Malaria, an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, is one of the major world-scale health problems. Despite the efforts aimed at finding an effective way to control the disease, the success has been thwarted by the emergence of parasite drug resistance and mosquito resistance to insecticides. This thesis focuses on the genetic analysis of resistance to murine malaria induced by the lethal Plasmodium berghei ANKA using a wild-derived-inbred strain (WDIS). The aim of this thesis was to exploit the genetic diversity represented among WDIS for identifying loci contributing to resistance/susceptibility to murine malaria. The work included a genome-wide polymorphism survey using microsatellite markers performed on 10 WDIS. Comparisons of these strains to laboratory inbred strains confirmed a higher rate of polymorphism among the WDIS. We conclude that these WDIS represent repositories of unique naturally occurring genetic variability that may prove to be invaluable for the study of complex phenotypes. Next, we used the WDIS to search for novel phenotypes related to malaria pathogenesis. Whereas most laboratory strains were susceptible to experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) after infection with P. berghei ANKA, several WDIS were found to be resistant. To study the genetic inheritance of resistant/susceptibility to P. berghei ANKA infection we analysed backcross and F2 cohorts derived from crossing the WLA wild-derived strain with a laboratory mouse strain (C57BL/6). A novel phenotype represented by the cure of infection, clearance of parasitaemia and establishment of immunological memory was observed in the F2 progeny. The backcross progeny was used to genetically map one locus on chromosome 1 (Berr1) and one locus on chromosome 11 (Berr2) that mediate control of resistance to ECM induced by P. berghei ANKA. Genetic mapping using the F2 progeny showed that a locus on chromosome 1 (Berr1) and a locus on chromosome 9 (Berr3) were contributing to control survival time after infection with lethal Plasmodium. Finally, we identified, a locus on chromosome 4 (Berr4) that appears to control time of death due to hyperparasitaemia. This thesis underlines the value of using WDIS to reveal genetic factors involved in the aetiology of disease phenotypes. The characterisation of the genetic factors represented by the malaria resistance loci identified here are expected to provide a better understanding of the malaria pathology.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-09-20T13:42:20Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-10-16T11:34:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-16T11:34:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Devido à ampla distribuição da malária entre os continentes e ao elevado número de casos clínicos e óbitos registrados anualmente, o desenvolvimento de uma vacina antimalárica segura e eficaz contra a doença ainda é de extrema importância. Dentre os vários modelos propostos até o momento, aquelas compostas por parasitos vivos ou por extrato proteico têm sido as mais promissoras no desenvolvimento de imunidade antimalárica. Entretanto, ainda não claro se imunizações com cepas com baixo potencial de virulência seriam capazes de prevenir ou amenizar os sintomas associados à malária grave. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar se camundongos imunizados com extrato proteico de Plasmodium berghei NK65, cepa de baixa virulência e não indutora de malária cerebral nesse modelo, são protegidos contra o desenvolvimento de malária cerebral induzida pela cepa ANKA de Plasmodium berghei (PbA). Para isto, foram realizados dois ciclos de imunização utilizando extrato proteico de Plasmodium berghei associado ao adjuvante CPG-ODN, com intervalo de 21 dias, em camundongos fêmeas C57BL/6, com idade entre 6 e 8 semanas. Após 30 dias da última imunização foi realizado o desafio experimental utilizando a cepa ANKA de P. berghei e iniciado o acompanhamento diário dos animais para avaliação do seu quadro clínico e da carga parasitária. Diante da presença de sinais neurológicos (escore clínico < 5), os animais foram pesados e eutanasiados para realização da coleta de sangue, baço e cérebro, enquanto animais sem esses sinais continuaram por ser acompanhados diariamente e, então, sacrificados a partir do 13º dia. A partir das amostras coletadas, foram determinados os níveis de anticorpos sorológicos, a frequência da população celular esplênica (células T CD4+ e CD8+, e linfócitos B), níveis de citocinas teciduais e análise histopatológica do tecido nervoso. Observouse que 46% dos animais imunizados com extrato de PbN e 69% dos animais imunizados com extrato de PbA foram protegidos do desenvolvimento de malária cerebral e tiveram sua taxa de sobrevivência prolongada, entretanto, estes animais desenvolveram hiperparasitemia sanguínea, com níveis de até 38% de parasitos circulantes. Estes animais não apresentaram sinais clínicos neurológicos, o que foi confirmado macroscopicamente pela ausência de hemorragia e reduzida inflamação no cérebro em relação aos animais que evoluíram para malária cerebral. Histopatologicamente, os animais com hiperparasitemia apresentaram poucos leucócitos aderidos ao endotélio vascular e ausência de vasos obstruídos. Em relação aos níveis de citocinas (IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-) e número de linfócitos esplênicos (T CD4+ e CD8+, e linfócitos B), estes estiveram significativamente reduzidos nos animais que desenvolveram hiperparasitemia em relação aos que desenvolveram malária cerebral. Interessantemente, os animais imunizados foram capazes de reconhecer tanto antígenos homólogos quanto heterólogos ao utilizado durante o processo de imunização, porém, esses anticorpos pareceram não influenciar o padrão clínico apresentado pelos animais. Portanto, nosso estudo demonstra que imunizações com parasitos de baixa virulência podem induzir imunidade capaz de proteger contra cepas altamente virulentas, mas os fatores que medeiam essa proteção ainda precisam ser melhor investigados. / The broad distribution of malaria around of the globe and the large number of clinical cases/deaths attributed to this disease turns the discovery of a safe and effective malaria vaccine an essential tool to halt the spread of the disease. Vaccines focused on the use of live parasites and crude parasites antigens have shown good results on the induction of antimalarial immunity, although it is still not clear if immunizations with low virulent strains are capable to prevent the development of symptoms of cerebral malaria. This research aim to investigate if immunizations with crude antigen of Plasmodium berghei NK65 (PbN), a low virulence strain noninductive of cerebral malaria in C57BL/6 mice, are able to protect the animals against the development of cerebral malaria after challenge with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). Mice were immunized twice with crude antigen associated to CPG-ODN adjuvant. Thirty days after the second immunization animals were challenged with 105 red blood cells infected with P. berghei ANKA. Animals were daily monitored to evaluate the clinical score and parasitaemia levels. If the presence of neurological signs (score < 5) were detected, animals were euthanized and blood samples, spleen and brain were collected; animals without neurological commitment were followed daily until the 14 day post-infection. Antibodies and cytokines levels, splenic cellular population (T CD4+, T CD8+ and B lymphocytes) and histopathological analysis were performed. The results showed that 46% of the animals immunized with crude antigen of PbN and 69% of the animals immunized with crude antigen of PbA were protected from the development of cerebral malaria and had their survival rate prolonged, however, these animals developed hyperparasitaemia, with levels up to 38% of circulating parasites. These animals did not present neurological signs which were confirmed macroscopically by the absence of hemorrhage and reduce brain inflammation in relation to the animals that evolved to cerebral malaria. Histopathologically, the animals with hyperparasitaemia presented few adhered leukocytes in the vascular endothelium and absence of obstructed vessels. In relation to cytokine levels and number of splenic lymphocytes, these were significantly reduced in animals that developed hyperparasitism in comparison with those who developed cerebral malaria. Interestingly, the immunized animals were able to recognize both homologous and heterologous antigens used during the immunization process, however, these antibodies did not appear to influence at the clinical condition presented by the animals. Therefore, our study demonstrates that immunizations with low virulence parasites may induce immunity capable of protecting against highly virulent strains, but the factors that mediate this protection still need to be better investigated.