La polyarthrite rhumatoïde (PR) est une maladie auto-immune inflammatoire. La PR touche les articulations jusqu'à les détruire. Elle est caractérisée par la présence d’anticorps anti protéines citrullinées (ACPA) mais l’auto-antigène n’est toujours pas connu. Dans cette maladie, l’implicationde l’immunité adaptative ne fait donc aucun doute mais le rôle de l’immunité innée reste encore flou. Le système du complément joue un rôle important dans l’immunité innée tout comme les récepteurs de type Toll (TLR) qui sont des récepteurs de celle-ci. C1q, par la reconnaissance des ses ligands, active une des voies du complément, la voie classique. Chez les patients atteints de PR, le complément est activé et un dépôt de C1q est retrouvé dans l’articulation. Le TLR9 reconnaît des ADN dérivés de bactéries ou de virus mais une expression à la surface des cellules pourrait conduire à la reconnaissance d’autres motifs comme les signaux de danger (DAMP). D’ailleurs, nous avons montré récemment qu’il existait un TLR9 exprimé à la surface des polynucléaires neutrophiles (PNN). Enfin, il a été mis en évidence récemment un nouveau mécanisme bactéricide effectué par les PNN : la formation de NET (neutrophil extracellular traps). Mais en dehors de leur rôle bactéricide, les NET ont été montrés comme pathogènes dans certaines maladies comme le lupus. Dans ce travail de thèse, je me suis intéressé à l’implication de ces acteurs, NET, C1q et TLR9 dans la PR. Nous avons montré que C1q est indispensable au développement de l’arthrite dans un modèle animal. Deplus, l’expression des récepteurs au C1q par les PNN et les monocytes est corrélée à l’activité de la maladie et à l’inflammation. Nous avons montré que les NET représentent une cible pour les ACPA (ce qui en fait des auto-antigènes potentiels dans la PR) et que ces NET sont immunogènes. L’immunogénicité des NET est modulée par C1q. Enfin, il semblerait que le TLR9 ait moinsd’importance dans l’arthrite. Par ce travail, nous avons montré l’importance du rôle joué parl’immunité innée dans la PR et ses modèles. / This thesis discusses the expression of pain in the discourse on “problematic” pregnancies (miscarriages, fœtal death, sudden infant death syndrome, in utero problems, disability, infertility, adoption, etc.). Our analysis is based on a collection of statements gathered from some 450 children’s gravestones, mainly from the 20th and 21st centuries in France, and a number of French publications from 1990 to 2013. These include the remembrance book of the ceremonies held in the Père Lachaise crematorium in Paris throughout 2010, the record books of three parents’ associations, some 20 works written by grieving parents, and extracts from discussion forums (on the Internet) on infertility and mourning a child. The study of this highly sensi-tive collection, which concerns mainly death and mourning a child, revealed numerous discursive strate-gies when analysed from several different perspectives: lexical, syntactic, stylistic and textual. By means of reported speech, metadiscourse taken from popular linguistics, language stereotypes, metaphors, pseudo-nymity, pre-formed discourse structures, truncations, and neology, the uttering agents studied manage to convey their suffering in a context replete with the doxa of acceptance, to give new meaning to words that could be wounding, to endure absence and to postpone the moment of separation. These elements under-line the active and creative role of the utterers, considered here as produsers, i.e. as being at once users and producers of linguistic forms. The results invalidate the stereotypical belief that the pain linked with the death of a child is indescribable, unutterable, and supports the hypothesis of the analgesic virtues of discourse.

Thesis (PhD(N.T.)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 292-330).

This thesis contributes to the ongoing conversation on at-risk youth intervention programs as a site of struggle for, resistance to, and negotiation of the cultural politics of youth. Thinking with Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of practice, particularly his concepts of doxa and field, I pose new questions that trouble youth as truth to suggest an alternate way of imagining youth as a struggle. A case study of one at-risk youth intervention program serves to make visible the ways in which historical and political narratives of youth(s) and truth(s) inform, pressure, constrain, shape at-risk youth intervention programs by implicitly defining and redefining the problem, prescribing the solution, recommending best practice, and works to draw connections between youth(s), truth(s), and social space.

This thesis contributes to the ongoing conversation on at-risk youth intervention programs as a site of struggle for, resistance to, and negotiation of the cultural politics of youth. Thinking with Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of practice, particularly his concepts of doxa and field, I pose new questions that trouble youth as truth to suggest an alternate way of imagining youth as a struggle. A case study of one at-risk youth intervention program serves to make visible the ways in which historical and political narratives of youth(s) and truth(s) inform, pressure, constrain, shape at-risk youth intervention programs by implicitly defining and redefining the problem, prescribing the solution, recommending best practice, and works to draw connections between youth(s), truth(s), and social space.

Texte remanié de: Mémoire de DEA--Langue française--Paris 4, 2005. / Bibliogr. p. 195-219.

Abortion remains a contentious issue, which greatly raises ethical problems. This thesis examines the leading arguments in the Swedish abortion debate around the – in terms of legislation – critical years of 1938 and 1974. With Foucault's genealogical method, Butler's theories of gender as a social construction in relation to power and doxa, the study examines what the development of the argumentation says about the views on morality, the woman's body, life, individual and state? How has the arguments pro and against abortion changed over time and what does this say about the norms that guide and orientate the arguments? The most obvious change in argumentation is seen in the shift from an absolute moral and conservative position into an increasingly relativistic and liberal position, and this study will argue that this shift has its prerequisites in the changing status of the citizen and state. Yet, despite these developments, a moral ambivalence can be discerned in the arguments advanced in favour of the right to abortion. The question of what life is grievable and when this occurs is constantly negotiated. This constant negotiation is modulated and modified by different discourses. As this study shows, the absolutistic and the relativistic discourse gives rise to radically different positions. But while the relativistic discourse once radicalized the discussion on abortion, mainly because it served to relativize an absolutist position, it serves radically other purposes today. The subjectivist stance could even be seen to threaten individual’s right to self-determination over their own bodies.

Thesis (Ph.D.(N.T.)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 255-284)

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The aim of this qualitative study was to examine and understand how teachers see and handle the signs of child poverty within a classroom context. The paper is based on an interview study involving 8 teachers in 2 Swedish schools for children between the ages of 6 to 12 years old. Poverty is a complex word and there are many definitions of it. What do teachers interpret as signs of child poverty in the school context? How do they act when they think it’s necessary to protect a child from being affected by it, and how can we understand their choice of action with the help of action theory? We discovered that the teachers notice different things as signs of child poverty, and they all react in both different and similar ways. But one thing do they have in common: They discuss neither the signs nor their actions with each other. They act mainly on basis of individual choices and opinions, even though they are a part of a larger context in the school organization.

The ontoepistemological schema of the Line”. The aim of this paper is to prove how the Line, which Plato introduces to clarify what he understands by philosophers and philosophy, constitutes an interesting but entirely inadequate model according to the author himself. The paper also shows how even in this context Plato’s statements should never be taken in an absolute and simple manner. It particularly makes clear the ambivalence of the judgment concerning doxa; also, it highlights the fact that even when opposing philosophers and philodoxos, Plato emphasizes the limits of human knowledge. A distinction between what is and is true in itself and what is and is true for us arises. This ambivalence reaches its climax when the posiblity of knowing the Idea of the Good is discussed. Finally, issues such as the equal longitude of the two central segments of the Line or the relationship between them, will be pondered, considering that the Line turns out to be methodically different from the images of the Sun and the Cave, since it proposes a mathematical type of diagram. Furthermore, there will be a brief final allusion to the relationship between the Line and the Cave. / En este texto se trata de demostrar cómo la Línea, que Platón pone en juego para aclarar lo que entiende por filósofos y filosofía, constituye un modelo interesante pero del todo inadecuado en opinión del mismo autor. Se muestra, asimismo, cómo también en este contexto no se debe nunca tomar las afirmaciones platónicas de un modo simple y absoluto. En particular, se hace patente la ambivalencia del juicio sobre la doxa; además, se destaca el hecho de que también en el momento de oponer filósofos a filodoxos, Platón hace hincapié en los límites del conocimiento humano. Surge una distinción entre lo que es y es verdadero en sí y lo que es y es verdadero para nosotros. Esta ambivalencia llega a su máximo punto cuando se habla de la posibilidad de conocer la Idea del Bien. Finalmente, teniendo en cuenta que la Línea resulta metódicamente diferente a las imágenes del Sol y la Caverna porque propone un diagrama de tipo matemático, se discutirán asuntos como la igual longitud de los dos segmentos centrales o la relación que estos segmentos guardan entre sí. simismo, se hará una breve alusión final a la relación de la Línea con la Caverna.