Les déchets solides générés par notre société sont nombreux. Les cendres volantes sont des déchets solides produits lors de la combustion de déchets domestiques ou industriels dans des incinérateurs. Les cendres volantes sont également produites par la combustion du charbon dans les centrales à charbon. Les cendres volantes sont des résultats de ces combustions et représentent importante quantité de déchets produits chaque année par notre société. Les possibilités de recyclage de ces déchets sont nombreuses : dans la construction, l'industrie routière. Elles sont également stockées pour une utilisation ultérieure. Les origines différentes des charbons et déchets incinérés conduisent à une minéralogie et une composition élémentaire complexe. En tant que sous-produit le devenir des cendres volantes est important à déterminer, aussi la détermination de la composition élémentaire de ces cendres volantes est-elle indispensable.Les méthodes classiques de préparation des échantillons solides sont la minéralisation acide ou la fusion alcaline. Ces procédures prennent du temps et supposent l’utilisation de réactif, de plus la digestion complète n'est pas toujours assurée. Le risque de contamination par les réactifs employés est important au cours de ces méthodes classiques de préparation. Au cours de la dernière décennie, le développement d’analyse directe d'échantillons solides en utilisant des méthodes d'ablation laser a été important en raison de la nécessité de réduire le temps d'analyse et de réduire aussi la consommation de réactifs. Dans ce travail, deux méthodes basées sur l'ablation par laser seront étudiées pour l'analyse des cendres: Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) et Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). La spectrométrie LIBS sera étudiée pour la détermination quantitative des éléments majeurs dans les échantillons de cendres alors que le couplage ablation laser ICP / MS sera employé pour détermination des éléments traces. L'optimisation de la sensibilité et les stratégies d'étalonnage sont les principaux problèmes traités dans ce travail. La préparation des échantillons et l’optimisation ont été effectuées pour déterminer les éléments tels que Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr, V et Zn par les deux méthodes.Les performances analytiques telles que les limites de détection, justesse ont été obtenus à la suite d'optimisations appropriées des liants et de la sélection de l’étalon interne approprié. En conclusion, l’analyse directe de solides en utilisant les techniques basées sur l’ablation laser développées dans ce travail conduisent à une justesse acceptable pour la détermination des éléments majeurs et traces dans les cendres volantes / Solid waste generated by our society are numerous, fly ashes are produced during the combustion of domestic or industrial waste in incinerators. Fly ashes are also produced through coal combustion in coal fired power plants. Fly ashes are results of these combustions and represent important quantity of waste produced every year by our society. They have variable use – in construction, road industry, or they can be stocked for further use. As they are result of different origin, they have complex mineral and elemental composition. As a by-product or as a recycled product fly ashes fate is important to determine. In this view the determination of the elemental composition of fly ashes is the aim of this work.Conventional methods of sample preparation are acid digestion or alkali fusion. These procedures are time and reagent consuming and complete digestion is not assured. The potential contamination of the reagents employed is important during these classical sample preparation methods. During the past decade, development of direct solid sampling using laser ablation methods was important due to the need of reducing analysis time and also reducing reagent consumption. In this work, two methods based on laser ablation will be studied for fly ash analysis: Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). LIBS will be studied for quantitative determination of major elements in fly ash samples while Laser ablation / ICP MS will be employed for trace element determination.The sensitivity optimization and different calibration strategies are key problems of laser sampling methods. Sample preparation and condition optimisation were performed to determine major, minor and trace elements such as Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr, V and Zn by both methods – LIBS for major elements and LA-ICP-MS for minor and trace elements.Analytical properties such as detection limits, accuracy and analytical working curves were obtained following suitable optimisation of binders and internal standards. Compromise binder and analytical conditions were selected to determine the elements in fly ash samples.In conclusion, direct solid sampling using laser ablation followed by LIBS or for solid introduction into ICP was found to determine major, minor and trace elements in fly ashes, improving pellets mechanical stability, high samples sensitivity and acceptable accuracy and detection limits.

No description available.

Sulphur stable isotope ratios are useful tracers in geological and environmental studies. They can for example be used to trace the origin of atmospheric sulphate aerosols, because anthropogenic sulphate and natural sulphate have distinguishable δ34S-values (δ34S value of approximately +0 to +8 ‰ for anthropogenic and approximately +12 to +19 ‰ for natural). This is useful for climate modelling research, due to the net cooling effect of aerosol sulphate. In the present study a Nu Plasma II (Nu Instruments) multi collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (MC-ICP-MS) method for measuring stable sulphur isotope ratios in low sulphur content samples, such as sulphate aerosols, was developed. The method was then applied to a sulphate aerosol sample collected in the Maldives.Most of the measurements were performed at high resolution, due to the interferences on 33S. Heated spray chamber coupled to a desolvating membrane, Aridus II (Cetac), increased the sensitivity and reduced interferences notably compared to wet plasma mode. Aridus II gave more stable measurements than DSN-100 (Nu Instruments). Determinations of δ34S for IAEA S1, S3, and S4 were accurate and the determined δ34S-value of the CIT #39 seawater standard (21.05 ± 0.36 ‰, 2SD, n=42) was comparable with published data. In general, Si internal standardization correction increased precision ~2.5 times compared to non-corrected values. The δ34S-value for the sulphate aerosol sample was determined to 3.82 ±0.41 ‰ (2SD, n=40). Repeatability of ~62 nmol introduced sulphur (2 μg/mL) was generally 0.15 ‰ (2SD, n=5) for the SW and 0.19 ‰ (2SD, n=5) for the sulphate aerosol sample. Comparable results for the SW (20.61±0.09 ‰, 2SD, n=4) and sulphate aersosol sample (3.77 ± 0.08 ‰, 2SD, n=8) were obtained with the method applied to Neptune Plus (Thermo Fischer Scientific) MC-ICP-MS in a different laboratory. The determined aerosol sulphate δ34S-value indicated that the sampled sulphate aerosol originated from anthropogenic sources.

Hair is an excellent matrix for monitoring trace elements and minerals in the body. To long-term changes in concentration of elements in the body are reflected in their value in her hair, so the assessment of the organism from the mineral analysis of hair is a very suitable method. This method is widely used in toxicological testing and forensics. This work deals with the analysis of Mg, K, Fe, Zn, Mn, Se, As, Cd and Pb in 100 samples by ICP-MS. It is a male hair samples with the age range 19 – 74 years. Analysis of hair revealed that concentrations of individual elements are moving in a narrow range of values. Values of older age category are in some case significantly deflective.

The aim of this thesis is the actual elaboration literature search concerning the issue of platinum group metals in the environment, determination of platinum and palladium in great urban agglomerations. It includes chemical and physical properties, occurrence and platinum and palladium cycle in the environment. It also contains methods for extraction and determination of platinum and palladium.

MSc (Chemistry) / Department of Chemistry / Surface water is used for domestic and agricultural activities in Musina region and other surrounding areas. This is because of the shortage of potable water. As a result, the people living in the region and its surrounding areas are potentially exposed to hazardous contaminants that may be present in the surface water. It is therefore important to ascertain the quality of the surface water in the region. Surface water samples were collected from Mutale, Nwanedi, Tshipise and Nzhelele rivers. The samples were analysed for anions such as fluoride (F-), chloride (Cl-), nitrate (NO3-), phosphate (PO43-), sulphate (SO42-); cations such as aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and trace metals such as lithium (Li), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), molybdenum (Mo), cadmium (Cd), thallium (Tl) and lead (Pb) by using analytical techniques such as IC, ICP-OES and ICP-MS. The same samples were also investigated for other parameters such as pH, temperature, EC, TH, TDS, Na % and SAR. The WHO (2008), SANS 241 (2006) and Canadian guideline (2017) were used as a water quality guideline for drinking purposes. Higher concentrations of Li, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Ca, Mg, K and Na in river water were detected in rainy season, whereas higher concentrations of As, Mo, K and Fe were recorded in dry season. The concentration of F-, Cd, Tl and Pb showed low contamination level in river samples. The results demonstrated that Tshipise river water was contaminated with high concentration of parameters: TDS (1864.0.8-3372.8 mg L-1), EC (2960.3-5270 mS cm-1), F- (6.403-8.419 mg L-1), SO42- (289.657-326.598 mg L-1), Na (836.690-922.810 mg L-1) and As (10.017-11.267 μg L-1) and relative to the (WHO) water guidelines. Nwanedi river also showed higher values of EC (298.0-699.0) mS cm-1 and TDS (190.3-447.5) mg L-1. In this study, the results indicated that water from Tshipise and Nwanedi river is not suitable for human consumption based on the guidelines of drinking water. The results also indicated that the soil sample had abundance of Ca, Al, Mn and Fe with concentration ranging from 0.13-10595, 0.0084-4.16, 0.0455-1116.5, 2.4-287404 mg Kg-1 respectively. / NRF

Laser Ablation Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and Raman spectroscopy are both powerful imaging techniques. Their applications are numerous and extremely potential in the field of biology. In order to improve upon LA-ICP-MS an in-house built cold cell was developed and its effectiveness studied by imaging Brassica napus seeds. To further apply LA-ICP-MS and Raman imaging to the field of entomology a prong gilled mayfly (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from the Róbalo River, located on Navarino Island in Chile, was studied. Analysis of both samples showcased LA-ICP-MS and Raman spectroscopy as effective instruments for imaging trace elements and larger molecules in biological samples respectively.

Contents of major, minor and trace elements in clinopyroxenes and clinoamphiboles of basanites, volcanoclastics, essexites, sodalitic syenites, and monzodiorites of the České středohoří Mts. has been determined using an electrone microprobe and LA-ICP-MS techniques. Composition of clinopyroxenes corresponds to either diopside or augite and clinoamphiboles can be classified as kaersutite or pargasite. Some pyroxenes display pronounced sector zoning showing increased contents of Mg and Si in pyramidal sectors whereas prismatic sectors show Fe, Ti and Al enrichment. Chemical composition of both sectors corresponds to diopside. Growth zoning has been found in the samples from basanites and volcanoclastics. Grain cores display the chemistry of augite and towards the rim the chemical composition changes to diopside. Samples have also been analyzed by powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. Samples of pyroxenes appear to be either pure or they contain negligible admixtures of phlogopite. Samples of amphiboles are also either without any admixtures or they show contamination by low amounts of diopside or augite, or phlogopite may rarely be encountered. Mutual relationship between the size of the unit cell parameters b and and substitutions in M1,2,3 and A sites has been observed. Longer mean T-O...

Micas from České středohoří mts. have been studied by X-ray difractometry, ICP-MS and electron microprobe. The measurements of trace elements and REEs revealed very low tendency by normalization of chondrite reservoir and primitive mantle. The micas classifications were determined by Tischendorf (2007) and Rieder (1998) as Fe- or Fe-Ti phlogopites. The abundances of Ti are very high up to 0,46 (a.p.f.u.). X-ray powder diffraction revealed double layered polytype 2M1 with space group C/2c.

Six methods have been used to study micas from České středohoří mts.: X-ray difractometry (transmission and reflection), ICP MS, electron microprobe, Mössbauer spectroscopy and termogravimetry. The measurements of trace elements and REE's revealed very low tendency by normalization on chondrite reservoir and primitive mantle. Micas show high contents of TiO2 (9,47 wt.%) and BaO (up to 2,1 wt.%) in separated grains from rock. The micas classifications were determined by Tischendorf (2007) and Rieder (1998) as Fe-phlogopites. X-ray powder diffraction revealed cell dimensions and a common polytype 1M with space group C2/m. By Mössbauer spectroscopy have been studied the rates of Fe2+ /Fe3+ and they were 1,08 - 1,86 (except rock sample, which were 9:1). Termogravimetrical measurement until 1450řC revealed weight jump from 1120řC to 1270řC.