A hipnose é um conjunto de técnicas usadas para provocar alterações nas percepções, sentimentos e experiências subjetivas de indivíduos, e tem uma história profundamente ligada ao desenvolvimento do campo da psicoterapia. Os fenômenos relacionados a este tema, tanto no campo da pesquisa quanto da clínica são complexos e envolvem influências sociais e diferenças individuais, em controvérsias ainda não sanadas pelos pesquisadores deste campo. Dentre as diferenças individuais salientamos a Hipnotizabilidade como um construto psicológico que descreve a capacidade dos sujeitos responderem à sugestão hipnótica, sendo a avaliação desta um elemento relevante para a correta interpretação das pesquisas experimentais, e para a compreensão de certos fenômenos da clínica psicológica. É digno de nota que a produção acadêmica internacional progride no estudo da hipnose, enquanto no Brasil temos ainda poucos trabalhos. Muitas razões podem ser atribuídas a esse descompasso, e dentre elas detectamos a falta de instrumentos padronizados de avaliação da hipnotizabilidade como um impedimento da realização de tais pesquisas. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo disponibilizar, em língua portuguesa, duas escalas de avaliação, a Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: form A e a Stanford Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: form C. Para isso as escalas foram traduzidas e adaptadas para o português brasileiro. Incluímos uma discussão sobre o procedimento de tradução de instrumentos dessa natureza, e como direcionamentos futuros sugerimos estudos de validação e normatização dessas escalas para a população brasileira / Hypnosis is a set of techniques used to provoke changes in an individuals perceptions, feelings and subjective experiences, and has a history deeply linked to the development of the psychotherapy field. The phenomena related to this theme, both in research and clinical fields, are complex and involve social influences and individual differences, in controversies not yet solved by the fields researchers. Among the individual differences we point Hypnotizability as a psychological construct that describes a subjects capacity to respond to hypnotic suggestion, which assessment is relevant to the correct evaluation of experimental research and the comprehension of certain clinical phenomena in psychology. It is of note that the international academic production advance in the study of hypnosis, while in Brazil we still have few studies. Many reasons can be attributed to this, and among them we detect the lack of standardized hypnotizability assessment instruments as a hindrance in making such research. So this research had the objective to make two assessment scales available in portuguese, namely the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form A and the Stanford Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form C. To this end the scales we translated and adapted to the brazilian portuguese language. We include a discussion about the procedure of translation of instruments such as these, e as future developments we suggest validation and normatization studies of these scales to the brazilian population

Afin de mieux comprendre les phénomènes hypnotiques décrits dans le domaine de la recherche expérimentale, nous avons réalisé un travail de synthèse sur les différents cadres théoriques de l’hypnose. A l’issue de travail de synthèses nous avons pu proposer une redéfinition et une modélisation, le Modèle I3, de ce que l’on appelle « hypnose » en pensant ces situations en termes de mécanismes psychologiques et cognitifs simples. Dans le but de tester notre modélisation, nous avons construit une série d’expérimentations autour de deux phénomènes hypnotiques dits « sensoriels » présents dans les échelles d’hypnotisabilité standards : « le bras lourd » et « l’hallucination du moustique ». Grâce à l’application d’une suggestion « engageant l’intéroception et l’imagination » (EII) issue de notre modélisation, il nous a été possible d’augmenter, largement au-dessus des résultats obtenus dans la littérature, l’hypnotisabilité de sujets non spécifiquement sélectionnés pour leurs habiletés hypnotiques, et cela sans entraînement, ni induction hypnotique préalable. Enfin, dans une dernière expérience, nous avons voulu appliquer notre modélisation à un phénomène hypnotique plus complexe et impliquant un processus automatique non contrôlable : l’annulation de l’effet Stroop. Notre suggestion EII permet de réduire l’effet Stroop sur des sujets non sélectionnés, mais ne semble pas suffisamment efficace pour produire des hallucinations visuelles assez puissantes ou assez prégnantes ayant un effet aussi massif que celui obtenu avec des sujets Hautement Hypnotisables. Les implications de notre travail sont discutées en dernière partie. / In order to better understand the hypnotic phenomena described in the field of experimental research, we produced a synthesis on the different theories of hypnosis. This synthesis work allowed us to propose a redefinition and a modeling, the I3 Model, of what we call "hypnosis" by thinking these situations in terms of simple psychological and cognitive mechanisms.To test our modeling, we have built a series of experiments around two "sensory" hypnotic phenomena present in the standard hypnotizability scales: "arm immobilization" and "mosquito hallucination". Thanks to the application of a suggestion "engaging in interoception and imagination" (EII) resulting from our modeling, it has been possible to increase, largely above the results obtained in the literature, the hypnotisability of subjects not specifically selected for their hypnotic skills, without training or prior hypnotic induction.Finally, in a last experiment, we wanted to apply our modeling to a more complex hypnotic phenomenon involving an uncontrollable automatic process: the Stroop effect cancellation. Our EII suggestion makes it possible to reduce the Stroop effect on unselected subjects, but does not seem efficient enough to produce powerful visual hallucinations having such a massive effect as that obtained with High Hypnotisable subjects.The implications of our work are discussed in conclusion.

Escrever uma tese sobre as variações da literatura é, em muitos sentidos, variar junto com ela, isto é, empreender um exercício de comparação entre a teoria literária e outras teorias. Neste espírito, o texto a seguir dedica-se à especulação em torno do funcionamento de algumas categorias da teoria literária como autoria, referencialidade e iterabilidade por meio da investigação de outros assuntos que em um primeiro momento não pareceriam pertencer à ordem do literário, como a hipnose, os drones, os feminicídios, entre outros. Com isso propõe-se tensionar os limites da literatura e da teoria literária, em especial aquela que se organiza ao redor das indagações sobre o sentido do sentido. / To write a thesis on the variations of literature is, in many ways, to vary with it, that is, to carry out the task of comparing literary theory to other theories. In this spirit, the following pages present speculations on the inner workings of some literary categories such as authorship, referentiality and iterability by means of an investigation of other subject matter that at first glance appear to have nothing to do with literature, such as hypnosis, drones and feminicides, among others. With this I propose to prod the limits of literature and literary theory, particularly that which organizes itself around questions regarding the meaning of meaning.

A hipnose é um conjunto de técnicas usadas para provocar alterações nas percepções, sentimentos e experiências subjetivas de indivíduos, e tem uma história profundamente ligada ao desenvolvimento do campo da psicoterapia. Os fenômenos relacionados a este tema, tanto no campo da pesquisa quanto da clínica são complexos e envolvem influências sociais e diferenças individuais, em controvérsias ainda não sanadas pelos pesquisadores deste campo. Dentre as diferenças individuais salientamos a Hipnotizabilidade como um construto psicológico que descreve a capacidade dos sujeitos responderem à sugestão hipnótica, sendo a avaliação desta um elemento relevante para a correta interpretação das pesquisas experimentais, e para a compreensão de certos fenômenos da clínica psicológica. É digno de nota que a produção acadêmica internacional progride no estudo da hipnose, enquanto no Brasil temos ainda poucos trabalhos. Muitas razões podem ser atribuídas a esse descompasso, e dentre elas detectamos a falta de instrumentos padronizados de avaliação da hipnotizabilidade como um impedimento da realização de tais pesquisas. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo disponibilizar, em língua portuguesa, duas escalas de avaliação, a Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: form A e a Stanford Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: form C. Para isso as escalas foram traduzidas e adaptadas para o português brasileiro. Incluímos uma discussão sobre o procedimento de tradução de instrumentos dessa natureza, e como direcionamentos futuros sugerimos estudos de validação e normatização dessas escalas para a população brasileira / Hypnosis is a set of techniques used to provoke changes in an individuals perceptions, feelings and subjective experiences, and has a history deeply linked to the development of the psychotherapy field. The phenomena related to this theme, both in research and clinical fields, are complex and involve social influences and individual differences, in controversies not yet solved by the fields researchers. Among the individual differences we point Hypnotizability as a psychological construct that describes a subjects capacity to respond to hypnotic suggestion, which assessment is relevant to the correct evaluation of experimental research and the comprehension of certain clinical phenomena in psychology. It is of note that the international academic production advance in the study of hypnosis, while in Brazil we still have few studies. Many reasons can be attributed to this, and among them we detect the lack of standardized hypnotizability assessment instruments as a hindrance in making such research. So this research had the objective to make two assessment scales available in portuguese, namely the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form A and the Stanford Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility: Form C. To this end the scales we translated and adapted to the brazilian portuguese language. We include a discussion about the procedure of translation of instruments such as these, e as future developments we suggest validation and normatization studies of these scales to the brazilian population

Escrever uma tese sobre as variações da literatura é, em muitos sentidos, variar junto com ela, isto é, empreender um exercício de comparação entre a teoria literária e outras teorias. Neste espírito, o texto a seguir dedica-se à especulação em torno do funcionamento de algumas categorias da teoria literária como autoria, referencialidade e iterabilidade por meio da investigação de outros assuntos que em um primeiro momento não pareceriam pertencer à ordem do literário, como a hipnose, os drones, os feminicídios, entre outros. Com isso propõe-se tensionar os limites da literatura e da teoria literária, em especial aquela que se organiza ao redor das indagações sobre o sentido do sentido. / To write a thesis on the variations of literature is, in many ways, to vary with it, that is, to carry out the task of comparing literary theory to other theories. In this spirit, the following pages present speculations on the inner workings of some literary categories such as authorship, referentiality and iterability by means of an investigation of other subject matter that at first glance appear to have nothing to do with literature, such as hypnosis, drones and feminicides, among others. With this I propose to prod the limits of literature and literary theory, particularly that which organizes itself around questions regarding the meaning of meaning.

Les processus hypnotiques font l'objet d’études transdisciplinaires qui attestent d’un état spécifique et impliquent des dimensions relationnelles et contextuelles (Rainville, 2004 ; Bioy, 2017). Cette recherche s’effectue dans le contexte des Troubles du Deuil Persistant (T.D.P, Prigerson, 2009 ; Zech, 2006 ; Fasse, 2013). Une approche pharmacologique améliore la composante dépressive sans affecter les symptômes spécifiques du TDP, questionnant la place des interventions psychothérapeutiques (Hensley, 2006). Cette recherche exploratoire interroge le sens que peut prendre l'expérience hypnotique dans un contexte de TDP et d’en décrire une phénoménologie. La dimension rituelle du dispositif hypnotique pourrait sous-tendre les phénomènes de « guérisons immédiates » (Michaux, 2007), tâche aveugle dans la pratique de l'hypnothérapie. Il s’agit d’une recherche-action qualitative, longitudinale, utilisant l’Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Smith, 2009). Les résultats montrent que l’hypnose peut endosser une fonction de rituel thérapeutique qui se caractérise par une scansion temporelle nette, comme acte de clôture. Nous avons identifié une mythologie hypnotique relevant du « savoir commun », tributaire de l’intensité des expectatives et croyances sur l’hypnose, notamment de ses dimensions « magiques » et « thérapeutiques ». L’effet de cadre et la ritualisation séquencée de la séance sont primordiaux. Les personnes expérimentant un rituel de « guérison immédiate » étaient exemptes de comorbidités psychiatriques majeures. Les éléments centraux sont : l’alliance thérapeutique, l’absence de compétition avec d’autres systèmes de croyances, le respect de l’écologie psychique du sujet, son engagement dans un changement de relation avec le défunt et l’ouverture d’une opportunité socialement acceptable pour le produire. Cette ritualité est un acte de clôture d'un mode de relation. Les situations d'inopérance du dispositif montrent des effets de dissonance cognitive induite, entre soumission temporaire à une suggestion et résistance à un vécu d’abandon du défunt. Les dimensions de « fidélité » et de « loyauté » sont majeures dans ces phénomènes, face à un hypnothérapeute « sujet supposé pouvoir ». / Hypnotic processes are the subject of transdisciplinary studies that attest to a specific state and involve relational and contextual dimensions (Rainville, 2004; Bioy, 2017). This research is carried out in the context of Persistent Grief Disorders (P.G.D.., Prigerson, 2009, Zech, 2006, Fasse, 2013). A pharmacological approach improves the depressive component without affecting the specific symptoms of PGD, questioning the place of psychotherapeutic interventions (Hensley, 2006). This exploratory research questions the meaning that hypnotic experience can take in a PGD context and describes a phenomenology. The ritual dimension of the hypnotic device could underlie the phenomena of "immediate healings" (Michaux, 2007), a blind task in the practice of hypnotherapy. This is a qualitative longitudinal action research using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Smith, 2009). The results show that hypnosis can assume a therapeutic ritual function that is characterized by a clear temporal scansion, as an act of closure of a mode of relationship. We have identified a hypnotic mythology of "common knowledge",dependent on the intensity of expectations and beliefs about hypnosis, especially its "magical" and "therapeutic" dimensions. The frame effect and the sequential ritualization of the session are major. People experiencing an "immediate healing" ritual were free of major psychiatric comorbidities. The central elements are: the therapeutic alliance, the absence of competition with other belief systems, respect for the psychological ecology of the subject, his involvement in a change of relationship with the deceased and the opening of a socially acceptable opportunity to produce it. Situations of inoperability show effects of cognitive dissonance induced, between temporary submission to a suggestion and resistance to a lived experience of abandonment of the deceased. The dimensions of "fidelity" and "loyalty" are major in these phenomena.

To test the hypothesis that a metaphorical technique would be more effective than a direct technique to induce hypnosis, 60 volunteers from students at North Texas State University were divided into high- and low-susceptible subjects by the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility. They were randomly assigned to direct and metaphorical induction groups and to a control group, with 10 high- and 10 low-susceptible subjects in each group. After hypnosis they completed the Field Inventory of Hypnotic Depth, and their mean scores were subjected to an analysis of variance and a Newman-Keuls test. Neither method of hypnotic induction was found more effective than the other, although both were effective when compared to a control group. It was also found that subjects who expected to be able to experience hypnosis were no more likely to be hypnotized than those who expected not to be able to experience hypnosis. Finally, it was found that low-susceptible subjects were as likely to respond to a post-hypnotic suggestion as high-susceptible subjects.

Chronic back pain has a profound impact on an individual and society. Over the past two decades individuals have become increasingly interested in Complimentary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) as a treatment for medical conditions. One of the most common uses of CAM is to treat back pain. There are a variety of CAM interventions to treat pain, and clinical hypnosis is one treatment that serves to help individuals to better manage their symptoms of chronic pain. In many cases, clinical hypnosis is used as an adjunct to treatment rather than a treatment alternative. Additionally, clinical hypnosis is included as part of relaxation treatments within chronic pain rehabilitation programs across the country. There remains a lack of information on hypnosis as a treatment for chronic back pain within chronic pain rehabilitation programs. The present study assessed pain intensity, disability, and quality of life for individuals who received hypnosis and those who did not in a chronic pain rehabilitation program. Descriptive data were presented for all participants and between groups and within group comparisons were made. Results of this study showed that prior to treatment, pain caused severe disability, was discomforting or distressing, and caused moderate to severe mental and physical impact. When patients returned 6-12 weeks later, all patients reported a decrease in disability and pain and an increase in physical and mental health quality of life. Groups did not vary significantly on measures of pain intensity, disability, and health status. Results of this study suggest that more research should be done on the usefulness of various treatments within interdisciplinary chronic pain rehabilitation programs. Additionally, more research will allow clinicians to gain a better understanding of thetypes of interventions utilized within psychological portions of chronic pain rehabilitation.

This study investigated depth of hypnosis self-reported by subjects on the Field Inventory of Hypnotic Depth (FIHD) after experiencing one of two formal hypnotic inductions. The 68 subjects (41 females and 27 males) ranged in age from 17 to 47 (mean 25.3) and were placed into a high susceptibility group or a low susceptibility group based on their scores on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility (HGSHS:A). Both the low susceptibility group and the high susceptibility group were further divided randomly so that half of each group received an indirect induction treatment and the other half received a direct induction treatment.

Akzeptanz und Nutzen zahnärtzlicher Hypnose