Tourism is a fast growing phenomenon. As every person has a different motivation to travel new and alternative forms of tourism are continuously developing. Depending on form of tourism and the tourist’s motivation to take on a certain trip, the experience has a smaller or bigger impression on the individual. This study examines what influences volunteer trips can have on identities, focusing on volunteers in the organization WWOOF, World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms. To understand the development of identities, theories about identity work have been researched. The material derives from a participant observation and 14 semi-structured interviews that mainly were conducted in Oregon, USA. The analysis of the results reveals four main themes for how the individuals’ identities have changed and what factors that have caused this change. These themes are perceived change, cultural exchange, significance of place, and differences between WWOOFers and other tourists. The study shows that travels, in this case volunteer trips, affect individuals in many ways. / Turism är ett snabbt växande fenomen. Eftersom varje person har egna motiv till att resa utvecklas ständigt nya och alternativa resformer. Vilket avtryck resan gör på individen beror på vald turismform samt turistens motiv till att åka på en viss resa. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka vilka influenser en volontärresa kan ha på individen, med fokus på volontärer som reser genom organisationen WWOOF, World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms. För att förstå hur identiteter utvecklas har identitetsteorier tillämpats på materialet. Materialet kommer från en deltagande observation och 14 semistrukturerade intervjuer som övervägande gjorts i Oregon, USA. Analysen av resultatet visade på fyra teman för hur volontärers identiteter påverkats. Dessa var upplevd förändring, kulturellt utbyte, platsens betydelse och hur volontärturisterna skiljer sig från andra turister. Studien visar därmed på att resor, i detta fall volontärresor, påverkar individen på flera olika sätt. / Le tourisme est un phénomène en pleine expansion. Chaque personne a un motivation différent pour voyager, donc des nouvelles formes et des formes alternatives du tourisme se développent continuellement. La forme du tourisme et le motivation du touriste déterminent l’effet du voyage sur l’individu.  Cette étude examine l’influence des voyages bénévoles sur les identités des bénévoles, avec un foyer sur les bénévoles dans l’organisation WWOOF--World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms (Occasions Mondial sur les Fermes Biologiques). Pour comprendre le développement des identités, il faut rechercher les théories d'identité. Ces matériaux dérivent de l’observation participante et 14 interviews semi-structurées, la plupart qui était menée en Oregon, aux États-Unis.  L'analyse des résultats révèlent quatre thèmes principaux pour comment les identités des individus ont changé, et quels facteurs ont causé ces changements. Ces thèmes sont les changements perçu, l'échange culturel, l’importance de l’endroit, et les différences entre les bénévoles de WWOOF et des autres touristes. Cette étude montre que les voyages, en ce cas les voyages bénévoles, touchent les individus dans plusieurs façons.

The purpose of this study was to understand and interpret the identity formation of women on their journeys to leadership positions in corporate America. The narratives of these women in leadership positions described their experiences of how they became who they are, their experiences of critical points, their achievements and their sacrifices in their lives on their journey to these positions. The dissertation design was an empirical, qualitative, interpretive study which simultaneously drew upon and developed the theoretical work of Erik H. Erikson regarding the concept of ego-identity. Women in this study were purposively selected based on criteria for this research. They were successful females in engineering management positions, which is a male-dominated field. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews. Three main themes about their self-knowledge emerged from the findings in the study as components in the women's identity formation. These components shaped and developed the women to become who they are today, starting as a process from early child hood and until today. The three main themes are as follows: relations between mothers and daughters, a delayed moratorium and inner strength. The women in this study are unanimous in regard to singling out the significance of their mothers. Their mothers have been instrumental to their futures in regard to education in a male-oriented area and in giving them a "sense of being all right." Furthermore, these women seemed to undergo a delayed moratorium state as adults. This finding was a departure from and an addition to Erik H. Erikson's concept of "moratorium", in that I found that these successful women were able to make-up for their inability to obtain a moratorium in young adulthood by fashioning it in mid-life. They described these experiences of getting closer to themselves and what life was really about. Finally, this study revealed that these women had an inner strength to go on when they faced obstacles and hurdles in their careers and their personal lives. This inner strength consisted of resilience and authenticity, an ability to stay true to themselves.

The Lithuanian national movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was an international phenomenon involving Lithuanian communities in three countries: Russia, Germany and the United States. To capture the international dimension of the Lithuanian national movement this study offers biographies of three activists in the movement, each of whom spent a significant amount of time living in one of the three “parts” of the Lithuanian nation: Vincas Kudirka, Martynas Jankus and Jonas Šliūpas. The biographies focus on the following questions. To what extent did each of the three activists assimilate into a “foreign” (i.e., non-Lithuanian) culture and was this a voluntary process? How did they free themselves from foreign cultural dominance? How did they understand nationality in general and Lithuanian nationality in particular? What goals did they incorporate into their nationalist agendas? What causes of anti-Semitism and philosemitism can be identified by analyzing their discourse about Jews? The conclusion puts the answers to some of these questions into comparative perspective. This study uses published and archival sources in seven languages from libraries and archives in seven countries—some of which have never been used before. It is the first to use the unpublished typescript of Jonas Šliūpas’ 1942 autobiography, which, until recently, was unavailable to researchers.

Prior to this exploratory study, issues of multiracial identity development and imposed identity had not been explored in great detail. This study sought to expand the current knowledge base by offering an examination of a) multiracial identity development for different bi/multiracial backgrounds, b) the influence of the perception of race on social interactions (imposed identity), and c) racial identification in the public and private spheres from the perspective of multi-racial individuals. A literature based survey was developed and piloted with an expert panel to increase face and content validity. For the larger study, participants were recruited using snowball and convenience sampling. Forty-five participants provided in-depth interviews and an additional 166 completed the online version of the survey. Respondents were primarily female (n = 132; 83%), 26-30 years old (n = 37; 23%), from the South (n = 57; 36%), unmarried (n = 106; 67%), childless (n = 97, 63%) and reported a yearly household income of over $95,001 (n = 36; 24%). Findings from this study support identity development literature as respondents indicated family members were most responsible for their perceptions of race, even in mixed-raced families. Respondents also indicated they had experienced imposed identity based on what others believed their race to be. Perceptions of power influenced whether or not respondents corrected others' mistaken assumptions. Additionally, respondents indicated their belief that, despite their variances in skin tone, we do not live in a color-blind society, despite widely spread claims that we live in a post-racial society. Further, respondents indicated racial cues (such as skin tone, hair texture, facial structure) are still used to categorize people according to race. Qualitative data provided specific examples of when and how multiracial respondents had experienced racism and/or benefitted from others' beliefs about their race based on skin tone alone. For example, one bi-racial respondent indicated he was placed in advanced classes in high school because he appeared as only Asian, while another indicated his race was questioned at a government agency because of how he looked, but had never experienced that problem when conducting the same business with his White mother present.

Narcissists typically present themselves in self-enhancing ways to gain validation (through positive social appraisals) of grandiose, yet uncertain self-views. Using e-mail, Studies 1 and 2 investigated several intra- and interpersonal variables that may influence narcissists� self-presentational behaviour. University students rated themselves on self domains requiring either external validation (e.g., attractiveness) or internal validation (e.g., morality), after being randomly assigned to be either accountable or non-accountable to an evaluative audience for their self-ratings (Study 1), to present their self-ratings to either a single or multiple person evaluative audience (Study 2), and to expect to present their self-ratings to either a high or low status evaluative audience (Studies 1 and 2). Results suggested that when degree of external self-worth contingency (Crocker & Wolfe, 2001) was high, narcissists were insensitive to strategic self-presentational requirements, presenting themselves in a typically self-enhancing manner on external domains when accountable and when presenting to a multiple person audience. Non-narcissists showed more contextual sensitivity when degree of external self-worth contingency was high, and were more modest when these social contextual variables were present. Participants in Study 3 were given bogus positive or negative personality feedback on either their moral virtue or competitive spirit. Narcissists reported greater anger after receiving negative feedback, while also responding to negative feedback with inflated self-presentations. A key finding was that the combination of a high degree of self-worth contingency and negative feedback resulted in increases in self-reported depression and drops in state self-esteem in narcissists. Results suggest that narcissists are chronically vigilant for self-enhancement opportunities, but may be insensitive to social constraints and norms in their efforts to construct their grandiose identities. Narcissists are especially vigilant for self-enhancement opportunities on contingent domains, yet when negative feedback is received in these domains where self-worth is staked, depression and lowered self-esteem may result.

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / Due to the history of Apartheid in South Africa, cross-racial adoption is a fairly recent practice which was only legalised when the law was amended in 1991 so that prospective parents were allowed to adopt a child from a different race to them. As the consequences of the past linger, the most common form of cross-racial adoption is White parents adopting Black children. Studies on cross-racial adoption have been extensively conducted internationally, but research in South Africa is sparse. In this research study an explorative case study of a cross-racially adopted young adult was conducted in order to explore and describe the formation of his identity. The study adopted a Social Constructionist approach to knowledge and transcripts from the interviews with the participant were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). IPA allows for a detailed exploration of the personal lived experience of a research participant and focuses on understanding how people construct their experiences and make meaning. Identity Process Theory (IPT) which is consistent with a social constructionist epistemology, was the theoretical framework used, through which the findings in this study were integrated. Findings indicated that the participant of the case study had challenges forming a coherent self-identity and that his adoption status and ethnicity played an important role in his identity development. Furthermore, findings showed that the social context both promoted and impeded his search for identity. Promotion of identity formation was always associated with a clearer understanding and sensitivity of people regarding the plight of the participant as a cross-racial adoptee. With the knowledge gained, it is hoped that families and psychological and welfare professionals will become better informed and better equipped in so far as empathy, sensitivity and best practice relating to the support for cross-racial adoptees are concerned.

In the years approaching President F.W. De Klerk’s announcement in 1990 that South Africa’s policies would be reformed a number of the right wing groups realised that apartheid would come to an end. This dissertation deals with one response, by the Boere-Vryheidsbeweging (Boer Freedom Movement). By setting up a settlement styled as a ‘growth point for Afrikaner self-determination’ in Pretoria’s eastern hinterland, in 1992, the movement hoped to avert what its numbers saw as eventual black majority rule. The aim of this study is to probe what has become of this settlement roughly 20 years after the transition to full democracy in 1994. The following questions were used as a guideline to this end: (i) On what legal basis has the settlement’s property been occupied?; (ii) Who are the people who moved to the settlement over time?; (iii) How have they generated the capital with which to develop the settlement?; (iv) What is the character of their relationship with each other?; and (v) How have they dealt with external authorities such as the state, province and local municipality? The findings of this study show that the settlement of Kleinfontein has been kept as a set of undivided properties and that none of the residents have individual title. They occupy the settlement by internal agreement alone, and there is no acknowledgement by either the state or private institutions of the internal divisions that have been made. Over time, the founders of the settlement managed to attract two categories of people to live there. The first comprised relatively old lower middle-class people who moved in because of the settlement’s affordability and peacefulness. The second consisted of working age middle-class people with professional jobs who moved in for reasons to do with the ideology of Afrikaner self-determination. As the movement of the second category of people into the settlement accelerated, internal disagreements developed between them and the first category of people, and the settlement as a whole eventually became so paralysed by the conflict that few people have chosen to move there since. The disagreements mainly revolved around the fact that the professionals wanted to transform the settlement so that it meets the middle-class standards found in major South African cities. The lack of consensus eventually resulted in several conflicts with the state, placing a question mark over the settlement’s continued existence in post-apartheid South Africa. / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Anthropology and Archaeology / MSocSci / Unrestricted

Each year a new group of adolescents start the confirmation class and each year it is perceived that some of them do not have a strong faith identity. This is perceived during conversations about faith issues, including baptism. The researcher suspects that some parents and adolescents do not have a proper understanding of the meaning of baptism. This results in believers who cannot live according to the promises that baptism confirms in one’s life. Parents are supposed to be the primary people to teach this truth to their children. Thus, the question comes to mind whether parents are able to do this? Therefore, the decision was made to look to baptismal catechesis to see if what is presented to parents are indeed enough to equip them for this important task. This research problem is seen in chapter 1 where the research method is also developed. Chapter 2 focuses on the purpose and value of catechesis in the lives of families as well as in congregations. Teaching is a very important part in faith formation. However, faith and Christian identity cannot only be taught. Believers should be guided to also experience faith in order that it can also be lived. In the third chapter the focus is on baptism itself as well as the meaning thereof. Firstly, the decision is made for baptism as a sacrament, rather than an ordination. Thereafter the theological meaning of baptism is described shortly. This chapter also explores how baptism contributes to faith formation. Chapter 4 explores practical ways in which parents can be obedient to their promises in terms of the covenant God made with their children. It is seen in this chapter that there are many difficulties that families are faced with each day. In chapter 5 the focus is on the empirical study that was conducted in the Dutch Reformed congregation Nelspruit-Westergloed. The adolescents in the confirmation class of 2015 and their parents took part in this qualitative study. The results confirm the validity of the research problem. Therefore a few suggestions are made in chapter 6 on how families can be guided to live with a better understanding of the meaning of baptism. / Elke jaar wat ‘n nuwe groep adolessente die belydenisjaar begin, word daar waargeneem dat sommige van hulle nie ‘n sterk gevestigde geloofsidentiteit het nie. Hierdie waarneming word bevestig in onder andere gesprekke wat met hulle oor die doop gevoer word. Die navorser vermoed dat baie ouers en adolessente ‘n beperkte verstaan van die doop het, daarom leef hul nie vanuit die beloftes wat die doop in hul lewe waarborg nie. Ouers is veronderstel om hul kinders hierdie waarheid te leer. Die vraag het dus ontstaan of ouers toegerus is om hul kinders hierin te onderrig? Daar is besluit om na te vors of doopkategese, wat veronderstel is om ouers toe te rus vir die taak, wel voldoende is hiervoor. Hierdie probleemstelling word in hoofstuk 1 beskryf en ‘n metode word geformuleer oor hoe die studie benader gaan word. In hoofstuk 2 is gekyk na die doel en waarde van kategese in gesinne en gemeentes. Lering is ‘n belangrike rol in mense se geloofsontwikkeling. Geloof, en daarmee dan ook ‘n Christelike identiteit, kan nie slegs geleer word nie. Gelowiges behoort daarom begelei te word om geloof ook te beleef en uiteindelik te leef. In die derde hoofstuk word aandag gegee aan die doop self en die betekenis daarvan. ‘n Uiteensetting word gegee van hoe die Gereformeerde tradisie na die doop kyk. Dit sluit eerstens in dat gekies word om die doop as sakrament te sien, wat beteken God handel in die doop. Verder word die teologiese betekenis van die doop kortliks beskryf. Hier word ook aandag geskenk aan hoe die doop bydra tot identiteitsvorming by gelowiges. In hoofstuk 4 word meer prakties gekyk na hoe ouers hul verbondsverantwoordelikhede behoort na te kom ten einde hulle kinders in geloofsontwikkeling te begelei. Daar is heelwat struikelblokke en uitdagings wat gesinne op hierdie pad beleef. Die empiriese navorsing word in hoofstuk 5 weergegee. Die navorsing is kwalitatief gedoen deur gesprekke wat met NG Nelspruit-Westergloed se belydenisgroep van 2015 en hul ouers gevoer is. Die resultate bevestig die geldigheid van die navorsingsprobleem. Dit beteken die kerk het ‘n ernstige taak op hande. In hoofstuk 6 word enkele suggesties gemaak oor hoe gesinne begelei kan word om met ‘n sterker bewustheid vanuit die doop se betekenis te leef. / Mini Dissertation (MTh)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Practical Theology / MTh / Unrestricted

In the Dutch Reformed Church (NGK), as well as in other reformed churches, confirmation is an important mile stone in every person's life: It is when young people (or new members) can make a public (re) commitment to God. In this study, the researcher proposes a new way of thinking about confirmation as a liturgical transitional ritual (rite of passage). The research questions in the study are: o During which transitional life phase will confirmation be best suitable and meaningful? o What liturgical praxis theory and key points can be given to help a liturgist to make sense and present this liturgical ritual as transitional ritual? These research questions are approached by studying the question from different probes in the various chapters: a liturgical probe, a psychological and anthropological probe, a transitional (rites of passage) ritual probe, as well as an anthropological theological probe on faith formation. The researcher proposes a liturgy practice theory with key points to keep in mind when planning the liturgical ritual confirmation. In addition, she suggested that confirmation takes place during the transition phase to emerging adulthood. However, the reader will conclude from the different probes and summary of the study that there are more: more transitions, more life phases and more transitional rites and commitments that we can do in the DRC (as well as other reformed churches). / Dissertation (MTh)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns / Practical Theology / MTh / Unrestricted

Thesis advisor: Sara Moorman / Thesis advisor: Eve Spangler / This research project explores the narratives of how and when young Black people came to understand their race, as well as the implications of it. In order to expand upon the existing studies regarding racial realization and provide specific stories of such instances, qualitative interviews with nine Black people (ages 18-22) were conducted. The upbringings of these young Black people were analyzed in depth in order to provide insight to different types of racial socialization. It was found that both colorblind upbringings and non-colorblind upbringings that center individuals rather than systems of oppression are not helpful in the racial identity formation of young Black people. They both result in the perpetuation of the idea that racially marginalized people should modify their behavior. Additionally, this project exposes some of the reasons why racial realization is often a jarring experience for Black people in America, and in turn, expose some of the ways it can be less so. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Sociology.