-tyrosine were different. Oxidative damage to DNA was promoted while non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant defenses, and thiol-disulfide redox state (SH/SS ratio) were markedly diminished by L-tyrosine in vitro. In contrast, the acute administration of L-tyrosine causes lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, decreases non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses, alters SH/SS ratio and stimulates glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Taken together, it may be presumed that GHB and L-tyrosine elicit oxidative stress in cerebral cortex of young rats. If these effects also occur in the brain of patients affected by SSADH deficiency or tyrosinemia type II, it is possible that oxidative stress may contribute, at least in part, to the neurological dysfunction characteristic of these diseases.

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