This thesis presents synthesis and different reactions of alpha-keto-beta-hydroxyphosphonates. Toward this aim, the hydroxyl functionality of alpha-hydroxycarboxylic acids were protected with alkyl or acyl groups and then formation of acid chloride followed by the reaction with trialkylphosphite furnished protected alpha-keto-beta-hydroxyphosponates. Nucleophilic addition reactions were applied to these compounds to obtain quaternary alcohols with phosphonate functionality. The addition reactions were tried with organocatalysts for the enantioselective formation of desired products.

No description available.

No

Cheminio variavimo tirpalai bei cheminio variavimo procesai tiriami jau nuo XX a. vidurio iki šių dienų, ieškant vis efektyvesnių parametrų dangų funkcinėms bei dekoratyvinėms savybėms pagerinti. Pastaruoju metu vis didesnis dėmesys krypsta ne tik į nusodinamų dangų funkcionalumą, bet ir į ekologiškai nekenksmingus ar mažiau kenksmingus technologinius procesus, pzv., vykdoma ekologiškai nekenksmingų ligandų paieška. Kaip alternatyva šiuo metu siūlomos dvi cheminių junginių klasės t.y. alditoliai (polihodroksiliai alkoholiai) ir hidroksikarboksirūgštys. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas: ištirti cheminio variavimo sistemas ir jose vykstančius procesus, vario(II) jonų ligandais naudojant ekologiškai nekenksmingas citrinų ir vyno rūgštis. Cheminio variavimo sistemose panaudoti du nauji Cu(II) jonų ligandai t.y. citrinų rūgštis ir vyno rūgšties D-izomeras. Atliktų tyrimų duomenys rodo, kad minėti ligandai sėkmingai gali būti naudojami cheminio variavimo sistemose, kur reduktoriumi naudojamas formaldehidas. Nustatyta, kad 2-hidroksipropan-1,2,3-trikarboksirūgštis (citrinų rūgštis) ir 2,3-dihidroksibutano-1,4-dirūgštis (vyno rūgštis) šarminėje terpėje sudaro pakankamai patvarius kompleksus su vario(II) jonais ir yra tinkamas ligandas vario(II) kompleksinimui šarminiuose (pH > 12) cheminio variavimo tirpaluose. Ištirta vario(II)-citrato ir Cu(II)-D-, L- ir DL-tartratų kompleksų redukcija hidratuotu formaldehidu, apibūdintos gautosios vario dangos. Optimaliomis proceso vykdymo sąlygomis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Electroless metal coating technique is one of the elegant ways of metal coating by controlling the temperature and pH of the plating bath in which there is no usage of electric current. The industrial electroless copper plating solution containing formaldehyde as reducing agent are known from the middle of the last century and are widespread in the practice up to now. However many chemical compounds used in such kind technological processes are hazardous for total environment, therefore the efforts are made to displace those substances with less hazardous or purely harmless compounds. Generally two classes of chemical compounds were proposed as EDTA alternative, namely alditols (polyhydroxylic alcohols) and hydroxypolycarboxylic acids. The aim of the work was to investigate peculiarities of formaldehyde containing alkaline electroless copper deposition systems using environment friendly hydroxycarboxylic acids as Cu(II) ligands. Two new Cu(II) ligands, namely citric acid and D-isomer of tartaric acid, were applied for the systems of electroless copper deposition. The results of the investigations show that the ligands mentioned can be successful applied in the processes of electroless copper deposition using formaldehyde as reducing agent. Citric acid (2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid) and different isomers of tartaric acid (2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid), namely L- and D-tartrate, and their racemic mixture DL-tartrate, forming sufficiently stable complexes with... [to full text]

Electroless metal coating technique is one of the elegant ways of metal coating by controlling the temperature and pH of the plating bath in which there is no usage of electric current. The industrial electroless copper plating solution containing formaldehyde as reducing agent are known from the middle of the last century and are widespread in the practice up to now. However many chemical compounds used in such kind technological processes are hazardous for total environment, therefore the efforts are made to displace those substances with less hazardous or purely harmless compounds. Generally two classes of chemical compounds were proposed as EDTA alternative, namely alditols (polyhydroxylic alcohols) and hydroxypolycarboxylic acids. The aim of the work was to investigate peculiarities of formaldehyde containing alkaline electroless copper deposition systems using environment friendly hydroxycarboxylic acids as Cu(II) ligands. Two new Cu(II) ligands, namely citric acid and D-isomer of tartaric acid, were applied for the systems of electroless copper deposition. The results of the investigations show that the ligands mentioned can be successful applied in the processes of electroless copper deposition using formaldehyde as reducing agent. Citric acid (2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid) and different isomers of tartaric acid (2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid), namely L- and D-tartrate, and their racemic mixture DL-tartrate, forming sufficiently stable complexes with... [to full text] / Cheminio variavimo tirpalai bei cheminio variavimo procesai tiriami jau nuo XX a. vidurio iki šių dienų, ieškant vis efektyvesnių parametrų dangų funkcinėms bei dekoratyvinėms savybėms pagerinti. Pastaruoju metu vis didesnis dėmesys krypsta ne tik į nusodinamų dangų funkcionalumą, bet ir į ekologiškai nekenksmingus ar mažiau kenksmingus technologinius procesus, pzv., vykdoma ekologiškai nekenksmingų ligandų paieška. Kaip alternatyva šiuo metu siūlomos dvi cheminių junginių klasės t.y. alditoliai (polihodroksiliai alkoholiai) ir hidroksikarboksirūgštys. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas: ištirti cheminio variavimo sistemas ir jose vykstančius procesus, vario(II) jonų ligandais naudojant ekologiškai nekenksmingas citrinų ir vyno rūgštis. Cheminio variavimo sistemose panaudoti du nauji Cu(II) jonų ligandai t.y. citrinų rūgštis ir vyno rūgšties D-izomeras. Atliktų tyrimų duomenys rodo, kad minėti ligandai sėkmingai gali būti naudojami cheminio variavimo sistemose, kur reduktoriumi naudojamas formaldehidas. Nustatyta, kad 2-hidroksipropan-1,2,3-trikarboksirūgštis (citrinų rūgštis) ir 2,3-dihidroksibutano-1,4-dirūgštis (vyno rūgštis) šarminėje terpėje sudaro pakankamai patvarius kompleksus su vario(II) jonais ir yra tinkamas ligandas vario(II) kompleksinimui šarminiuose (pH > 12) cheminio variavimo tirpaluose. Ištirta vario(II)-citrato ir Cu(II)-D-, L- ir DL-tartratų kompleksų redukcija hidratuotu formaldehidu, apibūdintos gautosios vario dangos. Optimaliomis proceso vykdymo sąlygomis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Chiral Baeyer-Villiger (BV) oxidation of cyclic ketones allows rapid access to asymmetric lactones as valuable intermediates in organic chemistry and frequently encountered precursors in enantioselective synthesis. In the first part, BV oxidation of functionalized ketones, especially cyclic &amp / #61537 / -hydroxy and acetoxy ketones is described which could be a straightforward route to the &amp / #61537 / -hydroxy lactones and &amp / #61537 / -hydroxyalkanoic acid derivatives. The &amp / #61537 / -acetoxylation of indanone, tetralone and chromanone derivatives by using Mn(OAc)3 followed by the enzyme catalyzed kinetic resolution of acetoxy ketones gives both of the enantiomers of &amp / #61537 / -acetoxy ketones in good chemical and optical yields. The Bayer-Villiger oxidation of &amp / #61537 / -acetoxy ketones with m-CPBA, CF3SO3H, and CH2Cl2, at rt gives the corresponding lactones without racemization. The phenyl moiety migrates selectively in order to form lactones. The mild hydrolysis of lactones affords phenolic &amp / #61537 / -hydroxycarboxylic acid derivatives. Because of the high importance of pyrrole derivatives which exist in the structure of many natural products possessing biological activity beside their valuable feature of being versatile building blocks in organic synthesis and important starting materials for various synthetic transformations, a convenient method for the synthesis of 1,2,3,5-tetrasubstituted pyrrole derivatives starting from 1,3,-dicarbonyl compounds throuh acid catalyzed cyclization reaction is presented in the second part of the thesis. Alkylation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compound with propargyl bromide followed by one step cyclization with the introduction of primary amines in the presence of catalytic amount of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) affords the corresponding pyrrole derivatives in high yields. The third part of the thesis describes the cyano-phosphorylation of various alkyl and aryl phosphonates in the presence of diethyl cyanophosphonate (DEPC) as the phosphorylating agent under the promotion of the KCN catalyst. Reaction of acyl phosphonates with DEPC forms the phosphonocyanohydrin-O-phosphates which are the important starting materials of quaternary &amp / #945 / -hydroxy carboxylic acid and phosphonate containing &amp / #946 / -aminoalcohol derivatives.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key regulatory proteins of immune cell function inducing signaling in response to extracellular (pathogenic) stimuli. Although unrelated, hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3 (HCA3) and GPR84 share signaling via Gαi/o proteins and the agonist 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (3HDec). Both receptors are abundantly expressed in monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils but have opposing functions in these innate immune cells. Detailed insights into the molecular mechanisms and signaling components involved in immune cell regulation by GPR84 and HCA3 are still lacking. Here, we report that GPR84-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling depends on coupling to the hematopoietic cell-specific Gα15 protein in human macrophages, while HCA3 exclusively couples to Gαi protein. We show that activated GPR84 induces Gα15-dependent ERK activation, increases intracellular Ca2+ and IP3 levels as well as ROS production. In contrast, HCA3 activation shifts macrophage metabolism to a less glycolytic phenotype, which is associated with anti-inflammatory responses. This is supported by an increased release of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and a decreased secretion of pro-inflammatory IL-1β. In primary human neutrophils, stimulation with HCA3 agonists counteracts the GPR84-induced neutrophil activation. Our analyses reveal that 3HDec acts solely through GPR84 but not HCA3 activation in macrophages. In summary, this study shows that HCA3 mediates hyporesponsiveness in response to metabolites derived from dietary lactic acid bacteria and uncovers that GPR84, which is already targeted in clinical trials, promotes pro-inflammatory signaling via Gα15 protein in macrophages.

La sous-rétine, comprenant la choroïde et l’épithélium pigmentaire rétinien (EPR), joue un rôle crucial dans le maintien de la vision. La choroïde est l’une des composantes essentielles de la sous rétine, puisqu’elle fournit exclusivement l’EPR et le photorécepteur en O2 et en nutriments. L’EPR transporte l’oxygène et les nutriments à la neurorétine pour répondre aux besoins énergétiques de cette dernière. Le rôle de l’EPR est essentiel dans le maintien de l’intégrité de la choroïde. Pour ce faire, les cellules de l’EPR utilisent le lactate, un sous-produit de la glycolyse. Nous savons que les intermédiaires métaboliques, comme le lactate, exercent des fonctions spécifiques via les récepteurs de signalisation. Il est également connu que le HCAR1 (aussi appelé GPR81) est un récepteur d’acide hydrocarboxylique impliqué dans l’adaptation aux changements métaboliques. HCAR1 peut être stimulé spécifiquement par le lactate à des concentrations physiologiques (1-5 mM). De surcroît, il est intéressant de constater que HCAR1 joue un rôle important dans d’autres processus physiologiques et pathologiques, comme l’inhibition de la lipolyse, la suppression de la réponse inflammatoire et la régulation de l’angiogenèse de la rétine interne. Étant donné l'importance de HCAR1 dans la régulation de l'angiogenèse rétinienne, nous avons émis l'hypothèse qu'au cours du développement, les altérations ontogéniques du récepteur du lactate pourraient contrôler l'intégrité de la vascularisation choroïdienne. C'est pourquoi, nous avons étudié les mécanismes qui régissent les fonctions de HCAR1 ainsi que son rôle dans l’intégrité choroïdienne. En utilisant l'immunohistofluorescence, nous avons découvert que HCAR1 est exclusivement exprimé dans les cellules de l’EPR et que la stimulation avec du lactate chez la souris sauvage facilite l’angiogenèse choroïdienne (in vivo et ex vivo). Contrairement aux souris sauvages, les souris Hcar1-/- présentent, pendant leur développement, un réseau vasculaire choroïdien significativement plus mince (en utilisant la coloration à la lectine). Nous avons observé que les souris déficientes en HCAR1- montrent un stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) par la phosphorylation du facteur eIF2α, ce qui entraîne une diminution significative du taux de traduction des protéines globales et, un taux de prolifération plus faible dans la vascularisation choroïdienne (en utilisant le marqueur ki-67). De plus, les souris Hcar1-KO présentent également un stress oxydatif qui, lorsqu’associé au stress du RE, provoque l’activation de la voie de la réponse au stress intégré (ISR). L’inhibition de la réponse du stress intégrée par l’utilisation de l’inhibiteur (ISRIB) renverse de façon remarquable les effets de la phosphorylation d’elF2α, restaure la traduction des protéines et renverse le processus d’amincissement choroïdien. Cette étude révèle un nouveau rôle pour HCAR1 dans le développement de la vascularisation choroïdienne, au point que sa déficience provoque un stress du RE et donc une traduction défectueuse des protéines, ce qui limite la croissance de ce tissu vasculaire vital. La restauration de la traduction des protéines maintient l'intégrité de la rétine externe en préservant la choroïde. Lorsque réunies, nos données montrent que le lactate signalé via HCAR1 est important pour le développement et l’angiogenèse choroïdiens et renforce l’importance de ce récepteur dans le développement d’une vision mature. / The sub-retina, comprising the choroid and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), is critical in maintaining vision. The choroid is an essential component of the sub-retina as it exclusively supplies O2 and nutrients to the RPE and photoreceptors. RPE transports oxygen and nutrients to the neuroretina to support its energy demands. Furthermore, RPE plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the choroid. RPE cells mainly utilize lactate, a significant by-product of glycolysis. Metabolic intermediates such as lactate have been found to exert specific functions via signaling receptors. Now, it is known that HCAR1 (also termed GPR81) can be specifically stimulated by lactate at physiological concentrations (1-5 mM) and, therefore, can be considered as a hydrocarboxylic acid receptor involved in adaptation to metabolic changes. Interestingly, HCAR1 plays an essential role in various physiologic and pathologic processes, such as inhibiting lipolysis, suppressing the inflammatory response, and regulating inner-retinal angiogenesis. Given the relevance of HCAR1 in the regulation of retinal angiogenesis, we hypothesized that during development, ontogenic alterations in the lactate receptor could control the integrity of the choroidal vasculature. Therefore, we investigated the role of HCAR1 in choroidal integrity and the mechanisms that govern its functions. Using immunohistofluorescence, we found that HCAR1 is exclusively expressed in RPE cells, and notably, lactate stimulation in WT mice facilitated choroidal angiogenesis (in vivo and ex vivo). On the contrary, Hcar1-/- mice display a significantly thinner choroidal vasculature during development (using lectin staining). We observed that HCAR1-deficient mice display ER stress through phosphorylation of the eIF2α factor, leading to a significant decrease in the global protein translation rate and a lower proliferation rate (using the Ki-67 marker) in the choroid vasculature. In addition, Hcar1-KO mice exhibit oxidative stress, which, along with ER stress, results in activation of the Integrated Stress Response (ISR) pathway. Remarkably, inhibition of Integrated Stress Response using an inhibitor (ISRIB) reverses the eIF2α phosphorylation effect, restores protein translation and rescues choroidal thinning. This study reveals a novel role for HCAR1 in the development of choroidal vasculature to the point where its deficiency causes ER stress and, therefore, defective protein translation, which restricts the growth of this vital vascular tissue. Protein translation restoration maintains the integrity of the outer retina by preserving the choroid. Taken together, our data show that lactate signaling via HCAR1 is important for choroidal development/angiogenesis and reinforces the importance of this receptor in developing mature vision.

No description available.