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Orientador: Alfio Jose Tincani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T00:52:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Servin_SilvioOscarNoguera_M.pdf: 2672274 bytes, checksum: d28fc71e2ce565530de5649e1baaa489 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A hipertrofia massetérica (HM) caracteriza-se pelo aumento do músculo masseter de origem indeterminada. Pode ser uni ou bilateral e muitas vezes acompanhada de bruxismo, aperto dental (cêntrico) ou ranger de dentes (excêntrico) e trismo causados por stress emocional. Outros sinais e sintomas da HM são desconforto facial, desarmonia oclusal e alteração da simetria facial, associados ou não à hiperostose. Em indivíduos submetidos a cirurgia para correção da HM, as principais complicações podem ser a lesão do ducto parotídeo, lesão do ramo bucinador e/ou mandibular do nervo facial, lesão do ramo massetérico da artéria facial e edema pós-operatório que pode perdurar até um ano. As técnicas de imagem para diagnóstico de HM são a ultrassonografia, a tomografia computadorizada e a ressonância magnética nuclear. Foram estudados 30 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia, que por serem roedores apresentam hipertrofia fisiológica de masseter. Avaliamos a ocorrência de atrofia deste músculo em 2 grupos, num após a sua desinserção do ângulo mandibular direito (grupo D) e em outro grupo após osteotomia do mesmo ângulo (grupo O). Avaliamos os resultados encontrados ao exame de ultra-som, morfológico e histológico, e aplicamos testes estatísticos de TUKEY, FRIEDMANN e SPEARMANN, e concluimos haver atrofia significativa em ambos os grupos. O grau de atrofia no grupo D, mesmo sendo inferior ao grupo O, mostrou ser estatisticamente significativo. A osteotomia, mostrou resultado atrófico maior. A aferição milimetrada com paquímetro e a avaliação do menor diâmetro da fibra demonstraram melhor o grau de atrofia muscular quando comparados ao exame por ultra som / Abstract: Masseteric hypertrophy is an uncommom benign condition that occurs either unilaterally or bilaterally. Many patients have history of bruxism or jaw clenching when under emotional stress. They can have contibuiting problems such as mild malocclusion, missing dentition on the side opposite the muscle enlargement in unilateral cases, or functional temporomandibular joint disorders. Symptoms are unusual but may include mild facial discomfort or complaints referable to an occlusal disharmony. It is most probably a congenital, genetically determined anomaly. The diagnosis of this anomaly is established clinically and radiologically, and it is usually very easy. The condition is treated conservatively or surgically. Diagnostic imaging techniques allow direct, accurate measurement of muscle thickness. We used ultrasound , morphologically and histological methods to measure masseter muscle atrophy between the two sides in masseter muscle of two groups from 30 New Zealand rabbits, submitted to a surgical operation. In one group (D), the masseter muscle, in the lateral mandible angle area was detached with a periosteal elevator trough the posterior edge of the muscle. The other group (O)was submitted to a marginal masseter angle resection.. The muscle was usually not resected . Atrophy results were achieved. New surgical treatment is described, and the pertinent literature summarized. / Mestrado / Cirurgia / Mestre em Cirurgia

Sardinia was an island with a history of a malarious environment until eradication efforts were conducted from 1946 to 1950. While historic documents suggest the disease was introduced from North Africa around 500 BC, no study has been conducted to test for the presence of malaria in prehistoric native populations, such as the Nuragic people of the Bronze Age. However, it has been suggested that aspects of the Nuragic culture, for example the stone structures found throughout the island, are adaptations to a malarious environment. The purpose of this dissertation is to test the hypothesis that malaria was present in prehistoric Sardinia. In addition, the value of applying anthropology, pertaining specifically to prehistoric investigations, to understand and combat malaria is supported. To test for the presence of malaria, multiple lines of evidence were used to analyze human skeletal remains from a Middle Bronze Age tomb. Because malaria does not result in a specific pattern of bony responses that can be identified through a gross analysis of the remains, additional lines of evidence were used. These included an osteological analysis for the possible presence of conditions related to malaria (e.g., inherited hemolytic anemias) and the collection of bone samples to test for ancient malaria DNA, Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein II, and the malarial pigment hemozoin. In addition, a review of the literature pertaining to the ecology and history of Sardinia were used with archaeological data to evaluate if it was possible the malaria parasite was affecting humans on the island during prehistory. While it was interpreted that conditions were favorable for malaria to infect individuals during this time, and possible cultural adaptations were noted, no conclusive evidence was found by analyzing skeletal remains. More work is needed to diagnose malaria better in human remains and understand the health of populations in Sardinia during the Bronze Age. Considering the coevolution of malaria parasites, humans, and mosquitoes is a necessary step in developing methods to combat malaria as the parasite and disease vector become more resistant to medicine and insecticides. In particular, applying anthropological methods and theories shows promise for fighting this disease.

To date, numerous studies have examined the range of cranial thickness variation in modern humans. The purpose of this investigation is to present a new method that would be easier to replicate, and to examine sex and age variation in cranial thickness in a white sample. The method consists of excising four cranial segments from the frontal and parietal regions. The sample consists of 165 specimens collected at autopsy and 15 calvarial specimens. An increase in cranial thickness with age was observed. The results suggest that cranial thickness is not sexually dimorphic outside the onset of hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI).

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This dissertation explores patterns of health and variability among hunter-gatherers during the Holocene in two distinct ecological settings: the semi-arid Lower Pecos and Central Western Gulf Coastal Plain regions of Texas. Skeletal indicators of long-term and short-term stress were examined for 279 individuals representing 20 cemetery sites. To test the assumption that stress indicators, and therefore interpretations of health, for hunter-gatherers are not homogenous but extremely variable, patterning in age, sex, porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia, linear enamel hypoplasia and periostitis are analyzed. There are no significant differences in the frequencies of cribra orbitalia for adults by region; a significantly greater proportion of subadults in the Coastal Plain region were affected with anemia in infancy (40%) than adults (13.8%). If severity is not taken into account, or if only the mildest lesions are considered, a larger proportion of Lower Pecos adults show porotic hyperostosis, a sign of anemia in childhood, than Coastal Plain adults. Overall there are no statistically significant differences by sex for any of the skeletal indicators analyzed with the exception of cribra orbitalia, where males and females for Lower Pecos region are significantly different with significantly fewer males showing cribra orbitalia (0%) than females (33.3%). In analyzing linear enamel hypoplasias, only the mandibular second incisors of Lower Pecos adults were found to have a significantly greater prevalence of hypoplasia than those of the Coastal Plain. A greater proportion of adults from the Coastal Plain show periosteal lesions in the tibia and fibula (30-40%) than those from the Lower Pecos. The results of this bioarchaeological case study indicate that more complex interpretations of health patterning which include important factors such as the osteological paradox, relevant ecological variables, and a framework which stresses the age of occurrence of skeletal indicators within hunter-gatherer groups are vital and relevant to archaeological and bioarchaeological research as a whole. Increasing sample sizes in the future, using sites that are more temporally discrete, and expanding sites used from other ecological regions in addition to drawing on data from stable isotopes may help further this research.

The present study aimed to test the accuracy of using diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) to make positive identifications using the method of antemortem and postmortem radiographic comparison. An online survey was developed to evaluate whether DISH is a feature of the skeleton that can be used in radiographic image comparison. Three digital radiographic images from 51 individuals were gathered for use in this study: one image taken at a baseline date (Group A), one image taken within 2 years from baseline (Group B), and one image taken greater than 4.5 years from baseline (Group C). A total of 40 survey participants were tasked with comparing between a simulated “antemortem” image and a “postmortem” image from living patients and identifying which image pair represented the same individual at different time intervals. Information about survey participants’ field, degree, experience working with radiographs, and familiarity with DISH were also recorded. Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were measured. Series 1 compared Group A images to Group B images and resulted in an accuracy of 87.3%, sensitivity of 46.9%, and specificity of 94.3%. Series 2 compared Group A images to Group C images and resulted in an accuracy of 83.4%, sensitivity of 34.3%, and specificity of 95.8%. The study concluded that the characteristics of DISH did not prove reliable for making positive identifications but established that DISH could be used to narrow down potential matches.

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Yes / Objectives: Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) has recurrently been associated with a rich diet (high in protein and higher trophic level foods); however, very few studies have investigated this link using carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N) stable isotope analysis. This paper explores the relationship between DISH and diet in two Roman urban communities by analyzing individuals with and without DISH. Materials and methods: δ13C and δ15N analysis carried out on collagen from 33 rib samples (No DISH: 27; early DISH: 4; DISH: 2) selected from individuals buried at the Romano-British site of Baldock (UK), 41 rib samples (No DISH: 38; early DISH: 3) from individuals from the Catalan Roman site of Santa Caterina (Barcelona, Spain). Additionally, six faunal samples from Baldock and seven from Santa Caterina were analyzed. Results: Standardized human isotope data from Santa Caterina show high δ15N probably associated to a diet combining terrestrial resources and freshwater fish. In contrast, isotope results from Baldock suggest a terrestrial-based diet. Individuals with DISH do not show isotopic ratios indicative of rich diet and there is no correlation between stage of DISH development and δ13C and δ15N. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that individuals with DISH followed a similar or isotopically similar diet as those individuals without DISH in Baldock and in Santa Caterina and therefore, while DISH may have been influenced by individual's dietary habits, this is not reflected in their isotopic signature. / Institute of Life Sciences Research Studentship, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK