Denna uppsats undersöker förhållandet mellan etnisk identitet och egoidentitet hos vuxna individer. Då Sverige är mångkulturellt är detta förhållande ett viktigt forskningsområde att belysa. En kvalitativ undersökning genomfördes med nio intervjupersoner. Dessa lever i den svenska kulturen samt i en utomeuropeisk kultur. Resultatet visade att kulturen upplevdes vara en mycket viktig del av personligheten på så sätt att den etniska identiteten är en sammansvetsad del av intervjupersonernas egoidentitet. Intervjudeltagarna upplevde sig vara en blandning av de erfarna kulturerna. Majoriteten intervjudeltagare hade en fullbordad identitet, men perioder av förvirring och dilemman förekom som ett resultat av deras bikulturella livssituation. Anpassningsproblem och olika begränsningar var bidragande orsaker till dessa perioder. Studien bidrar till fördjupad kunskap om dubbeletniska vuxnas identitets- och personlighetsutveckling. / This essay examines the relationship between ethnic identity and ego identity among adults. Sweden is a multi cultural country and therefore this relationship is important to examine. A qualitative interview study was conducted with nine interviewees, who live in Sweden and originate from a culture outside Europe. The culture was shown to be an important part of the personality, which indicates that that ethnic identity is a part of ego identity. The interviewees experienced themself to be a mix of two cultures. A majority of the interviewees had an achieved identity, but periods of diffusion occured as a result of adaption problems and limitations. The study contributes with advanced knowledge about identity and personality development of adults.

This thesis examines Jews and Catholics views on immigration to the United States in the late 19th century. It is qualitative analysis of how immigrants and immigration is treated in two different magazines, The American Jewess and Catholic World. The findings are then put in the context of contemporary nativist ideas. This thesis states that both The American Jewess and Catholic World are, principally, in favor of immigration and do not want to restrict immigration at that time. Catholic World is somewhat more open to the idea ofdiscussing harder immigration laws but the overall tendency in both magazines is that immigration is not a problem to the United States. Immigrants, on the other hand, are seen as more of a problem, at least the new immigrants. Both magazines dwell upon, o some degree, the problems that this new immigration has brought. Their solution is however, not as nativists should argue, closing of the borders but rather enhanced naturalization processes. The magazines both deals with nativism, not always direct, but indirect and both of themtakes a clear stand against it.

We study the labor market impact of opening borders to low-wage countries. The analysis exploits time and regional variation provided by the 2004 EU enlargement in combination with transport links to Sweden from the new member states. The results suggest an adverse impact on earnings of present workers in the order of 1 percent in areas close to pre-existing ferry lines. The effects are present in most segments of the labor market but tend to be greater in groups with weaker positions. The impact is also clearer in industries which have received more workers from the new member states, and for which across-the-border work is likely to be more common. There is no robust evidence on an impact on employment or wages. At least part of the effects is likely due to channels other than the ones typically considered in the literature.

Les Suisses n'ont jamais été nombreux au Canada, et pourtant ils ont jalonné toute l'histoire du pays. À travers les repères qu'ils ont laissés au cours des quatre derniers siècles, ils se sont montrés de puissants révélateurs de l'imaginaire national canadien. Tour à tour traités en étrangers encombrants ou tolérés, en incroyants assoiffés de gain, en hérétiques qui pervertissent les Canadiens, puis subitement en immigrants appréciés et courtisés, ils ont forcé les métropoles française et britannique à ajuster leur définition de la citoyenneté, ils ont préconisé le cosmopolitisme et accompagné l'ouverture du Canada sur le monde, ils ont galvanisé l'affirmation du sentiment national en agissant soit comme repoussoirs soit comme faire-valoir, et ils ont finalement remis en question la définition même de «nation» au Canada. La présente thèse, par un dépassement voulu des frontières chronologiques et géographiques, envisage sur la longue durée l'expérience de migrants qui tendent à échapper à toute catégorisation sociale. Grâce à une analyse microhistorique, elle procède à un jeu d'échelles et de contrastes qui autorise un examen rapproché des phénomènes révélés par les sources suisses, canadiennes, françaises, britanniques et américaines. Cette réflexion propose une façon originale d'étudier les migrations dans l'optique de la problématique identitaire. Elle fait ressortir à la fois les moments forts de l'émigration suisse et les dates charnières de la modernité canadienne. C'est à l'intersection de ces deux chronologies, au gré du dialogue constant et soutenu entre autorités politiques, religieuses et communautaires, sous l'effet des tensions linguistiques et culturelles, des tensions entre conquérants et conquis, des tensions internes et externes entre tradition et modernité, que s'est constituée et adaptée une conscience collective unique, marquée moins par la continuité que par les tensions, la diversité et les compromis. Les Suisses ouvrent justement une fenêtre sur ces compromis qui donnent lieu à la complexité canadienne.

The literature has reported that immigrants foreign credentials have been undervalued in Canada. However, the extent to which immigrants credentials attained in different world regions have been valued or undervalued is unclear. This study uses data from the 2002 Ethnic Diversity Survey to assess the worth of immigrants educational credentials in Canada, taking into account different fields of study. The major findings indicate that there were significant gross and net earnings disparities among immigrant men and women with educational credentials attained in different world regions. Foreign credentials from the US and Northern and Western Europe of immigrant men and those from the USA and all parts of Europe of immigrant women had an earnings advantage compared to immigrants whose credentials were from Canada. The results also suggest that immigrant men with foreign credentials in health fields and in commerce, management and business administration had the greatest difficulties to getting their foreign credentials recognized. Similar to immigrant men, foreign education of immigrant women in the fields of commerce, management and business administration as well as in natural, applied sciences and engineering was the most devaluated compared to women with Canadian credentials. In addition, both immigrant men and women with education from the USA and Northern and Western Europe irrespective of the field of study had the best chance to enjoy an earnings premium over their counterparts with Canadian education. The relationship between education and earnings among Canadian immigrants is further explained using a political economy perspective of racialization.

Conventional wisdom suggests that ‘nations without states’ are seeking to preserve cultural and linguistic homogeneity within their homeland by advocating for independence or political autonomy. Accordingly, large-scale immigration has typically been seen as a threat to national minorities because newcomers tend to integrate into the culture of the majority group. In addition, even if immigrants learn the minority’s language, they are unlikely to sympathize with the nationalist movement or vote for nationalist parties. This dissertation seeks to explain why Basque nationalism, despite its historical grounding in racism and exclusivity, developed a group-based multicultural approach in response to foreign immigration. To account for this unexpected outcome, I develop two interrelated causal arguments that integrate the role of ideas and the imperative of nation building for nationalist elites. Nations are forged by a rich legacy of memories and nationalist history requires both an act of collective remembering and collective amnesia. The ideas that stem from the memories of repression constrained the choices of Basque nationalists, preventing the rise of ideas of racial purity and exclusion in favour of multiculturalism and openness. A second argument that I advance is that changing contexts are motivating nationalist elites to find new policy areas with which to distinguish the values of the majority and minority nation. The emergence of a stricter immigration framework in Spain and a backlash against multiculturalism in Europe provided Basque nationalists with an opportunity to link open citizenship and multiculturalism to the distinctiveness of the Basque nation. I apply the arguments developed through an in-depth study of the Basque case to the nationalist movements in Scotland, Quebec, and Flanders and conclude that diversity is an effective, but risky, new value that minority nationalists are employing to further their case for independence.

This thesis looks at the immigration status differentials in time allocation to household work, value of household work, and determinants of participation rate in household work. In determining the time allocated to household work by immigration status, the data provided by General Social Survey (GSS) Circle 12 Individual Information Survey, on time spent on household work in Canada 1998 with about 6,944 respondents was used. Two methods of valuation of household unpaid work were used which were opportunity cost (before and after tax) and replacement cost. In deciding which method is best I recommend the use of replacement cost of valuing household work since GNP itself measures actual output produced. <p> In the study, I anticipated that an average immigrant spends more time in household work than an average Canadian and that an average female generally allocates more time to household work than an average male based on socio-economic factors determining household unpaid work as seen in Gronau (1977) and Becker (1965). As expected, the results show that an average female allocates more time to household work than an average male and the difference is statistically significant. An average immigrant and Canadian allocate the same amount of time to household work. However, in maintenance and repairs, the results show that males participation rate is higher than females and an average Canadian participation rate in maintenance and repairs is higher than the immigrant with statistically significant difference. When other variables were introduced into the model using probit method of estimation, it was observed that there is no significant difference in participation rates between Canadians and immigrants.

An improved ability to assess whether individuals have been added through immigration or natality and lost through emigration or mortality could alleviate several problems in population ecology. Fortunately, advances in stable isotope techniques now allow the movements of individuals to be retraced from tissue values and provide an opportunity to link information about the origins of individuals with demographic rates so that questions about the significance of dispersal can be assessed. I used such an approach by combining feather isotope information with demographic rates derived from capture-mark-recapture of individual mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) breeding in the Canadian aspen parklands, at multiple spatiotemporal scales, to answer questions about population persistence, settling patterns by dispersers, and the fitness of immigrant birds relative to residents.<p> Feather isotope (ä34S, äD, ä15N, and ä13C) values from an independent sample of flightless mallard ducklings sampled from across the mid-continent breeding range was used to validate an existing model used for origin assignments. Spatial resolution analysis within the mid-continent mallard breeding range generally showed a loss in prediction when attempting to assign individuals to more narrowly separated geographic origins among boreal, aspen parkland and prairie regions. For feather äD, spatial resolution may be limited by temporal patterns of local climatic events that produce variability in consumer tissue values. Thus, the use of multiple feather isotope signals would provide more reliable information about the origin of individuals for addressing questions about long-distance dispersal in yearling mallards.<p> Demographic rescue in an apparent population sink near Minnedosa, Manitoba, Canada, was due to elevated survival rates from a highly productive group of nesting female mallards using nest tunnels (i.e., an artificial nesting structure) and recruitment of yearling females having natal origins within the aspen parklands. There was little evidence that immigration by yearling females dispersing long-distances was important to annual population growth rates. Consistently high annual survival rates of adult females using nest tunnels lowered the recruitment rates needed for population stability. While tunnel-origin and within-region recruitment of yearling females were nearly equally important to local population growth rate, fine-scale limitations of isotopic origin assignments prevented further assessment of where recruits originated from within the aspen parkland region.<p> Factors related to breeding area settling patterns of yearling females are not well understood despite implications to local population dynamics. The likelihood that immigrant yearling females would settle in a parkland breeding area was positively correlated with local breeding-pair density and the amount of perennial nest cover, but was negatively correlated with the amount of wetlands. Although these relationships were not well estimated, they are most consistent a hypothesis that females were attracted to breeding sites by conspecific cues rather than avoidance. Immigrants comprised an average of 9% (range: 0 39% over 22 sites) of yearling recruits; most had natal origins in the U.S. prairie pothole region but a non-trivial number originated from the boreal forest, indicating a high degree of connectedness among breeding regions resulting from long-distance natal dispersal.<p> One of the most frequent explanations for strong site fidelity in breeding female ducks is that females benefit from site familiarity. However, evidence for differential reproductive success between immigrant and resident yearling females was weak, On sites with favourable wetland conditions and low breeding-pair densities immigrant females were more likely to breed and nest successfully than were residents whereas under opposite wetland and pair conditions, resident females were favoured. Thus, the costs and benefits of a natal dispersal decision seemed to vary with social context and environmental conditions, and further work is needed to clarify these processes.

This thesis looks at the immigration status differentials in time allocation to household work, value of household work, and determinants of participation rate in household work. In determining the time allocated to household work by immigration status, the data provided by General Social Survey (GSS) Circle 12 Individual Information Survey, on time spent on household work in Canada 1998 with about 6,944 respondents was used. Two methods of valuation of household unpaid work were used which were opportunity cost (before and after tax) and replacement cost. In deciding which method is best I recommend the use of replacement cost of valuing household work since GNP itself measures actual output produced. <p> In the study, I anticipated that an average immigrant spends more time in household work than an average Canadian and that an average female generally allocates more time to household work than an average male based on socio-economic factors determining household unpaid work as seen in Gronau (1977) and Becker (1965). As expected, the results show that an average female allocates more time to household work than an average male and the difference is statistically significant. An average immigrant and Canadian allocate the same amount of time to household work. However, in maintenance and repairs, the results show that males participation rate is higher than females and an average Canadian participation rate in maintenance and repairs is higher than the immigrant with statistically significant difference. When other variables were introduced into the model using probit method of estimation, it was observed that there is no significant difference in participation rates between Canadians and immigrants.

This thesis examines the current trends in skilled immigration to the U.S.: who is coming, why, and what are they doing here? The current competitive environment for attracting these skilled workers among competitor nations like Australia and Canada is assessed, and possibilities for reform that enable the U.S. to attract the right talent, minimize costs to domestic workers, and maintain dominance in international research and development are explored.