Illegitimate child is commonly referred to as ¡§bastard,¡¨ which contains the implication of discrimination and original sin from social viewpoint. As far as law is concerned, private law doesn¡¦t provide protection for the rights of illegitimate children, whose mothers are therefore forced to file for compulsory recognition without considering consensus and depreciation to ensure their rights, and this is exactly the canker that ¡§Martial Presumption System,¡¨ which is worth further exploration. As for research method, historical method, comparative method, and citation analysis method and so on are adopted herein so as to cover domestic traditional system as well as foreign system. Furthermore, domestic scholars¡¦ articles on relevant issues are herein analyzed to seek protection for children on Constitution. Laws concerning illegitimate children falls into the category of private Law, for the aspects of relatives and inheritance are relate to legislative system and compulsory regulations which are beyond the governing of private autonomy. Additionally, the regulations of citizen¡¦s basic rights are not stipulated in detail and specifically on Constitution and must be supplemented by Civil Law. Nevertheless, in the respect of illegitimate children¡¦ rights, Civil Law obviously fails to reinforce the regulations of basic rights provided on Constitution. Therefore, it¡¦s a necessity to have it discussed at equal level of Constitution. This essay then focus on protection for children on Constitution and therefore adopts human dignity, personality right, family right, equity, property right, and litigation right recorded on Constitution to build the principal structure and study the protection for the rights of ¡§illegitimate¡¨ children on Constitution. Classifying children into legitimate children and illegitimate children will not only cause confusions in Civil Law system, but convert law into a means to discriminate illegitimate children and then result in public rights impracticable in law. As a result, amendment drafts are proposed herein, taking the abolishment of martial presumption system as the main idea that enables children whether whose parents got married or not to enjoy equal rights with the assistance of children¡¦s rights protection to enable Taiwan¡¦s parent-child relationship to compete with advanced nations.

The following study aims to examine the infant mortality in Kronoberg county in southern Sweden during four intervals 1820–1840, 1860–1880, 1900–1920 and 1930–1949, and thereby during the three latter stages of the demographic transition. The empirical data has been obtained from the region's central town, Växjö, and 16 different parishes on the countryside. As stated, the main issue is to study the development of infant mortality, but also to investigate whether there was any regional variation and whether the mortality was higher among the illegitimate children. The results show that infant mortality decreased from 173 to 35 per mille and that the urban parts of the study area initially had the highest mortality, but until the last interval it was lo­west in the urban environment. The highest infant mortality rate was observed among those born out of wedlock, which also declined from 262 to 65 per thousand throughout the studied periods.

Le droit français est confronté à des normes d'inspiration musulmane depuis l'arrivée en France de nombreuses personnes ressortissantes des pays musulmans anciennement colonisés par la France. Cette rencontre du droit français avec le droit musulman est réelle car le droit international privé soumet les questions relatives à l'état des personnes à la loi nationale. Malgré la tendance actuelle du droit international privé français qui favorise la compétence de la loi française par rapport au droit étranger, les règles de conflit françaises relatives à la filiation ne sont pas hostiles au droit étranger. Le juge français est donc confronté au modèle musulman de filiation fondée cumulativement sur le mariage et sur le lien du sang. Les conséquences de ce modèle posent certaines difficultés notamment l'exclusion de la filiation naturelle et l'interdiction de l'adoption. Ces prohibitions musulmanes sont comprises comme étant en décalage avec l'évolution du droit français de la filiation qui a abandonné la distinction filiation naturelle et filiation légitime. Cette thèse propose une vision à la fois originale et authentique du droit musulman de la filiation pouvant ouvrir la voie à une réception positive de ce droit souvent présenté comme irrémédiablement opposé au droit français. / The French law is confronted with standards of Muslim inspiration since the arrival in France of numerous people nationals of the Muslim countries formerly colonized by France. This meeting of the French law with the right(straight) Muslim is real because the private international law submits the questions relative to the state of the people in the national law. In spite of the current trend(tendency) of the French deprived international law which favors the skill(competence) of the French law with regard to(compared with) the right(straight) foreigner(foreign countries), the French rules(rulers) of conflict relative to the filiation are not hostile to the right(straight) foreigner(foreign countries).he French judge is thus confronted with the Muslim model of filiation based(established) concurrently on the marriage and on the blood relationship. The consequences of this model put certain difficulties in particular the exclusion from the natural filiation and the ban on the adoption. These Muslim prohibitions are understood(included) as being out of step with the evolution of the French law of the filiation which abandoned(gave up) the distinction natural filiation and justifiable filiation. This thesis(theory) proposes a vision at the same time original and authentic of the right(straight) Muslim of the filiation which can open the way to a positive reception of this right(law) often presented as irreparably opposite(opposed) to the French law.

Cette étude est un essai de développer la méthode ego-écologique, dans le champs de la psychologie sociale-clinique. Nous-nous référons à une analyse de contenu qualitative. Notre approche s’ancre au point de rencontre des approches postpositivistes et socio-cognitives avec les théories des Symboles de Jung et des images de Desoille. Il n’est point de lieu plus propice que pour cette rencontre que le champ de la biographie du sujet, parce que le matériaux biographique jette un point entre l’imagination et l’intellect, l’individuel et le social le discours et l’action, à travers d’une part les symboles des mots-images et d’autre part l’interaction symbolique entre chercheur et sujet de la recherche, dont elle est le produit. Notre objectif est de montrer pourquoi et comment cette partialité des techniques analytiques peut être surmontée en replaçant la fonction symboliste dans la méthode ego-écologique à travers le protocole de recherche d’une adolescente née hors mariage. Ce travail se structure en quatre parties et en plus les annexes. La première partie est consacrée des trois directions théoriques : l’ego-écologie, les théories des symboles/images et l’approche biographique. En deuxième partie nous étudions trois groupes par l’ego-écologie et la méthode biographique : la mère célibataire, la famille d’accueil et les enfants naturels. La troisième partie est consacrée aux conclusions générales et la quatrième partie présente la bibliographie. La méthode d’analyse de contenu du matériaux biographique fonctionnait chez les sujets, comme une catharsis émotionnelle, en créant des conditions plus favorables leur permettant de faire face à leurs problèmes psychosociaux. / This study its an essay to develop the ego-ecology identity method, an content analysis on the field of Social-Clinical Psychology. Our investigation treats the issues of post-positivist and socio-cognitive approaches under a point of view of the theories of Ego-ecology. Jung symbols and Desoille’s images. The field of biography approach is a convenient moment to joint with, because the biographical material bridges over imagination and intelligence, individual and social, discourse and action, though on the one hand of the symbolism between words/images and on the other hand of the symbolic interaction between investigator/individual, that is the product. Our objective will be why and how this partial analytical techniques could be surmount replaced the symbolic function of the ego-ecology method, through the protocol of an illegitimate adolescent.. The structure of this work has been divided into four parts and the annexes. On the first part is consecrated to the three central theoretical directions: the ego-ecology, the theories of symbols/images and the biographical one. On the second part we search three social groups adopted on three conditions through the methods of ego-ecology and biography: the unmarried mother, the foster family and the illegitimate children living in an institution. On the third part we present the general conclusions and on the fourth part are presented the references. The proposed content analysis technique through the critical view of the subjects themselves, provides the respondents through their biography life course in a therapeutic way towards self-observation and self-analysis.

Text in Afrikaans, abstract in English / Writer investigates the constitutionality of section 18(4)(d) of the Child Care Act 74 of 1983 against the backdrop of the South African common law and the common law of comparative legal systems. In the South Africa law the mother of an illegitimate child has guardianship. The natural father does not have parental power which weakens his legal position. In analysing the judgement of the Constitutional Court, writer criticises the court for stating that in the case of a newborn baby the kind of discrimination which section 18( 4 )( d) authorises against a natural father may be justifiable in the initial period after the child is born. The constitutional position of the natural father in American jurisprudence is discussed at length. Writer concludes that the natural father has to take positive steps to vest a right to be heard in an adoption application. Proposals for legal reform are also made. / Private Law / LL. M. (Law)

Text in Afrikaans, abstract in English / Writer investigates the constitutionality of section 18(4)(d) of the Child Care Act 74 of 1983 against the backdrop of the South African common law and the common law of comparative legal systems. In the South Africa law the mother of an illegitimate child has guardianship. The natural father does not have parental power which weakens his legal position. In analysing the judgement of the Constitutional Court, writer criticises the court for stating that in the case of a newborn baby the kind of discrimination which section 18( 4 )( d) authorises against a natural father may be justifiable in the initial period after the child is born. The constitutional position of the natural father in American jurisprudence is discussed at length. Writer concludes that the natural father has to take positive steps to vest a right to be heard in an adoption application. Proposals for legal reform are also made. / Private Law / LL. M. (Law)