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In 1952 Gamal Abdel Nasser and his clique of disaffected young officers launched ‘the Free Officer’s Coup,’ deposing the monarchy, overturning the parliamentary system, and launching a durable regime that defined the face of Egypt in the second half of the twentieth century. This thesis examines the relationship between Nasser and Egypt’s intellectuals, and takes preeminent writers Naguib Mahfouz and Yusuf Idris to reveal the social environment in which this relationship took place. The literary and historical evidence reveals a lively relationship of contestation, critique, accommodation, dependence, and acclamation. Promulgating reformist domestic policies and defiantly nationalist foreign policies, Nasser earned legitimization from intellectuals. His regime endeavored to establish hegemony over Egyptian civil society, an effort resisted and repulsed by intellectuals. Inspired by the most relevant theoretical literature on intellectuals, namely the work of Julien Benda, Antonio Gramsci, and Edward Said, this thesis reveals responsibilities and challenges faced by intellectuals everywhere.

Este trabalho enfoca dois romances egípcios traduzidos para o inglês: City of Love and Ashes, de Yusuf Idris, escrito em 1955 e publicado em 1956, e War in the Land of Egypt, de Yusuf al-Qa\'id, escrito em 1975 e publicado em Beirute em 1978. Ao tematizar a libertação nacional no centro da ação do enredo, ambos veicularam críticas ao regime militar instalado após o golpe de junho de 1952, mas por caminhos distintos. Enquanto a obra de Idris apresenta um enredo otimista que dispensa o exército e assim constitui uma espécie de história alternativa, o texto de al-Qa\'id levanta um ataque frontal às instituições estatais do país, mas termina por reforçar sua presença e mandato. A comparação dos dois romances expõe a complexidade política crescente que a existência prolongada do exército no poder representou para a intelectual crítica egípcia. / This work focuses on two Egyptian novels translated to English: City of Love and Ashes, by author Yusuf Idris, written in 1955 and published in 1956, and War in the Land of Egypt, by Yusuf al-Qa\'id, written in 1975 and published in Beirut in 1978. By framing national liberation at the core of the plot\'s action, both have aired criticisms of the military regime implemented by the coup of June 1952, but through distinct paths. While Idris\' work present an optimistic plot that foregoes the army and thus constitutes a sort of alternative history, al-Qa\'id\'s text deploys a frontal attack on the state institutions of the country, but ends up reinforcing its presence and mandate. The comparison of these two novels exposes the growing political complexity that the prolonged existence of the army in power represented to the Egyptian critical intelligentsia.

Este trabalho enfoca dois romances egípcios traduzidos para o inglês: City of Love and Ashes, de Yusuf Idris, escrito em 1955 e publicado em 1956, e War in the Land of Egypt, de Yusuf al-Qa\'id, escrito em 1975 e publicado em Beirute em 1978. Ao tematizar a libertação nacional no centro da ação do enredo, ambos veicularam críticas ao regime militar instalado após o golpe de junho de 1952, mas por caminhos distintos. Enquanto a obra de Idris apresenta um enredo otimista que dispensa o exército e assim constitui uma espécie de história alternativa, o texto de al-Qa\'id levanta um ataque frontal às instituições estatais do país, mas termina por reforçar sua presença e mandato. A comparação dos dois romances expõe a complexidade política crescente que a existência prolongada do exército no poder representou para a intelectual crítica egípcia. / This work focuses on two Egyptian novels translated to English: City of Love and Ashes, by author Yusuf Idris, written in 1955 and published in 1956, and War in the Land of Egypt, by Yusuf al-Qa\'id, written in 1975 and published in Beirut in 1978. By framing national liberation at the core of the plot\'s action, both have aired criticisms of the military regime implemented by the coup of June 1952, but through distinct paths. While Idris\' work present an optimistic plot that foregoes the army and thus constitutes a sort of alternative history, al-Qa\'id\'s text deploys a frontal attack on the state institutions of the country, but ends up reinforcing its presence and mandate. The comparison of these two novels exposes the growing political complexity that the prolonged existence of the army in power represented to the Egyptian critical intelligentsia.

Idris Bidlisi's Heşt Behişt is a history of the Ottoman empire written in Persian at the beginning of the sixteenth century. Although considered one of the most important historical works of its time, the work remains to date unedited and scarcely studied. The present work aims to make at least a part of Heşt Behişt available to modern scholarship, with particular focus on the times of the author's patron, the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II (1481-1512). The summarised translation (chapter Vll) of the eighth 'Book' of Heşt Behişt, devoted to Bayezid II's reign, provides the basis for further discussions on several issues relating to the period, including an investigation of the author's personal approach to his subject. The thesis begins with an outline of the historical background of the reign of Bayezid II (chapter I), followed by a brief account of the development of Ottoman historiography up to the appearance of Heşt Behişt (chapter II). The author, Idris Bidlisi, and Heşt Behişt itself are then introduced (chapters Ill and IV). The focus is subsequently turned to the reign of Bayezid II, with particular attention to two major issues of the period. The first relates to the civil strife between the new sultan and his brother Cem over succession to the throne, a series of events which marked the first two years of Bayezid II's reign and had a significant effect on the Ottoman empire's domestic and international politics for the next thirteen years until Cem's death in 1495 (chapter V). The second analytical chapter investigates the phenomenon of the Ottoman navy in the times of Bayezid II, under whose care the empire's naval forces were significantly expanded and upgraded, for the first time in Ottoman history achieving predominance in sea over their Christian counterparts (chapter VI). In the study of both these themes information and the results of modern scholarship are juxtaposed to the material found in Heşt Behişt, in an attempt to look into the historical knowledge of the period and disclose the chronicle's usefulness and contribution to modem research.

Dependent type theories are a kind of mathematical foundations investigated both for the formalisation of mathematics and for reasoning about programs. They are implemented as the kernel of many proof assistants and programming languages with proofs (Coq, Agda, Idris, Dedukti, Matita, etc). Dependent types allow to encode elegantly and constructively the universal and existential quantifications of higher-order logics and are therefore adapted for writing logical propositions and proofs. However, their usage is not limited to the area of pure logic. Indeed, some recent work has shown that they can also be powerful for driving the construction of programs. Using more precise types not only helps to gain confidence about the program built, but it can also help its construction, giving rise to a new style of programming called Type-Driven Development. However, one difficulty with reasoning and programming with dependent types is that proof obligations arise naturally once programs become even moderately sized. For example, implementing an adder for binary numbers indexed over their natural number equivalents naturally leads to proof obligations for equalities of expressions over natural numbers. The need for these equality proofs comes, in intensional type theories (like CIC and ML) from the fact that in a non-empty context, the propositional equality allows us to prove as equal (with the induction principles) terms that are not judgementally equal, which implies that the typechecker can't always obtain equality proofs by reduction. As far as possible, we would like to solve such proof obligations automatically, and we absolutely need it if we want dependent types to be use more broadly, and perhaps one day to become the standard in functional programming. In this thesis, we show one way to automate these proofs by reflection in the dependently typed programming language Idris. However, the method that we follow is independent from the language being used, and this work could be reproduced in any dependently-typed language. We present an original type-safe reflection mechanism, where reflected terms are indexed by the original Idris expression that they represent, and show how it allows us to easily construct and manipulate proofs. We build a hierarchy of correct-by-construction tactics for proving equivalences in semi-groups, monoids, commutative monoids, groups, commutative groups, semi-rings and rings. We also show how each tactic reuses those from simpler structures, thus avoiding duplication of code and proofs. Finally, and as a conclusion, we discuss the trust we can have in such machine-checked proofs.

Goal-Oriented Modelling Languages such as the Goal Requirements Language (GRL) have been used to reason about Design Patterns. However, the GRL is a general purpose modelling language that does not support concepts bespoke to the pattern domain. This thesis has investigated how advanced programming language techniques, namely Dependent Types and Domain Specific Languages, can be used to enhance the design and construction of Domain Specific Modelling languages (DSMLs), and apply the results to Design Pattern Engineering. This thesis presents Sif, a DSML for reasoning about design patterns as goal- oriented requirements problems. Sif presents modellers with a modelling language tailored to the pattern domain but leverages the GRL for realisation of the modelling constructs. Dependent types have influenced the design and implementation of Sif to provide correctness guarantees, and have led to the development of NovoGRL a novel extension of the GRL. A technique for DSML implementation called Types as (Meta) Modellers was developed in which the interpretation between a DSML and its host language is implemented directly within the type-system of the DSML. This provides correctness guarantees of DSML model instances during model construction. Models can only be constructed if and only if the DSML's type-system can build a valid representation of the model in the host language. This thesis also investigated design pattern evaluation, developing PREMES an evaluation framework that uses tailorable testing techniques to provide demonstrable reporting on pattern quality. Linking PREMES with Sif are: Freyja—an active pattern document schema in which Sif models are embedded within pattern documents; and Frigg—a tool for interacting with pattern documents. The proof-of-concept tools in this thesis demonstrate: machine enhanced interactions with design patterns; reproducible automation in the PREMES framework; and machine checking of pattern documents as Sif models. With the tooling and techniques presented, design pattern engineering can become a more rigorous, demonstrable, and machine checkable process.

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