The thesis aims to interpret the philosophy of negative Platonism, which Jan Patočka developed during the 1950s. In the first part, negative Platonism, whose preliminary notion is derived from the interpretation of the eponymous programme essay, is studied in the context of contemporary philosophical discussion and Patočka's subjectivist humanistic conception he developed in the latter half of the 1940s as well as his lectures on classical philosophy. The second part contains author's own systematic interpretation of negative Platonism, including the reconstruction of the textual corpus of Patočka's programme. Finally, the third part, which considers first the inspirational sources of the observed project, reviews negative Platonism and outlines a concept, with which Patočka replaced negative Platonism in the late 1950s. The thesis aims to outline the philosophy of negative Platonism as an important stage in Patočka's philosophical development as well as a significant part of the modern history of European thinking.

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / Family Family farming plays a role of great economic relevance, social and environmental development for the country. Intercedidos by the inclusion of technological packages stimulated by the Green Revolution, the agricultural sector has undergone major changes to meet the demands of the market, along with the inordinate increase in urban population and proposed economic growth. This has resulted in numerous socio-economic and environmental conflicts that undermine the society relationships and environment. In this sense, the objective of the research was to evaluate the sustainability of family corn farmers farming systems in the municipality of Simão Dias-SE, using as an object of study to characterize the family farm system with monoculture of corn. The methodology is guided in literature and field research, with purpose to achieve systemically data that contextualize the production systems of the studied region and observing their physical aspects, potentialities and limits. For sustainability assessment was carried out the selection of indicators based on the methodology of the Farm Sustainability Indicators - IDEA (VILAIN, 2000) in order to establish and meet the factors that act on the environment. The properties presented in good condition and with higher levels of socio-territorial context revealing improvements in the quality of life of farmers as well as the socio-economic context. However contexts use of natural and agricultural resources management had low levels of sustainability expressing the limitations regarding the conservation of natural resources and soil management. The research also contributes to the characterization of the territory showing that the socio-economic and agro-environmental sustainability needs of conservation practices that cause less impact on natural resources and at the same time ensure productivity generating income for farmers. Through evaluation and through the windows it was possible to provide support for creation of public policies and guidelines to decision makers, especially at the local level, in order to achieve the best levels of agricultural sustainability. / A agricultura familiar exerce um papel de grande relevância econômica, social e ambiental para o país. Intercedidos pela inclusão de pacotes tecnológicos estimulados pela Revolução Verde, o setor agrícola sofreu profundas transformações para atender as exigências do mercado, junto com o aumento desordenado da população urbana e proposta de crescimento econômico. Isso resultou em inúmeros conflitos socioeconômicos e ambientais que comprometem as relações sociedade e meio ambiente. Neste sentido o objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a sustentabilidade dos sistemas agrícolas familiares produtores de milho no município de Simão Dias-SE, utilizando-se como objeto de estudo a caracterização do sistema agrícola familiar com monocultura do milho. A metodologia está pautada em pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa de campo, com propósito de alcançar de forma sistêmica dados que contextualizem os sistemas de produção da região estudada, observando assim seus aspectos físicos, potencialidades e limites. Para avaliação da sustentabilidade, foi realizada a seleção de indicadores com base na metodologia de Indicadores de Sustentabilidade das Explorações Agrícolas - IDEA (VILAIN, 2000) de maneira a estabelecer e reunir os fatores que agem sobre o meio ambiente. As propriedades apresentaram-se em boas condições e com níveis mais elevados no contexto socioterritorial revelando as melhorias na qualidade de vida dos agricultores assim como no contexto socioeconômico. No entanto os contextos uso dos recursos naturais e gestão agrícola apresentaram baixos níveis de sustentabilidade expressando as limitações no tocante à preservação dos recursos naturais e manejo do solo. A pesquisa contribui também com a caracterização do território revelando que a sustentabilidade socioeconômica e agroambiental precisa de práticas conservacionistas que causem menos impacto aos recursos naturais e ao mesmo tempo garantam produtividade gerando renda para os agricultores. Através da avaliação e por meio dos indicadores foi possível fornecer subsídios para criação de políticas públicas e diretrizes aos tomadores de decisão, especificamente em âmbito local, com o propósito de alcançar a melhores níveis de sustentabilidade agrícola.

In the last decades agricultural production has shown a significant increase, primarily in the production of grains. This increase occurred mainly due to technological innovations in the field, provided greater food supply, however, this advancement of agricultural areas brings a lot of criticism when it comes to sustainability. The practice of monoculture plantations contributes disproportionately to the simplification of ecosystems. It damages the environment causing water, air and soil pollution due to intensive use of pesticides and fertilizers and it contributes to the loss of biodiversity. In the city of Simão Dias - SE, the monoculture of corn is the strongest kind of farming among the local farmers. The advancement of areas cultivated with maize occurred together with the insertion of technology in the field, as the example of genetically modified seeds and the use of machinery what has made the city the second largest corn producer in the state. The monoculture of corn represents the main source of income for farmers from the town; this monoculture has a high dependence of inputs such as pesticides, chemical fertilizers and machinery, in addition to the dependence on bank credit along with a reduced labor supply. In this context this research addressed the levels of sustainability in the agroecosystems of maize in Simão Dias. The aim of the research was guided in the analysis of the levels of territorial sustainability, economic and present environment in agroecosystems of corn. The methodology is based on bibliographic references, field survey and semi-structured interviews, analysis of soil and in the selection of indicators based on the method of Indicateurs de Durabilité de Exploitations Agricoles – IDEA. 20 families owning properties with similar cultivation characteristics were selected among them there were ten properties that have embraced the technology of transgenic seeds and ten properties that uses the conventional hybrid seed. As a result, the levels of sustainability of the agroecosystem of transgenic corn had better results in the productivity. The analysis of the levels of sustainability per sectors has demonstrated that the social territorial sector showed the best results for all the involved properties, the analysis of the economic axis has shown that money investments have increased productivity for farmers who planted transgenic corn, allowing these properties better levels of economical sustainability. When it came to the agricultural environment the levels of sustainability were unsatisfactory in terms of diversification, management of soils, use of pesticides and fertilizers in all properties. The properties that have used the conventional hybrid seed presented a critical point: a low or non-existent biodiversity preservation and lack of technical assistance. Their agricultural practices harm the sustainability of agroecosystems, especially in regard to environmental sustainability. evaluation of indicators of sustainability of agricultural holdings of agroecosystems of maize in the city of simão dias/se / Nas últimas décadas a produção agrícola mundial tem apresentado um aumento expressivo, principalmente na produção de grãos. Esse aumento, ocorrido principalmente devido às inovações tecnológicas no campo, proporcionou maior oferta de alimentos, no entanto, esse avanço das áreas agrícolas traz muitas críticas, principalmente no campo da sustentabilidade. A prática da monocultura contribui exageradamente para a simplificação dos agroecossistemas e por consequência danos ao meio ambiente como: poluição da água, do ar e do solo devido ao intenso uso de agrotóxicos e fertilizantes além da perda da biodiversidade. No município de Simão Dias – SE, a monocultura do milho possui grande destaque nas práticas agrícolas dos agricultores locais. O avanço das áreas cultivadas com o milho ocorreu acompanhado da inserção da tecnologia no campo, a exemplo das sementes transgênicas e do uso do maquinário, tornando o município o segundo maior produtor de milho do estado. A monocultura do milho constitui principal fonte de renda dos agricultores do município, apresenta práticas com elevada dependência de insumos como agrotóxicos, fertilizantes químicos e maquinários, além da dependência de crédito bancário e reduzida oferta de trabalho. Nesse contexto realizou-se a pesquisa que abordou os níveis de sustentabilidade em agroecossistemas do milho em Simão Dias Se. O objetivo da pesquisa pautou-se na análise dos níveis de sustentabilidade socioterritorial, econômica e agroambiental nos agroecossistemas de milho. A metodologia está pautada em referências bibliográficas, pesquisa de campo e entrevistas semi-estruturadas, análise de solo e na seleção de indicadores com base no método Indicateurs de Durabilité de Exploitations Agricoles – IDEA. Foram selecionadas vinte propriedades familiares com características de cultivo semelhantes, dez propriedades que adotaram a tecnologia das sementes transgênicas e dez propriedades que utiliza a semente hibrida convencional. Como resultado, os níveis de sustentabilidade do agroecossistema do milho transgênico apresentou melhores resultados devido a maior produtividade. A análise dos níveis de sustentabilidade por eixo demonstrou que o eixo socioterritórial apresentou os melhores resultados para todas as propriedades, a análise do eixo econômico demonstrou que os investimentos econômicos permitiram maior produtividade para os agricultores que cultivaram milho transgênico, permitindo a essas propriedades melhores níveis de sustentabilidade no eixo econômico. No eixo agroambiental os níveis de sustentabilidade apresentaram-se insatisfatórios no tocante à diversificação, manejo dos solos, uso de agrotóxicos e fertilizantes em todas as propriedades analisadas. As propriedades que utilizaram a semente híbrida convencional apresentaram um ponto crítico ainda maior: a pouca ou inexistente preservação da biodiversidade e ausência de assistência técnica. As práticas agrícolas no município comprometem a sustentabilidade dos agroecossistemas, principalmente no tocante a sustentabilidade ambiental.

Context: Organizations generate a number of solutions or ideas for a problem, by then select and synthesize some of these ideas for further development. Idea synthesis as an important phase of innovation process causes a reduction of enormous ideas to be considered by an interested company. Accordingly, innovation process can benefit from integration of ideas with restricted perspectives. Idea synthesis is effective when the defined product is novel, has high impact, is of low cost, and has good support from stakeholders. Idea synthesis is facilitated by the used of variety of structures. Interactive groups which require physical meeting of the participants are a facilitated forum for idea synthesis, where organizations try to utilize the multiple perspectives of groups. An alternative to this approach is bilateral communication between potential innovators. Bilateral communication is used by innovators that network with each other to identify related ideas and technologies in the context of open innovation. Software not only enables interactive groups and bilateral communication but also amplifies the performance of these structures by replacing them with online workshops or social networking. While both these structures are performed and justified through the use of software, it is not clear which of these structures is more effective. Objectives: The aim behind conducting this research is to compare the effectiveness of interactive groups and bilateral communication for idea synthesis. Additionally, besides the factors that affect achieving an agreement among the group members in both structures, a consistent pattern of idea synthesizing can be identified through the observation of participants’ behaviors,. Methods: In this study two research methodologies were used; a controlled experiment and a multiple-case study. First, an experiment was conducted to compare the effectiveness of idea synthesis of interactive group and bilateral communication channel for software product innovation. A total of 78 software engineering students generated software based solutions for a problem individually and subsequently combined their ideas to improve their initial solutions, either through the interactive groups or bilateral communication. Second, a multiple-case study using the collected data from the participants’ chat and questionnaires was conducted to identify the consistent pattern of idea synthesizing and the factors that affect achieving an agreement among the group members in both structures. Results: Statistical analyses of experimental results show no difference between interactive group and bilateral communication channels significantly for idea synthesis. It was found that the groups in bilateral communication channels could not generate more effective ideas than interactive groups in terms of novelty, feasibility, impact value, and stakeholder support through the ideas synthesizing. The identified factors which influence agreement among the group members, both challenges and determinants, in interactive groups and bilateral communication channels are categorized separately. Barriers in achieving an agreement between participants are included in context of ideas and participants’ interests in bilateral communication, while the barriers in interactive groups are features of ideas and participants’ features. Moreover, an agreement between participants is yielded in context of ideas and participants’ features in bilateral communication, while the agreement in interactive groups is yielded in context of ideas and participants’ interests. Conclusions: We conclude that there is no difference between interactive groups and bilateral communication for idea synthesis. The solutions achieved through both structures are not significantly different in terms of novelty, feasibility, impact value and stakeholder support. Moreover, achievement of an agreement in both structures not only depends on the context and features of ideas but also features of participants. On the one hand, the presence of ideas with consistent context and features besides motivated participants, interested in performing the idea synthesizing, lead to achieving an agreement. On the other hand, ideas with inconsistent context and features, lack of participants’ interest in sharing and synthesizing idea, lack of communicating, and lack of time managing hinder achieving to an agreement. / Department of Informatics University of Zurich Binzmühlestrasse 14 CH-8050 Zürich

Cocinar puede ser placentero para algunos y tedioso para otros, pero ahora existe una forma más práctica, rápida y fácil de hacerlo. ComeYa! es una caja con ingredientes frescos, limpios, picados y porcionados, listos para su preparación y cocción. Ante la coyuntura actual, donde se evita salir, se trabaja desde casa y se tiene que conjugar los quehaceres laborales y hogareños. Es así como surge la necesidad de cocinar de forma menos trabajosa. Por ello, se creó la marca ComeYa!, que consiste en una caja-kit que cuenta con todos los ingredientes, según la receta elegida, listos para su preparación, lo que ahorra al cliente tiempo en comprar, trasladar, picar y lavar los insumos para su almuerzo o cena. ComeYa! Está dirigido a un mercado existente conformado por residentes en Lima Metropolitana, hombres y mujeres entre los 25 y 55 años de edad, pertenecientes al Nivel socioeconómico A, B y C+, que evita comprar en restaurantes o delivery y prefiere cocinar en casa de forma práctica y rápida. A diferencia de otros competidores los cuales ofrecen comida congelada o lista precocida, ComeYa! le da la opción al cliente de preparar de forma rápida y fresca sus comidas, sin requerir tanto trabajo o tiempo que cocinando tradicionalmente. El equipo de trabajo está conformado por profesionales en Administración de Empresas, con experiencia en el sector de empaque de alimentos, marketing y gestión de recursos humanos. Este proyecto espera generar ventas por de hasta S/ 729,579 soles en el quinto año con una tasa interna de retorno de 62.81% y un valor presente neto del FCNI es de S/ 664,221 soles. La inversión total es de S/ 137,519 soles y para poder llevar a cabo este proyecto se espera obtener el financiamiento del 40% de la inversión total, es decir S/ 55,007 soles. / Cooking can be pleasant for some and tedious for others, but now there is a more practical, quick, and easy way to do it, ComeYa! is a kit-box with fresh, clean, chopped and portioned ingredients, ready for preparation and cooking. Given the current situation, where you avoid going out, you work from home and you must combine work and home chores, the need to cook in a less laborious way arises. For this reason, the ComeYa! brand was created, which consists of a kit-box that brings all the ingredients, according to the chosen recipe, ready for preparation, saving the customer time to buy, move, chop and wash the supplies for their lunch or dinner. Come YA! targets an existing market made up of residents of Metropolitan Lima, men and women between 25 and 55 years of age, belonging to socioeconomic Level A, B and C +, who avoid buying in restaurants or delivery and prefer to cook at home in a practical way and fast. Unlike other competitors which offer frozen food or pre-cooked list, ComeYa! gives the customer the option to quickly prepare freshly their meals, without requiring as much work or time as traditional cooking. The work team is made up of professionals in Business Administration, with experience in food packaging, marketing, and human resources management sectors. This project expects to generate sales of up to PEN 729,579 in the fifth year with an internal rate of return of 62.81% and a Net Present Value of the FCNI is PEN 664,221. The total investment is PEN 137,519 and in order to carry out this project it is expected to obtain financing for 40% of the total investment, that is, PEN 55,007. / Trabajo de investigación

Inti Sauna propone el concepto de la sauna en el hogar. Esta idea de negocio se origina en el cambio de los estilos de vida a consecuencia de la pandemia de Coronavirus, esta nueva normalidad hace que las personas permanezcan más tiempo en casa buscando nuevas formas de pasar el tiempo y mejorar su bienestar físico y mental. El público objetivo está compuesto por las personas que acudían a las saunas tradicionales y que desean contar con una opción de sauna en casa. De acuerdo con la investigación de mercado, Inti Sauna está dirigida al segmento de hombres y mujeres mayores de 18 años que pertenecen al sector socioeconómico A, B y C. En este nicho de mercado podemos encontrar personas con ingresos suficientes para adquirir un producto como la sauna en casa y que además cuentan con un espacio disponible para la instalación del producto. El plan de operaciones describe las políticas operacionales que contribuyen a la estrategia de posicionamiento, la cual se enfoca en resaltar los beneficios y la solución de problemas que aporta el producto al cliente. Además, el plan de operaciones establece las especificaciones técnicas de la sauna y el detalle de cómo se llevará a cabo la fabricación del producto. El plan económico - financiero de Inti Sauna se evaluó en un horizonte de cinco años. Los resultados del análisis económico y financiero arrojaron un valor actual neto (VAN) de S/ 148,963 y una Tasa de Interés de Retorno (TIR) de 54.45%. En consecuencia, el plan de negocio resulta viable, ya que la TIR es superior al COK y el VAN es superior a cero. / Inti Sauna proposes the concept of the sauna at home. This business idea originates from the change in lifestyles as a result of the Coronavirus pandemic, this new normal makes people stay home longer looking for new ways to spend time and improve their physical and mental well-being. The target audience is made up of people who used to go to traditional saunas and who want to have a sauna option at home. According to market research, Inti Sauna is aimed at the segment of men and women over 18 years of age who belong to the socio economic sector A, B and C. In this market niche we can find people with sufficient income to acquire a product such as sauna at home and also have a space available for the installation of the product. The operations plan describes the operational policies that contribute to the positioning strategy, which focuses on highlighting the benefits and solving problems that the product brings to the customer. In addition, the operations plan establishes the technical specifications of the sauna and the detail of how the manufacture of the product will be carried out. Inti Sauna's economic-financial plan was evaluated over a five-year horizon. The results of the economic and financial analysis showed a net present value (NPV) of S / 148,963 and a Return Interest Rate (IRR) of 54.45%. Consequently, the business plan is viable, since the IRR is higher than the COK and the NPV is higher than zero. / Trabajo de investigación

The aim of this masters thesis is a design of a suspended pedestrian bridge over a watercourse. There are two variants designed, one of which is selected for static analysis. The chosen variant is a suspended pedestrian bridge with an inclined „A“ shaped pylon situated on one bank and deck made of prefabricated segments. The cross-section is designet to allow the transfer of both pedestrian and bycicle traffic. Thesis contains structural design of construction modeled in SCIA Engineer and checked in IDEA Statica. Design and assessment are acordign to the current European standarts.

En el presente trabajo de investigación, el objetivo es poder ofrecer una nueva idea de negocio, en nuestro caso, nuestra idea de negocio se llama “Mi Receta Facilita” y es una plataforma en donde se puede conseguir recetas de diferentes tipos como de almuerzos, postres, cenas, etc. Nuestra propuesta de valor es que en nuestra plataforma pueden encontrar las recetas con las medidas exactas, con videos tutoriales de las recetas y con una herramienta de geolocalización para que los usuarios puedan encontrar los lugares (bodegas, minimarkets, supermercados) más cercanos a ellos en donde puedan conseguir los ingredientes de las recetas. Los usuarios pueden acceder a nuestra plataforma vía página y app, y mediante una suscripción mensual. Para el desarrollo de nuestra idea de negocio, hicimos diferentes tipos de investigación y experimentos para así poder saber qué es lo que más nos servía o beneficia para nuestro tipo de negocio. Lo que buscamos satisfacer es que los clientes puedan tener una plataforma amigable en donde puedan encontrar recetas fáciles y rápidas de hacer, ya que actualmente las personas no tienen el tiempo suficiente para poder hacer recetas muy elaboradas, sino que, al tener corto tiempo, lo que ellos necesitan es poder tener a la mano recetas fáciles. Para la validación de nuestro problema, lo que hicimos fue realizar entrevistas a posibles usuarios y así saber con más detalle cuáles eran sus necesidades. Hicimos varios experimentos para este trabajo de investigación y por último hicimos un plan financiero que nos servirá para saber si nuestra idea de negocio es rentable. / In the present research work, the objective is to be able to offer a new business idea, in our case, our business idea is called "Mi Receta Facilita" and it is a platform where you can get recipes of different types such as lunches, desserts, dinners, etc. Our value proposition is that on our platform they can find the recipes with the exact measurements, with tutorial videos of the recipes and with a geolocation tool so that users can find the places (wineries, minimarkets, supermarkets) closest to them in where they can get the ingredients for the recipes. Users can access our platform via page and app, and through a monthly suscripción. For the development of our business idea, we did different types of research and experiments in order to know what best served or benefits us for our type of business. What we seek to satisfy is that customers can have a friendly platform where they can find easy and quick recipes to make, since currently people do not have enough time to be able to make very elaborate recipes, but having a short time, which they need is to be able to have easy recipes on hand. For the validation of our problem, what we did is interview potential users and thus find out in more detail what their needs were. We did several experiments for this research work and finally we made a financial plan that will help us to know if our business idea is profetales. / Trabajo de investigación

In this diploma thesis I deal with the issue of a musical sign. My goal is to introduce theory of musical sign, which would primarily address the question of its object. It seems that the object of the musical representation is the most problematic part of this thesis. I have based my arguments on theories of Eduard Hanslick, Susanne Langer and Felicia Kruse. Also, the emotions are heavily connected to this question. I attempt to find out if emotions may be the actual object of musical sign and what should its character be. I do so through a critical assesement of the above mentioned theories. The hypotethical outcome of this thesis such theory of musical sign which would address the dilema of musical emotions but also a paradox of composer - listener part in musical representation.

Dissertation thesis deals with the construction of the identity of Slovak art modernism in the period of the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918-1938) within the context of the official ideology of Czechoslovakism and in relation to Czech modern art. For many artists, theorists, and art historians in Slovakia, who, as part of the intelligentsia, felt obliged in the newly formed state to create and confirm a national identity through art, the search for Slovakness in art was crucial. This search was influenced by the nature of Czech - Slovak cultural relations, mutual misunderstandings, and stereotypes. The forms of Slovak modernism were formed in close connection with Czech modernism and at the same time as resistance to it. In this sense, we can consider the emphasis on Slovakness in the fine arts as an attempt not to merge artistically with the current of Czech art modernism. This study thus examines how national identity is constructed through the visual arts and what role plays its broader cultural and political background.