This paper studies how proficiency in host countries’ official languages affects immigrants’ earnings in destination countries. An earnings gap is found between Canadian-born and immigrant workers in Canadian labor market. Taking advantage of rich information about language use from the Ethnic Diversity Survey, language spoken at work, home, EDS interview, with friends, spouses and children are included in an attempt to reduce the earnings gap. Among all languages examined, individuals who speak English have the highest earnings in each context. Results also show that language spoken at home has the greatest effects on immigrants’ earnings in Canada as the gap is eliminated when home languages are controlled in the model. Immigrants who speak English at home benefit from extra practice with families, which helps them become more fluent faster. Potential policy implication implies both timely and monetary investment in language training is useful for helping immigrants settle down in Canada. / N/A

Markus och Kitayama definierar oberoende jag som ett jag som är självständig och separat från andra individer. Kollektivt jag definieras som ett sammankopplat till andra individer. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka upplevelser kring identitet som en person med invandrarbakgrund har. Målet var även att undersöka vad som påverkade individens upplevelser kring identiteten. Åtta intervjuer genomfördes genom chat, där deltagarnas ålder varierade mellan 20-46 år. Deltagarnas bakgrund varierade även, och samtliga deltagare var födda i ett annat land än Sverige. Resultat visade att deltagarna kunde vara både flexibla och rigida i sina identiteter beroende på situationen. Deltagarna upplevde flexibilitet i den praktiska dimensionen som definierar det sociala livet. Detta innebär att deltagarna kunde anpassa sig efter situationen och upplevde att de kände sig svenska. I den andra sammanhang hade deltagarna svårigheter att anpassa sig efter den svenska kulturen då banden till den egna kulturen var starka.

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This study tests the validity of Holland's (1985a) principles regarding the parent-offspring vocational type agreement in immigrant families. Moreover, it examines and compares the influence of parental ethnicity, SES and level of education on the parental-offspring type agreement in immigrant and non-immigrant families. Finally, it explores the role of child's gender on the parent-offspring type agreement. / Data were collected through the administration of (1) The Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI, revised) (Holland, 1985b), and (2) The Personal Data Questionnaire (PDQ) (developed by the researcher) to high school and college students. The immigrant sample consisted of 100 Canadian-born children of Greek-born immigrants to Canada. The non-immigrant sample consisted of 80 children of Canadian-born, Anglophone parents. / The results revealed: (a) no significantly high agreement between Parental and Offspring Typology in either ethnic group; (b) no significant influence of parental ethnicity, SES or level of education on the Parent-Offspring Type agreement in either ethnic group; (c) significant influence of offspring's gender on the Parent-Offspring Type agreement, which is higher for the male than the female offspring, in both ethnic groups. / The above results do not validate Holland's (1985a) propositions that parental types produce similar vocational types of offspring in immigrant or non-immigrant families. Yet, it was found that parents do influence offspring's vocational choices, in ways that need to be further studied with larger samples of different ethnic populations.

<p>There has been a lot of comment and reaction to the presence of immigrants in South Africa, and most of it has been very negative. In light of the negative reaction, one can ask whether immigrants do in fact add any value to the well being of the host countries, given their education, experience and high involvement in small businesses. Several studies have noted that the relatively highr level of education and skills of migrants is at the same level as those of the host populations. This research is aimed at contributing to the debate of the perception that immigrants are taking up jobs that are supposed to belong to South Africans.</p>

This research analyzes case studies of Korean immigrant families in Canada regarding their attitudes and efforts toward Korean language maintenance. Through the life experiences of Korean immigrant families, this study examines 1) the role of the Korean language in Korean immigrant families, 2) parenting methods and attitudes towards maintaining the use of the Korean language, 3) challenges regarding cultural adaptation, and 4) the effects of Korean language loss within Korean immigrant families. Perspectives from Korean immigrant parents will be explored to examine how Korean language loss impacts the family in the context of relationships, cultural values, and identities. Furthermore, the ability of future generations of Korean immigrant families to maintain the Korean language will be discussed. Finally, the study will suggest alternative approaches to maintaining the Korean language to assist Korean immigrants in the future.

The foreign-born population continues to grow in Canada and in 2011 they represented 20.6% of the population (Statistics Canada, 2013). In particular, Manitoba is seeing an influx of immigrants from the Philippines and with them they bring their children who must seek ways of making Canada their new home. When immigrants move they go through the process of acculturation to renegotiate their new identities in their new society. There are four acculturation orientations that one can follow: integration, assimilation, separation or marginalization. Of the four, integration has been the most successful orientation for immigrants because they can maintain facets of their native culture, while adding facets of the host society’s culture. This multiple-case study examined the resettlement experiences of four Filipino youth and set out to understand the personal and contextual factors that helped them integrate. In the end, the personal factors that helped with their identity renegotiation and subsequent integration were their age at migration, gender, social capital, and their attitudes towards learning. The contextual factors that helped were educational policies, perceived community attitudes towards immigrants, and their country of origin.

Immigrants have become a big part in host country’s daily life. Pervious research study immigrants usually focus on the factors that influence the earnings of immigrants. In contrast, this paper analyzes occupational attainment of immigrants and compares occupational attainment between immigrants and natives. In general, the same as natives, nearly half of immigrants are employed in low-skilled occupations, which cover upper secondary education and tertiary level of no more than 2 years in length. However, immigrants have the less probability of being in skilled and high-skilled occupations than natives. For immigrants from western countries, their occupational attainment are similar to natives, that is, high-skilled occupations accounts for a higher proportion and they are less likely to be engaged in unskilled occupations comparing with immigrants from Africa and Asia and South America.

Internationalization is a topic of high actuality, and in this study the spotlights is on how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) access foreign market opportunities and go international. There are a large numbers of studies of internationalization processes but most of them mainly focus on multinational enterprises. There is a need for studies on how SMEs internationalize, what barriers they face and what role immigrants play in the process of internationalization. In this study the purpose is to investigate the internationalization process of Swedish SMEs and the contributions of social networks in the process. Immigrants are introduced as a social network. Drawing on the Uppsala internationalization process model with the network approach, the literature on social network with a knowledge-based view, this study aims to fulfil the above mentioned purpose. For the empirical study, a qualitative method has been used and semi-structured interviews have been performed in six Swedish SMEs. The results of our study illustrate that the Swedish SMEs experience several barriers in the internationalization process due to the lack of financial resources and knowledge-related resources. They also gradually start the internationalization process in their neighbour countries. Moreover, the study shows that the immigrants contribute in the process of internationalization by providing the SMEs with market knowledge and through offering experiential learning.

Declining fertility in developed countries along with rising number of immigrants and different fertility behavior exhibited by the immigrants make the immigrants’ fertility an interesting topic in field of demography. However most of the studies on immigrants’ fertility consider the female immigrants as their subject on the assumption that they represent the immigrants’ fertility. This study took another perspective and tries to study male immigrants’ fertility. Spanish Immigrants’ Survey 2007 was used to see how the different migration related factors affect the male immigrants’ fertility. Poisson regression was applied on a sample of 3797 childless males who are 16 or older. This study found tentative support to selection hypothesis but no clear support to adaptation hypothesis on male fertility behaviors. There exist differences in the fertility between male immigrants from different regions. Effect of education, number of parent’s siblings and mother language on male immigrants’ fertility was also analyzed.