Spiritual mapping is an emerging trend within Evangelicalism which is affecting Christian mission globally. Spiritual mapping maintains that Satan has assigned territorial demons to every geo-political unit in the world. Territorial demons hold the people in their locality in spiritual bondage to sin, false religion or other evils.Spiritual mapping is the practice of identifying these territorial demons in order to loosen the influence of these demons by means of strategic level spiritual warfare (SLSW). SLSW refers to the practice of 'territorial exorcism' through identificational repentance, prayer walks, proclamation and other means. Spiritual mapping can be appreciated for its focus on liberating people and societies from evil. However, spiritual mapping and its underlying theology is defective from a biblical, historical and contextual perspective and is potentially harmful for church and mission in Africa. Further missiological reflection on a spiritual warfare dimension in mission is necessary within the global hermeneutical community. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M.Th. (Missiology)

Spiritual mapping is an emerging trend within Evangelicalism which is affecting Christian mission globally. Spiritual mapping maintains that Satan has assigned territorial demons to every geo-political unit in the world. Territorial demons hold the people in their locality in spiritual bondage to sin, false religion or other evils.Spiritual mapping is the practice of identifying these territorial demons in order to loosen the influence of these demons by means of strategic level spiritual warfare (SLSW). SLSW refers to the practice of 'territorial exorcism' through identificational repentance, prayer walks, proclamation and other means. Spiritual mapping can be appreciated for its focus on liberating people and societies from evil. However, spiritual mapping and its underlying theology is defective from a biblical, historical and contextual perspective and is potentially harmful for church and mission in Africa. Further missiological reflection on a spiritual warfare dimension in mission is necessary within the global hermeneutical community. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M.Th. (Missiology)

Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar, a partir do recorte de um dado discurso musical (rap), como os jovens das periferias urbanas brasileiras têm representado discursivamente o social. Sob esse aspecto, a representação dos atores sociais no discurso é o principal foco analítico, tendo como perspectivas teóricas de estudo a Análise Crítica do Discurso (doravante ACD), e a lingüística funcional sistêmica (doravante LFS) no que diz respeito a questões de linguagem. O trabalho apresenta uma introdução na qual são apontadas características de grupos musicais diretamente afetados por conflitos sociais, destacando-se como corpus de trabalho o discurso musical dos Racionais MCs e seguindo-se de uma contextualização histórica do grupo e do movimento hip- hop. Em seguida, apresentam-se, no capítulo teórico, as matérias ligadas diretamente ao objeto de estudo (discurso, ideologia e tipos de significado), ao mesmo tempo em que é feita uma apresentação da linha teórica utilizada e da orientação assumida pelos autores de referência para o trabalho (Fairclough e Halliday). Logo depois, no capítulo metodológico, são descritas as etapas de construção da pesquisa, observando-se os seguintes aspectos: 1) apresentação dos critérios de constituição do corpus, destacando o interesse pelo estilo rap, através de suas principais características, até delimitar as músicas do grupo Racionais MCs para análise; 2) descrição do corpus, a partir de uma característica particular (gangstar rap), com posterior explicação da metodologia criada aqui para sua análise; 3) explicação da categoria analítica utilizada (a representação dos atores sociais), através de exemplos dados pelo seu autor (van Leeuwen, 1996) e outros encontrados no próprio corpus. A análise volta-se, inicialmente, para a observação do significado representacional enfocando as estratégias de representação dos atores sociais utilizadas pelo discurso rap; e, num segundo momento, revela uma prática de polarização, a partir da qual se traça a identidade discursiva do grupo Racionais MCs e sua alteridade (significado identificacional). Com os resultados obtidos, foi possível refletir sobre uma forma de representar o mundo, realizada atualmente por alguns jovens oriundos de comunidades periféricas. Dessa forma, foi possível perceber como os sentidos produzidos por eles podem revelar aspectos significativos de uma nova ordem social brasileira / This dissertation aims at exploring how the youth of Brazilian urban peripheries have been representing their social reality in discourse, on the basis of a study of a given musical genre (rap). To achieve this aim, the main analytical focus of this research is on the discursive representation of social actors, from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis (henceforth CDA), and that of systemic functional linguistics (henceforth SFL). The introduction of this dissertation deals with the most prominent features of musical groups directly affected by social conflicts, and singles out for corpus of this research the musical discourse of Racionais MC's, a group from São Paulo. The introduction also presents a historical contextualization of the emergence of the group and that of the hip-hop movement. In the theoretical chapter, conceptual categories directly related to the object of study of this research (discourse, ideology and types of meaning) are presented, as well as the theoretical principles in Faircloughs (CDA) and Hallidays (SFL) frameworks. The chapter which introduces the methodology describes the different stages in the construction of the research: 1) it first introduces the criteria in the constitution and delimitation of the corpus; 2) next, it describes the corpus and how it was narrowed down to one particular kind of artistic phenomenon within hip-hop ( gangstar rap ); 3) finally, it introduces an explanation of the analytical category adopted in the research (the representation of social actors in discourse), with examples given by its author (van Leeuwen, 1996) and others found in the corpus itself. The analysis focusses on the strategies used by producers of rap to represent social actors in discourse (representational meaning); in doing this, it reveals a practice of polarization in discourse, on the basis of which the discursive identity of the group Racionais MC's is constructed, as well as its alterity (identificational meanings). The analyses confirm previous research by Herchmann (2005), who argues that the discursive construction of social reality that is carried out at present by some young people in urban peripheries emphasizes fragmentation and conflict. Results of the analyses also suggest that the social meanings produced by Racionais MCs reveal significant aspects of a new Brazilian social order

Este trabalho tem por objetivo verificar, a partir do recorte de um dado discurso musical (rap), como os jovens das periferias urbanas brasileiras têm representado discursivamente o social. Sob esse aspecto, a representação dos atores sociais no discurso é o principal foco analítico, tendo como perspectivas teóricas de estudo a Análise Crítica do Discurso (doravante ACD), e a lingüística funcional sistêmica (doravante LFS) no que diz respeito a questões de linguagem. O trabalho apresenta uma introdução na qual são apontadas características de grupos musicais diretamente afetados por conflitos sociais, destacando-se como corpus de trabalho o discurso musical dos Racionais MCs e seguindo-se de uma contextualização histórica do grupo e do movimento hip- hop. Em seguida, apresentam-se, no capítulo teórico, as matérias ligadas diretamente ao objeto de estudo (discurso, ideologia e tipos de significado), ao mesmo tempo em que é feita uma apresentação da linha teórica utilizada e da orientação assumida pelos autores de referência para o trabalho (Fairclough e Halliday). Logo depois, no capítulo metodológico, são descritas as etapas de construção da pesquisa, observando-se os seguintes aspectos: 1) apresentação dos critérios de constituição do corpus, destacando o interesse pelo estilo rap, através de suas principais características, até delimitar as músicas do grupo Racionais MCs para análise; 2) descrição do corpus, a partir de uma característica particular (gangstar rap), com posterior explicação da metodologia criada aqui para sua análise; 3) explicação da categoria analítica utilizada (a representação dos atores sociais), através de exemplos dados pelo seu autor (van Leeuwen, 1996) e outros encontrados no próprio corpus. A análise volta-se, inicialmente, para a observação do significado representacional enfocando as estratégias de representação dos atores sociais utilizadas pelo discurso rap; e, num segundo momento, revela uma prática de polarização, a partir da qual se traça a identidade discursiva do grupo Racionais MCs e sua alteridade (significado identificacional). Com os resultados obtidos, foi possível refletir sobre uma forma de representar o mundo, realizada atualmente por alguns jovens oriundos de comunidades periféricas. Dessa forma, foi possível perceber como os sentidos produzidos por eles podem revelar aspectos significativos de uma nova ordem social brasileira / This dissertation aims at exploring how the youth of Brazilian urban peripheries have been representing their social reality in discourse, on the basis of a study of a given musical genre (rap). To achieve this aim, the main analytical focus of this research is on the discursive representation of social actors, from the perspective of Critical Discourse Analysis (henceforth CDA), and that of systemic functional linguistics (henceforth SFL). The introduction of this dissertation deals with the most prominent features of musical groups directly affected by social conflicts, and singles out for corpus of this research the musical discourse of Racionais MC's, a group from São Paulo. The introduction also presents a historical contextualization of the emergence of the group and that of the hip-hop movement. In the theoretical chapter, conceptual categories directly related to the object of study of this research (discourse, ideology and types of meaning) are presented, as well as the theoretical principles in Faircloughs (CDA) and Hallidays (SFL) frameworks. The chapter which introduces the methodology describes the different stages in the construction of the research: 1) it first introduces the criteria in the constitution and delimitation of the corpus; 2) next, it describes the corpus and how it was narrowed down to one particular kind of artistic phenomenon within hip-hop ( gangstar rap ); 3) finally, it introduces an explanation of the analytical category adopted in the research (the representation of social actors in discourse), with examples given by its author (van Leeuwen, 1996) and others found in the corpus itself. The analysis focusses on the strategies used by producers of rap to represent social actors in discourse (representational meaning); in doing this, it reveals a practice of polarization in discourse, on the basis of which the discursive identity of the group Racionais MC's is constructed, as well as its alterity (identificational meanings). The analyses confirm previous research by Herchmann (2005), who argues that the discursive construction of social reality that is carried out at present by some young people in urban peripheries emphasizes fragmentation and conflict. Results of the analyses also suggest that the social meanings produced by Racionais MCs reveal significant aspects of a new Brazilian social order

This essay aims to study if, and how, The Matrix (1999) can be read with a queer perspective and how to use it in a classroom setting to further upper secondary school students to discuss transgender issues and develop their own identity. By analysing the film using a hermeneutic method and a queer perspective the results show that much of the lines, cinematography and costume can be viewed as an expression for transgender and queer. The theoretical framework is mainly related to Judith Butler’s research on doing gender and Malin Alkestrand’s concept of didactic potential. The essay shows the didactic potential of the Matrix (1999) and gives concrete examples of lines, cinematography and costume that can be used to begin conversations in the classroom related to gender, sexuality, norms, and performative gender.

In today’s world, cultural, social, and economic relationships increasingly transcend national borders. This coincides with high levels of migration and physical mobility across the globe. Therefore, this study investigates the degree that migrants participate in such transnational phenomena and how this participation relates to their integration in the country of residence. To address these questions, the cross-border relationships and practices of Turkish and Romanian migrants in Denmark, Germany, and Italy are examined. The study analyses the degree to which migrants are transnational, by which factors migrants’ transnationalism is determined, and whether transnationalism impacts the social and identificational integration of migrants in their country of residence. With respect to identification, not only the national but also the local level is taken into focus. The use of a unique quantitative dataset allows the study to address the often-voiced need for further quantitative findings on migrants’ transnationalism in Europe and particularly the lack of cross-national studies in this field. Additionally, the analysis goes beyond migration research’s typical focus on transnational connections between migrants’ country of origin and country of residence. The results show that the level of migrants’ transnationalism strongly differs between the measured dimensions of this phenomenon. Moreover, transnational connections and practices of all samples go beyond the dichotomy of origin and residence country, stressing the need to incorporate a broader perspective in migration research. The analysis does not find many effects of transnationalism on social and identificational integration. The few observable effects are in part of a positive and a negative nature. Furthermore, these effects differ across the analysed dimensions of integration. Based on these results, the study highlights that transnationalism and integration are not mutually exclusive.

Strategic level spiritual warfare has been an emerging trend within Evangelical missiology ever since C. Peter Wagner published his Spiritual Power and Church Growth (1986). The distinctive doctrines of Wagner’s SLSW are 1. The doctrine of territorial spirits, which entails the belief that powerful demons control specific geographical territories and its human inhabitants. Through a variety of spiritual warfare techniques such demons can be overcome. 2. The doctrine of territorial defilement. The assumption here is that a territorial spirit can only hold people in a location in bondage if it has obtained the legal right to do so because of sins and evils committed in that locality in the past. Identificational repentance on behalf of the people living in such territories removes the legal right of the territorial spirits. 3. The doctrine of Strategic Level Spiritual Warfare prayer. The underlying assumption is that territorial spirits can only be removed by means of aggressive spiritual warfare in the form of a variety of prayer and exorcism methods for dealing with territorial spirits. (4) The doctrine of territorial commitment. This doctrine justifies the exercise of spiritual power and authority by modern apostles in their communities. Wagner’s missiology has been largely shaped by the church growth movement. In his quest for better techniques to bring about mass conversions Wagner, impressed by the Latin American Pentecostal churches, embraced Pentecostalism and developed SLSW. However, a thorough biblical study demonstrates that SLSW is mostly unbiblical. A study of SLSW in Church history also demonstrates that SLSW was never accepted in orthodox Christianity. From a contextual point of view SLSW turns out to be a North American missiology with nationalist and political biases. Finally, when looking at the potential effects of a SLSW style missiology in the context of Malawi it emerges that Wagner’s SLSW is likely to reinforce rather than diminish the prevalent witchcraft fears in the Malawian society. At the same time SLSW tends to ‘demonize’ other cultures and thus hinders genuine contextualization. In the final analysis SLSW turns out not to be a commendable strategy for Christian Mission in Malawi. / Christian Spirituality Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)

Strategic level spiritual warfare has been an emerging trend within Evangelical missiology ever since C. Peter Wagner published his Spiritual Power and Church Growth (1986). The distinctive doctrines of Wagner’s SLSW are 1. The doctrine of territorial spirits, which entails the belief that powerful demons control specific geographical territories and its human inhabitants. Through a variety of spiritual warfare techniques such demons can be overcome. 2. The doctrine of territorial defilement. The assumption here is that a territorial spirit can only hold people in a location in bondage if it has obtained the legal right to do so because of sins and evils committed in that locality in the past. Identificational repentance on behalf of the people living in such territories removes the legal right of the territorial spirits. 3. The doctrine of Strategic Level Spiritual Warfare prayer. The underlying assumption is that territorial spirits can only be removed by means of aggressive spiritual warfare in the form of a variety of prayer and exorcism methods for dealing with territorial spirits. (4) The doctrine of territorial commitment. This doctrine justifies the exercise of spiritual power and authority by modern apostles in their communities. Wagner’s missiology has been largely shaped by the church growth movement. In his quest for better techniques to bring about mass conversions Wagner, impressed by the Latin American Pentecostal churches, embraced Pentecostalism and developed SLSW. However, a thorough biblical study demonstrates that SLSW is mostly unbiblical. A study of SLSW in Church history also demonstrates that SLSW was never accepted in orthodox Christianity. From a contextual point of view SLSW turns out to be a North American missiology with nationalist and political biases. Finally, when looking at the potential effects of a SLSW style missiology in the context of Malawi it emerges that Wagner’s SLSW is likely to reinforce rather than diminish the prevalent witchcraft fears in the Malawian society. At the same time SLSW tends to ‘demonize’ other cultures and thus hinders genuine contextualization. In the final analysis SLSW turns out not to be a commendable strategy for Christian Mission in Malawi. / Christian Spirituality Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)