This dissertation investigates microstructure/property relations in ultrahigh carbon steel (UHCS) with the aim of improving toughness while retaining high hardness. Due to high C contents (ranging from 1 to 2 wt%), UHCS exhibit high strength, hardness, and wear resistance. Despite this, applications for UHCS are currently limited because they typically contain a continuous network of proeutectoid cementite that greatly reduces ductility and toughness. In previous research, thermomechanic processing had seen considerable success in breaking up the network. However, the processing is difficult and has thus far seen very limited industrial application. Chemical modification of the steel composition has also seen some success in network break-up, but is still not well understood. There have been relatively few fundamental studies of microstructure evolution in UHCS; studies in the literature typically focused on lower C steels (up to 1 wt% C) or on cast irons (>2.1 wt% C). Thus, this work was undertaken to gain a better understanding of microstructural changes that occur during heat treatment and/or chemical modification of UHCS with a focus on the distribution of proeutectoid cementite within the microstructure. This dissertation is composed of eight chapters. The first chapter presents an introduction to phases found in UHCS, descriptions of research materials used in each chapter, and the hypotheses and objectives guiding the work. The second chapter describes a study of the microstructure found in a 2C-4Cr UHCS before and after an industrial-scale austenitizating heat treatment that increased hardness and toughness and also produced discrete carbide particles in the matrix. The third chapter establishes and demonstrates a metric for measuring connectivity in carbide networks. The fourth chapter describes a series of heat treatments designed to investigate kinetics of spheroidization and coarsening of carbide particles and denuded zones near cementite network branches in 2C-4Cr UHCS. The fifth chapter describes an additional series of heat treatments comparing coarsening kinetics in 2C-1Cr and 2C-4Cr UHCS. Lowering the Cr content caused clustering of cementite particles near grain boundaries, in contrast to the denuded zones observed in the higher Cr UHCS. The fifth chapter details four in situ confocal laser scanning microscopy heat treatments of 2C-4Cr UHCS. The seventh chapter investigates the effects of a 2wt% Nb addition on 2C-4Cr UHCS. The eighth and final chapter summarizes the findings of all the experiments of the previous chapters and revisits the objectives and conclusions.

No description available.

[pt] As pelotas de minério de ferro são uma das principais matérias-primas, juntamente com o minério granulado e o sínter, do processo de fabricação do aço. São produzidas pelo processo de pelotização, aproveitando a parcela ultrafina do minério, que antes era considerada rejeito do processo de beneficiamento. A porosidade gerada no processo de fabricação das pelotas é uma importante característica do material, pois permite o fluxo interno de gases, aumentando a sua redutibilidade e consequentemente a eficiência do processo. Por outro lado, a porosidade afeta a resistência física das pelotas, que precisam suportar todos os esforços sofridos durante as operações de manuseio, transporte e dos processos metalúrgicos. Dessa forma, a quantidade, tamanho, forma e a distribuição espacial dos poros são características importantes no controle de qualidade das pelotas, que são produzidas em grande escala e vem ganhando cada vez mais importância nas usinas siderúrgicas. Tradicionalmente, as técnicas analíticas mais utilizadas na caracterização da porosidade desses materiais são porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio (PIM) e microscopia ótica (MO). A PIM só permite avaliar poros que estão conectados à superfície, além de utilizar o mercúrio que é um material volátil e tóxico, que oferece riscos ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana. A MO é limitada ao espaço bidimensional, podendo trazer informações pouco representativas. Ambas as técnicas são destrutivas, podendo degradar o material no processo de preparação e também impossibilitando análises posteriores numa mesma amostra. O presente trabalho propõe desenvolver uma metodologia de caracterização tridimensional de porosidade em pelotas de minério de ferro, envolvendo a técnica de microtomografia de raios X (MicroCT) e análise de imagens, a fim de estudar separadamente os diferentes tipos de poros (abertos e fechados), e comparar com as técnicas clássicas citadas anteriormente. Foram utilizadas 25 amostras cedidas pela Vale, analisadas Augusto, Karen Soares; Paciornik, Sidnei. Microtomografia Computadorizada de Raios X Aplicada à Caracterização de Porosidade em Pelotas de Minério de Ferro. Rio de Janeiro, 2016. 156p. Tese de Doutorado – Departamento de Engenharia Química e de Materiais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro. primeiramente por MicroCT e posteriormente por PIM ou MO. Para tentativas de otimização, foram testados alguns parâmetros de análise em MicroCT, tais como o uso de lentes, diferentes configurações geométricas dos dispositivos que compõem o equipamento e número de projeções, que afetam diretamente a resolução e o tempo de análise. Comparou-se os resultados obtidos em MicroCT com os obtidos por PIM e MO, em amostras equivalentes, observando-se valores menores de porosidade para a técnica de MicroCT, devido à pior resolução do sistema. Porém, a metodologia apresentada foi capaz de quantificar a porosidade aberta e fechada separadamente, descrever a distribuição espacial, além de medir tamanho e forma, dos poros. / [en] Iron ore pellets are one of the major iron-bearing raw materials, along with lump ore and sinter, for the steelmaking processes. Pellets are produced from ultrafine fractions of iron ores, which were previously considered as tailings of mineral beneficiation. The porosity generated during the pelletizing process is an important characteristic of the material because it allows internal gas flow, increasing its reducibility and consequently the process efficiency. On the other hand, the porosity affects the physical strength of the pellets, which must withstand all loads during handling operations, transportation and metallurgical processes. Thus, the amount, size, shape and spatial distribution of pores are important features for the pellet quality control. Traditionally, most analytical techniques used to characterize the porosity of pellets are mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and optical microscopy (OM). Nevertheless, MIP allows evaluating only pores connected to the surface, in addition mercury is volatile and toxic, offering risks to the environment and human health. OM, in turn, is limited to two-dimensional space and can reveal unrepresentative information. Both techniques are destructive and consequently prevent further analysis of the same sample. The present work proposes the development of a methodology for the tridimensional characterization of the porosity in iron ore pellets through X-ray microtomography (MicroCT) and image analysis in order to separately determine the different types of pores (open and closed). 25 samples provided by the Vale mining company were first analyzed by MicroCT and then by MIP or OM. For optimization purposes, some operating parameters of MicroCT were tested, such as the use of lenses, different geometric configurations, and the number of projections, which directly affect the obtained image resolution and the analysis time. Comparing the results obtained in MicroCT with the results obtained by MIP and OM in equivalent samples, smaller porosity measurements were observed for MicroCT, due to the poorer resolution of the system. However, this methodology has been able to separately quantify the open and closed porosity, to describe the spatial distribution of pores, and to measure their size and shape.

Dans le but d'étudier le comportement mécanique du combustible nucléaire dans un scénario de stockage direct à long terme, des polycristaux d'UO2 sont implantés en ions Hélium dans une fine couche surfacique (environ 1 µm), induisant des déformations. Ces déformations sont mesurées, à l'échelle des grains, par micro-diffraction des rayons X, en utilisant un rayonnement synchrotron (ESRF). Des méthodes d'analyse d'images sont développées pour traiter automatiquement le grand nombre de clichés de diffraction. Le développement d'outils statistiques permet de détecter des clichés problématiques et d'améliorer la précision de l'analyse. Pour des faibles profondeurs d'implantation, l'interaction mécanique entre les grains peut être négligée. Les résultats expérimentaux peuvent être approchés par un modèle mécanique simple. À plus grandes profondeurs, les résultats expérimentaux montrent une plus grande interaction mécanique aux joints de grain qui peut être modélisée par éléments finis. Des outils de géostatistique ont été utilisés pour quantifier ces interactions. Le gonflement et les constantes élastiques de la couche implantée peuvent être ajustés à travers les déformations mesurées sur un grand nombre de grains d'orientations différentes. Ces études permettent de déterminer le gonflement du combustible nucléaire en conditions d'irradiation, ainsi que les modifications de ses propriétés élastiques / In order to study the mechanical behavior of nuclear fuel during direct long term storage, UO2 polycrystals were implanted with Helium ions at a thin surface layer (1 µm approximately), which leads to stress and strain fields in the layer. Strains were measured, at the grains scale, by X-ray micro-diffraction, using synchrotron radiation (ESRF). Image analysis methods were developed for an automatic analysis of the large number of diffraction patterns. Applying statistical tools to Laue patterns allows an automatic detection of low quality images, and enhances the measurement precision. At low layer thickness, the mechanical interaction between grains can be neglected. At higher thickness, experimental results showed a higher mechanical interaction near grain boundaries that can be modeled using finite elements method. Geostatistical tools were used to quantify these interactions. The swelling and the elastic constants in the implanted layer can be estimated through the measured strains on a large number of grains with different orientations. This work allows the determination of the swelling of nuclear fuel in irradiation conditions, as well as the modification of its elastic properties

No description available.

Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, presence of hyperglycemia, and/or insulin resistance confer cardiovascular risk, particularly for diastolic dysfunction. Diabetes is associated with elevated myocardial norepinephrine (NE) content, enhanced sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, altered resting heart rate, and depressed heart rate variability. Positron emission tomography (PET) using the NE analogue [11C]meta-hydroxyephedrine ([11C]HED) provides an index of myocardial sympathetic neuronal integrity at the NE reuptake transporter (NET). The hypothesis of this project is that (i) hyperglycemia imparts heightened sympathetic tone and NE release, leading to abnormal sympathetic neuronal function in the hearts of diabetic rats, and (ii) these abnormalities may be reversed or prevented by treatments to normalize glycemia. Sprague Dawley rats were rendered insulin resistant by high fat feeding and diabetic by a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ). Diabetic rats were treated for 8 weeks with insulin, metformin or rosiglitazone, starting from either 1 week (prevention) or 8 weeks (reversal) after STZ administration. Sympathetic neuronal integrity was evaluated longitudinally by [11C]HED PET. Echocardiography measures of systolic and diastolic function were completed at serial timepoints. Plasma NE levels were evaluated serially and expression of NET and β-adrenoceptors were tested at the terminal endpoints. Diabetic rats exhibited a 52-57% reduction of [11C]HED standardized uptake value (SUV) at 8 weeks after STZ, with a parallel 2.5-fold elevation of plasma NE and a 17-20% reduction in cardiac NET expression. These findings were confirmed by ex vivo biodistribution studies. Transmitral pulse wave Doppler echocardiography established an extension of mitral valve deceleration time and elevated early to atrial velocity ratio, suggesting diastolic dysfunction. Subsequent treatment with insulin but not metformin restored glycemia, reduced plasma NE by 50%, normalized NET expression, and recovered [11C]HED SUV towards non-diabetic age-matched control. Diastolic dysfunction in these rats persisted. By contrast, early treatment with insulin, metformin, or rosiglitazone delayed the progression of diastolic dysfunction, but had no effect on elevated NE and reduced [11C]HED SUV in diabetic rats, potentially owing to a latent decrease in blood glucose. In conclusion, diabetes is associated with heightened circulating and tissue NE levels which can be effectively reversed by lowering glycemia with insulin. Noninvasive interrogation of sympathetic neuronal integrity using [11C]HED PET may have added value in the stratification of cardiovascular risk among diabetic patients and in determining the myocardial effects of glycemic therapy.

This thesis is focused on communication strategy of the Siemens company with emphasis on the communication activities of the Czech companies of the Siemens group and on the particular marketing campaign. The theoretical part explains the term "communication strategy" and describes the process of marketing communication and various models referring to the marketing communication. Furthermore, it characterizes particular tools of the communication mix and also deals with marketing research. The practical part provides general information about the Siemens company and a description of the communication activities of the company which are focused on the increase of the brand knowledge and strenghtening of the company image. This part also deals with the changes in the communication strategy after 2003 and the characterization of the Czech marketing campaign "We Like Being In the Czech Republic". The evaluation of the effects of the performed changes and the marketing campaign for the image of the Siemens company is the content of the final chapter. This evaluation results from the findings of the image analyses carried out by an independent research agency.

M.A. / The dissertation topic is the comparison of pixel-based and object-oriented image analysis approaches for camouflaged object detection research. A camouflage field trial experiment was conducted during 2004. For the experiment, 11 military vehicles were deployed along a tree line and in an open field. A subset of the vehicles was deployed with a variety of experimental camouflage nets and a final subset was left uncovered. The reason for deploying the camouflaged objects in the open without the use of camouflage principals was to create a baseline for future measurements. During the next experimental deployment, the camouflaged targets will be deployed according to camouflage principals. It must be emphasised that this is an experimental deployment and not an operational deployment. Unobstructed entity panels were also deployed and served as calibration entities. During the trial, both airborne (colour aerial photography) and space borne (multi-spectral QuickBird) imagery were acquired over the trial sites, and extensive calibration and ground truthing activities were conducted in support of these acquisitions. This study further describes the processing that was done after acquisition of the datasets. The goal is to determine which classification techniques are the most effective in the detection of camouflaged objects. This will also show how well or poor the SANDF camouflage nets and paint potentially perform against air and space based sensors on the one hand and classification techniques on the other. Using this information, DPSS can identify the nets and paints that need to be investigated for future enhancements (e.g. colour selection, colour combinations, base material, camouflage patterns, entity shapes, entity textures, etc.). The classification techniques to be used against SANDF camouflaged objects will also give an indication of their performance against camouflaged advesarial forces in the future.

M.Ing. / Globally, hazardous weather phenomena such as violent storms, oods, cyclones, tornadoes, snow and hail contribute to signi cant annual xed property damages, loss of movable property and loss of life. The majority of global natural disasters are related to hydro-meteorological events. Hazardous storms are destructive and pose a threat to life and property. Forecasting, monitoring and detecting hazardous storms are complex and demanding tasks, that are however essential. In this study automatic hazardous weather detection utilizing remotely sensed meteorological data has been investigated. Image processing techniques have been analyzed and applied to multispectral meteorological satellite image data obtained from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) instruments on-board the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) geostationary meteorological satellites Meteosat-8 and Meteosat-9. The primary focus of this study is the detection of potentially hazardous hydrometeorological phenomena in South Africa. A methodology for detecting potentially hazardous storms over South Africa using meteorological satellite imagery from MSG/SEVIRI is presented. An index indicative of the hazardous potential of a storm is de ned to aid in the identi cation of a ected geographical areas and to quantify the destructive potential of the detected storm. The Hazardous Potential Index (HPI) is generated through the use of image processing techniques such as cloud masking, cloud tracking and an image-based analysis of the constituent elements of a severe convective storm. A retrospective review was performed with respect to 20 case studies of documented storms which had adversely a ected areas of South Africa. A red-green-blue (RGB) composite image analysis technique, that may be utilized in the identi cation of severe convective storms using SEVIRI image data, was also applied to these case studies.

L'augmentation des dimensions des éoliennes est nécessaire pour réduire le coût du rendement énergétique des parcs éoliens. L'optimisation de ces structures est liée aux renforts fibreux qu'elles utilisent. La rigidité des pâles d'éoliennes provient des longerons en composites monolithiques mis en forme à partir de renforts NCF (« Non-Crimp Fabrics ») unidirectionnels et de résine thermodurcissable. Les renforts se présentent sous forme d'empilement de deux couches (0° et+/- 80°) cousues dans l'épaisseur par un fil polyester. La structure fibreuse, contrôlée par les paramètres de conception, influence les liens de causes à effets entre les paramètres de conception et les performances du renfort et du composite. Il est donc nécessaire d'optimiser les composites pour leur application. Trois paramètres de conception sont étudiés pour établir ces liens : la longueur de couture, le dessin de couture et la masse linéique de la trame. Ces liens sont dévoilés par la mise en relation de données morphologiques issues d'analyse d'images du renfort sec et du composite avec les propriétés macroscopiques déterminées par le biais de moyens expérimentaux. Ces derniers permettent notamment de déterminer le tenseur de perméabilité hydraulique des renforts ainsi que les propriétés élastiques des composites. Il apparait que chacun des paramètres étudiés influence l'hétérogénéité des composites. Cette caractéristique est favorable pour le procédé d'infusion mais affecte la tenue en fatigue des longerons. L'optimisation des renforts NCF pour leur application requiert donc d'établir un compromis. Une autre solution consisterait à permettre une évolution de la morphologie du composite lors de la mise en forme, pour passer d'un renfort sec hétérogène à un composite homogène en terme de fraction volumique de fibre. / The energetic pricing of windmills involves the production cost of wind turbines and theirlifespan. Increasing the performances of these structures comes with an increase of the bladesdimensions. The spar caps of the latters, providing the strength to the blades, are made ofunidirectional glass fiber reinforcement known as NCF (Non-Crimp Fabrics). They involve two layers ofspecific orientations (0° and +/- 80°) stitched together. The architecture formed by the reinforcement isdependent on the design parameters which control the performance, on the fabric during the infusionprocess, and on the composite in the final structure. Therefore, the optimization of the NCF for thewindmill application is controlled by the design parameters. Three parameters (the stitch length, thestitch pattern and the weft Tex) are studied in order to establish the links morphology / process andmorphology / mechanical performances. Experimental investigations are undertaken to determine boththe hydraulic permeability tensor of the fabrics and the elastic properties of their composite. Thesemacroscopic properties are related to the morphology determined using images analysis technics. It isdemonstrated that each of the design parameters impacts the heterogeneity of the composite. Highheterogeneity allows improving the performance during the infusion process while reducing themechanical one. The optimization of the NCF using the design parameters requires setting acompromise in the heterogeneity of the architecture formed by the reinforcement. Another solutionwould consist in allowing the morphology to evolve during the infusion process, to go from an openstructure that eases the flow to a homogeneous structure safer for the windmill application.