The title compound, C14H12N2O4, is nearly planar with a dihedral angle between the aromatic rings of 1.41 (8)°. The phenolic O atom is deprotonated and the N atom of the azomethine unit carries the proton, thereby forming an intra­molecular N—H...O hydrogen bond. In the crystal, the mol­ecules form inversion dimers via pairwise O—H...O hydrogen bonds.

Aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften und möglicher Anwendungen werden Siliciumkomplexe mit O,N,O´-Ligandsystemen in der Literatur beschrieben. Jedoch fehlen bisher Untersuchungen zur Strukturaufklärung. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zahlreiche Silicium-, Germanium- und Zinnkomplexe mit chiralen O,N,O´-Liganden synthetisiert und strukturanalytisch charakterisiert. Dazu wurden die Liganden durch Kondensationsreaktionen von enantiomerenreinen Aminosäuren mit aromatischen ortho-Hydroxyaldehyden bzw. Acetylaceton hergestellt. Die weitere Umsetzung der Liganden mit Elementhalogeniden der Gruppe 14 führte zu den angestrebten Komplexverbindungen. Alle hergestellten Verbindungen wurden umfassend charakterisiert (NMR-, UV/Vis-, IR-Spektroskopie, Elementaranalyse, Einkristallstrukturanalyse, Drehwert). Quantenchemische Berechnungen an einfachen Modellverbindungen sowie an hergestellten Silicium- und Zinnkomplexen führten zu einem grundlegenden Verständnis der Festkörper-NMR-Parameter dieser Verbindungsklasse.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Siliciumkomplexe mit dianionischen Pyrrol-2-carbaldimin-funktionalisierten N,N,O- und N,N,N,N-Chelatliganden synthetisiert und kristallografisch, NMR- und UV/Vis-spektroskopisch und mittels quantenchemischer Berechnungen charakterisiert. Die pentakoordinierten Si-Komplexe mit N,N,O-Ligandrückgraten wiesen in Abhängigkeit von den weiteren Si-gebundenen Substituenten unterschiedlich konfigurierte verzerrt trigonal-bipyramidale Si-Koordinationssphären auf. Die Ursache der Farbigkeit dieser Verbindungen konnte mittels quantenchemischer Berechnungen detailliert erklärt werden. – Die Si-Komplexe mit N,N,N,N-Ligandrückgraten liegen in Abhängigkeit von den weiteren Si-gebundenen Substituenten als 5-fach koordinierte kationische oder neutrale 6-fach koordinierte Si-Komplexe vor. Deren Farbigkeit wurde mittels UV/VIS-Spektroskopie untersucht. Von ausgewählten Komplexen wurden die Tensoren der 29Si-NMR-Verschiebung rechnerisch und CP/MAS-NMR-spektroskopisch bestimmt.

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der kationisch initiierten Oligomerisation von N-Vinylformamid mit Iod, Brom, Trifluormethansulfonsäure und Trifluormethansulfonsäure-trimethylsilylester. Quantenchemische Berechnungen zur Konformation und zur Elektronendichteverteilung von N-Vinylformamid, sowie zu seiner Reaktion mit Elektrophilen werden vorgestellt. Die Struktur der erhaltenen Oligomere wird mittels 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie, MALDI-TOF-MS, GPC, IR-Spektroskopie, Thermogravimetrie und quantitativer Elementaranalyse untersucht. Die Abhängigkeit von Ausbeute, mittleren Polymerisationsgrad und Kopfgruppenfunktionalität der erhaltenen Oligo(N-vinylformamide) vom Initiator, sowie von der Polarität des Lösemittels, dem eingesetzten Monomer/Initiator-Verhältnis und der Reaktionstemperatur wird vorgestellt. Im Vergleich zum N-Vinylformamid werden N-Vinylacetamid, N-Methyl-N-vinylformamid, N-Methyl-N-vinylacetamid und N-Vinylpyrrolidon auf ihre Fähigkeit untersucht, mit Initiatoren der kationischen Polymerisation Oligomere zu bilden. Mit N-Deutero-N-vinylformamid als Monomer und der 2H-NMR-Analyse der erhaltenen Oligomere wird der Einfluß der NH-Eliminierung während der Oligomerisation von N-Vinylformamid untersucht. Ausgehend von den experimentellen Ergebnissen wird ein für die Vinylpolymerisation neuer Mechanismus für die Oligomerisation von N-Vinylformamid vorgeschlagen und diskutiert. / The topic of the dissertation is the survey of the cationically initiated oligomerization of N-vinylformamide with iodine, bromine, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trimethylsilylester as initiators. Quantum chemical calculations on the conformation and the electron density of N-vinylformamide, as well as on its reaction with electrophiles are presented. The structure of the obtained oligomers is investigated with 1H- and 13C NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF-MS, GPC, IR spectroscopy, thermal decomposition, and quantitative combustion analysis. The influence of the polarity of the solvent, of the initiator, of the reaction temperature, and of the monomer/initiator ratio on yield, degree of polymerization, head group functionality, and chain structures of the obtained oligo(N-vinylformamide) is investigated. In comparison with N-vinylformamide, the ability of N-vinylacetamide, N-methyl-N-vinylformamide, N-methyl-N-vinylacetamide, and N-vinylpyrrolidone in undergoing a cationically induced polymerization to oligomeric products is investigated. The influence of the NH-elimination on the oligomerization process is investigated with N-deutero-N-vinylformamide as monomer and the 2H NMR analysis of the obtained oligomers. From the results, a new mechanism for the oligomerization of N-vinylformamide is proposed and discussed.

Self-assembly processes were used to construct supramolecular architectures based on metal-ligand interactions. The structures formed strongly depend on the used metal ion, the ligand type, the chosen counter ion and solvent as well as on the experimental conditions. The focus of the studies was the design of multifunctional N-donor ligands and the characterization of their complexing and structural properties. This work was divided into three distinct main parts: The bis(2-pyridylimine), the bis(2-hydroxyaryl) imine and the tripodal imine / amine ligand approach. In the first part a series of bis(2-pyridylimine) derivatives having different linking elements were employed as building blocks for novel supramolecular architectures. Reaction of individual d-block metal salts with these ligands has led to the isolation of coordination polymers, a metallamacrocycle, double-stranded helicates, triple-stranded helicates as well as of circular meso-helicates. The nature of the spacer in the Schiff base ligands, the noncovalent weak interactions, such as hydrogen bond, face-to-face π-π and edge-to-face CH-π interactions, are all important factors influencing the architecture of the final products. Topological control of the assembly process of the hexanuclear meso-helicates is clearly associated with the bidentate coordination of the sulfate anion which directs the formation of a double- rather than a triple-stranded helicate around the octahedrally coordinated Cu(II). Surprisingly, the variation of the linker function in the ligands, which significantly changes the linking angle of the pyridylimine strands, has only a little influence of the resulting structure. Also the use of a mixture of ligands does not influence the meso-helicate topology; the result is the symmetrically mixed meso-helicate. The new iron(II) triple helicate [Fe2(L5)3](PF6)4 14 {L5 = bis[4-(2-pyridylmethyleneimino)phenyl]-1,1-cyclohexane} in its chloride form binds strongly to DNA as confirmed by induced circular dichroism signals in both the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and in-ligand bands of the helicate. The induced CD spectrum gives some evidence that [Fe2(L5)3]4+ interacts with the DNA in a single binding mode, which is consistent with major groove binding. The cytotoxicity of the new iron(II) triple helicate 14 was evaluated on human lung cancer A549 cells and compared with that of cisplatin and that of the previously reported iron(II) triple helicate [Fe2(L1)3]4+{L1 = bis[4-(2-pyridylmethyleneimino)phenyl]methane}. The first results show some distinguishing features for 14 obviously caused by the existing structural differences of the complexes. In the second part of the thesis, novel uranyl complexes of the bis(2-hydroxyaryl) imine ligands have been synthesized and characterized. 1D coordination polymers and mononuclear structures were formed. In all complexes a distorted hexagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry around the uranyl centre is observed. The imine nitrogen atoms of the ligands do not bind to the metal centre but interact strongly with the hydroxy group via H-bonding. DFT calculations made with L8 ( α,α’-Bis(salicylimino)-m-xylene) are in good agreement with the X-ray crystal structure data. Liquid-liquid extraction studies involving selected ligands and Eu(III) or U(VI) indicate remarkably high selectivity for U(VI) over Eu(III) at weak acidic pH conditions. We believe that the study made opens up new possibilities for uranyl ion extraction which could be interesting in view of the treatment of nuclear waste. In the third part of the thesis, a series of multifunctional tripodal ligands with different N-donor centres were used for U(VI) and lanthanide, Nd(III), Eu(III) and Yb(III), binding and extraction. Reaction of these metal ions with selected tripodal ligands afforded complexes which were characterized by ESI mass spectroscopy. The complex composition was found to be 1:1 in all cases. The extraction behaviour of the tripodal ligands towards Eu(III) and U(VI) was studied both in the absence and presence of octanoic acid as co-ligand using the extraction system Eu(NO3)3 or UO2(NO3)2–buffer–H2O/ ligand–CHCl3. These separation systems show a remarkably high selectivity for U(VI) over Eu(III). It is interesting to note that the addition of the octanoic acid to the extraction system leads to high synergistic effects. A series of Eu(III) extraction experiments were done to clarify the composition of the extracted complexes. The results clearly point to the formation of various species with changing composition.

Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der kationisch initiierten Oligomerisation von N-Vinylformamid mit Iod, Brom, Trifluormethansulfonsäure und Trifluormethansulfonsäure-trimethylsilylester. Quantenchemische Berechnungen zur Konformation und zur Elektronendichteverteilung von N-Vinylformamid, sowie zu seiner Reaktion mit Elektrophilen werden vorgestellt. Die Struktur der erhaltenen Oligomere wird mittels 1H- und 13C-NMR-Spektroskopie, MALDI-TOF-MS, GPC, IR-Spektroskopie, Thermogravimetrie und quantitativer Elementaranalyse untersucht. Die Abhängigkeit von Ausbeute, mittleren Polymerisationsgrad und Kopfgruppenfunktionalität der erhaltenen Oligo(N-vinylformamide) vom Initiator, sowie von der Polarität des Lösemittels, dem eingesetzten Monomer/Initiator-Verhältnis und der Reaktionstemperatur wird vorgestellt. Im Vergleich zum N-Vinylformamid werden N-Vinylacetamid, N-Methyl-N-vinylformamid, N-Methyl-N-vinylacetamid und N-Vinylpyrrolidon auf ihre Fähigkeit untersucht, mit Initiatoren der kationischen Polymerisation Oligomere zu bilden. Mit N-Deutero-N-vinylformamid als Monomer und der 2H-NMR-Analyse der erhaltenen Oligomere wird der Einfluß der NH-Eliminierung während der Oligomerisation von N-Vinylformamid untersucht. Ausgehend von den experimentellen Ergebnissen wird ein für die Vinylpolymerisation neuer Mechanismus für die Oligomerisation von N-Vinylformamid vorgeschlagen und diskutiert. / The topic of the dissertation is the survey of the cationically initiated oligomerization of N-vinylformamide with iodine, bromine, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid trimethylsilylester as initiators. Quantum chemical calculations on the conformation and the electron density of N-vinylformamide, as well as on its reaction with electrophiles are presented. The structure of the obtained oligomers is investigated with 1H- and 13C NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF-MS, GPC, IR spectroscopy, thermal decomposition, and quantitative combustion analysis. The influence of the polarity of the solvent, of the initiator, of the reaction temperature, and of the monomer/initiator ratio on yield, degree of polymerization, head group functionality, and chain structures of the obtained oligo(N-vinylformamide) is investigated. In comparison with N-vinylformamide, the ability of N-vinylacetamide, N-methyl-N-vinylformamide, N-methyl-N-vinylacetamide, and N-vinylpyrrolidone in undergoing a cationically induced polymerization to oligomeric products is investigated. The influence of the NH-elimination on the oligomerization process is investigated with N-deutero-N-vinylformamide as monomer and the 2H NMR analysis of the obtained oligomers. From the results, a new mechanism for the oligomerization of N-vinylformamide is proposed and discussed.

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Siliciumkomplexe mit dianionischen Pyrrol-2-carbaldimin-funktionalisierten N,N,O- und N,N,N,N-Chelatliganden synthetisiert und kristallografisch, NMR- und UV/Vis-spektroskopisch und mittels quantenchemischer Berechnungen charakterisiert. Die pentakoordinierten Si-Komplexe mit N,N,O-Ligandrückgraten wiesen in Abhängigkeit von den weiteren Si-gebundenen Substituenten unterschiedlich konfigurierte verzerrt trigonal-bipyramidale Si-Koordinationssphären auf. Die Ursache der Farbigkeit dieser Verbindungen konnte mittels quantenchemischer Berechnungen detailliert erklärt werden. – Die Si-Komplexe mit N,N,N,N-Ligandrückgraten liegen in Abhängigkeit von den weiteren Si-gebundenen Substituenten als 5-fach koordinierte kationische oder neutrale 6-fach koordinierte Si-Komplexe vor. Deren Farbigkeit wurde mittels UV/VIS-Spektroskopie untersucht. Von ausgewählten Komplexen wurden die Tensoren der 29Si-NMR-Verschiebung rechnerisch und CP/MAS-NMR-spektroskopisch bestimmt.

Self-assembly processes were used to construct supramolecular architectures based on metal-ligand interactions. The structures formed strongly depend on the used metal ion, the ligand type, the chosen counter ion and solvent as well as on the experimental conditions. The focus of the studies was the design of multifunctional N-donor ligands and the characterization of their complexing and structural properties. This work was divided into three distinct main parts: The bis(2-pyridylimine), the bis(2-hydroxyaryl) imine and the tripodal imine / amine ligand approach. In the first part a series of bis(2-pyridylimine) derivatives having different linking elements were employed as building blocks for novel supramolecular architectures. Reaction of individual d-block metal salts with these ligands has led to the isolation of coordination polymers, a metallamacrocycle, double-stranded helicates, triple-stranded helicates as well as of circular meso-helicates. The nature of the spacer in the Schiff base ligands, the noncovalent weak interactions, such as hydrogen bond, face-to-face π-π and edge-to-face CH-π interactions, are all important factors influencing the architecture of the final products. Topological control of the assembly process of the hexanuclear meso-helicates is clearly associated with the bidentate coordination of the sulfate anion which directs the formation of a double- rather than a triple-stranded helicate around the octahedrally coordinated Cu(II). Surprisingly, the variation of the linker function in the ligands, which significantly changes the linking angle of the pyridylimine strands, has only a little influence of the resulting structure. Also the use of a mixture of ligands does not influence the meso-helicate topology; the result is the symmetrically mixed meso-helicate. The new iron(II) triple helicate [Fe2(L5)3](PF6)4 14 {L5 = bis[4-(2-pyridylmethyleneimino)phenyl]-1,1-cyclohexane} in its chloride form binds strongly to DNA as confirmed by induced circular dichroism signals in both the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and in-ligand bands of the helicate. The induced CD spectrum gives some evidence that [Fe2(L5)3]4+ interacts with the DNA in a single binding mode, which is consistent with major groove binding. The cytotoxicity of the new iron(II) triple helicate 14 was evaluated on human lung cancer A549 cells and compared with that of cisplatin and that of the previously reported iron(II) triple helicate [Fe2(L1)3]4+{L1 = bis[4-(2-pyridylmethyleneimino)phenyl]methane}. The first results show some distinguishing features for 14 obviously caused by the existing structural differences of the complexes. In the second part of the thesis, novel uranyl complexes of the bis(2-hydroxyaryl) imine ligands have been synthesized and characterized. 1D coordination polymers and mononuclear structures were formed. In all complexes a distorted hexagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry around the uranyl centre is observed. The imine nitrogen atoms of the ligands do not bind to the metal centre but interact strongly with the hydroxy group via H-bonding. DFT calculations made with L8 ( α,α’-Bis(salicylimino)-m-xylene) are in good agreement with the X-ray crystal structure data. Liquid-liquid extraction studies involving selected ligands and Eu(III) or U(VI) indicate remarkably high selectivity for U(VI) over Eu(III) at weak acidic pH conditions. We believe that the study made opens up new possibilities for uranyl ion extraction which could be interesting in view of the treatment of nuclear waste. In the third part of the thesis, a series of multifunctional tripodal ligands with different N-donor centres were used for U(VI) and lanthanide, Nd(III), Eu(III) and Yb(III), binding and extraction. Reaction of these metal ions with selected tripodal ligands afforded complexes which were characterized by ESI mass spectroscopy. The complex composition was found to be 1:1 in all cases. The extraction behaviour of the tripodal ligands towards Eu(III) and U(VI) was studied both in the absence and presence of octanoic acid as co-ligand using the extraction system Eu(NO3)3 or UO2(NO3)2–buffer–H2O/ ligand–CHCl3. These separation systems show a remarkably high selectivity for U(VI) over Eu(III). It is interesting to note that the addition of the octanoic acid to the extraction system leads to high synergistic effects. A series of Eu(III) extraction experiments were done to clarify the composition of the extracted complexes. The results clearly point to the formation of various species with changing composition.

Two-dimensional (2D) membranes are emerging candidates for osmotic energy conversion. However, the trade-off between ion selectivity and conductivity remains the key bottleneck. Here we demonstrate a fully crystalline imine-based 2D polymer (2DPI) membrane capable of combining excellent ionic conductivity and high selectivity for osmotic energy conversion. The 2DPI can preferentially transport cations with Na+ selectivity coefficient of 0.98 (Na+/Cl− selectivity ratio ~84) and K+ selectivity coefficient of 0.93 (K+/Cl− ratio ~29). Moreover, the nanometer-scale thickness (~70 nm) generates a substantially high ionic flux, contributing to a record power density of up to ~53 W m−2, which is superior to most of nanoporous 2D membranes (0.8~35 W m−2). Density functional theory unveils that the oxygen and imine nitrogen can both function as the active sites depending on the ionization state of hydroxyl groups, and the enhanced interaction of Na+ versus K+ with 2DPI plays a significant role in directing the ion selectivity.

Aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften und möglicher Anwendungen werden Siliciumkomplexe mit O,N,O´-Ligandsystemen in der Literatur beschrieben. Jedoch fehlen bisher Untersuchungen zur Strukturaufklärung. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zahlreiche Silicium-, Germanium- und Zinnkomplexe mit chiralen O,N,O´-Liganden synthetisiert und strukturanalytisch charakterisiert. Dazu wurden die Liganden durch Kondensationsreaktionen von enantiomerenreinen Aminosäuren mit aromatischen ortho-Hydroxyaldehyden bzw. Acetylaceton hergestellt. Die weitere Umsetzung der Liganden mit Elementhalogeniden der Gruppe 14 führte zu den angestrebten Komplexverbindungen. Alle hergestellten Verbindungen wurden umfassend charakterisiert (NMR-, UV/Vis-, IR-Spektroskopie, Elementaranalyse, Einkristallstrukturanalyse, Drehwert). Quantenchemische Berechnungen an einfachen Modellverbindungen sowie an hergestellten Silicium- und Zinnkomplexen führten zu einem grundlegenden Verständnis der Festkörper-NMR-Parameter dieser Verbindungsklasse.