Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Biochemistry, 1976? / Typescript (photocopy).

Immunoaffinity interactions can play a vital role in the purification of therapeutic proteins. In most cases immunoaffinity chromatography is used as the final clean up step to yield a highly pure product. The customized avidity of the parent antibody for a given antigen or hapten can make immunoaffinity chromatography an indispensable tool in the field of bioseparations. However, the use of immunoaffinity chromatography at a large scale is frequently precluded by the high capital costs of antibody columns. This is in part due to the low functional activity of immobilized antibodies and the high cost of pathogen free antibody. The objective of this research was to detail the impact of orientation, multipoint attachment and high local density upon the functional activity of immobilized antibodies. Immobilization methods were designed to affect changes in both orientation and local density. Both metal and pH dependent murine monoclonal antibodies against human Protein C were used as model systems. The character of the antigen and antibody were modified to study the impact of orientation, local density and multipoint attachment. For example, modified antigens of various sizes having a single binding epitope were synthesized from polymer-peptide adducts. The lysyl residues of recombinant hPC were chemically modified to reduce chemical reactivity with the matrix while maintaining avidity for the Mab. The synthetic and recombinant antigens were used to mask the antigen binding regions (Fab) of a monoclonal antibody (Mab) prior to covalent immobilization on a porous membrane and beaded supports. In addition, lysyl residues of Mabs against hPC were chemically modified to reduce multipoint covalent attachment. A 2-step method consisting of permeation and immobilization of antibodies was developed to manipulate local Mab density. Conventional single step immobilization by simultaneous reaction and diffusion produced highly local shell-like density. Immunosorbents made with the 2-Step method at greater than 3 mg Mab / ml gave 2-3 fold higher antigen binding efficiencies and a more uniform distribution of immobilized antibody. Immunosorbents made from Mabs which were immobilized at low local density having masks consisting of large synthetic or recombinant antigens gave the highest antigen binding efficiency and the most accessible Fab domains to pepsin digest. Mabs at high or low densities containing modified or unmodified lysyl residues gave no difference in antigen binding efficiencies or accessible Fab domains to pepsin digests. In summary, for Mabs immobilized at low densities "orientation" of the antibody on the support was identified as having the most negative impact on immunosorbent performance with multipoint attachment being less important. At high antibody loadings the functional activity of antibodies is also impacted by high local density superimposed with orientation. / Ph. D.

1. The work described in this thesis forms part of an investigation of eukaryotic gene control. The system studied was the avian erythroid cell series since it is possible to isolate pure populations of the various cell types which have well-defined biochemical activities. These cells contain an unusual tissue - specific histone H5, which may be involved in the progressive repression of transcription observed as these cells differentiate. Although the gene controlling function of this histone must be at a very gross level, this represents a unique opportunity to investigate one facet of gene control. Probably the most sensitive technique is to assay for specific messenger RNA and gene sequences by hybridisation to an appropriate probe. The aim of this thesis was to prepare such a probe from H5 mRNA and to use it to calculate the reiteration frequency of the H5 gene in the chicken genome. 2. The cells employed were chicken reticulocytes since the only histone made in these cells is H5. Experiments were conducted which demonstrated that H5 mRNA is probably a minor species compared to globin mRNA in these cells. Furthermore, calculations indicate that the two mRNAs are probably of similar molecular weight which may complicate the isolation of H5 mRNA. As a result globin mRNA was first purified and characterised. Properties which may have proved useful in the separation of this mRNA from H5 mRNA are discussed. The globin mRNA was used to optimise techniques for the in vitro translation and identification of chicken mRNAs. This was considered necessary as mRNAs from different sources vary in the conditions required for optimal translation and it was reasoned that mRNAs from the same cell would have similar optima. 3. Total polysomal RNA was fractionated on the basis of size and poly A content. Although large amounts of globin mRNA were present, H5 mRNA could only be detected in the non - poly A containing RNA. Even in this fraction however, there was still a large excess of globin mRNA which was difficult to remove due to the demonstrated similarity of their molecular weights. 4. Since it had proved impossible to isolate the H5 mRNA by conventional techniques, immunological methods of isolating the polysomes producing H5 were investigated. Using immunoadsorbents, mRNA was prepared in small amounts which programmed the synthesis in vitro of more than 70 % H5. The yield and specificity were improved by modifying the procedure to indirect immunoprecipitation followed by oligo ( dT ) - cellulose chromatography. The resulting mRNA programmes the synthesis in vitro of more than 90 % H5. The chemical purity of the mRNA is discussed. 5. The immunologically prepared H5 mRNA was not copied into cDNA by RNA - dependent DNA - polymerase. Since this was probably due to the lack of a 3 ' poly A tract on the mRNA, an enzyme was purified and characterised which would add such a tract. The enzymically modified mRNA could then be copied into cDNA of high specific activity. 6. The H5 cDNA was characterised in terms of size and fidelity of copying. By hybridisation analysis it was demonstrated that the amount of contaminating rRNA and globin mRNA complementary sequences present in the cDNA was insignificant. The complexity of the cDNA was shown to be of the same size as the H5 mRNA and will back hybridise to this mRNA to greater than 75 %. These results are discussed to demonstrate that the cDNA is a faithful copy of H5 mRNA. The possible uses of the resulting probe are also discussed. 7. The H5 cDNA was employed to quantify the number of H5 genes in the chicken genome. The significance of this result is discussed in terms of the known reiteration and organisation of histone genes in other species, and the possible role of H5 as a gene control agent. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Biochemistry, 1975.

1. The work described in this thesis forms part of an investigation of eukaryotic gene control. The system studied was the avian erythroid cell series since it is possible to isolate pure populations of the various cell types which have well-defined biochemical activities. These cells contain an unusual tissue - specific histone H5, which may be involved in the progressive repression of transcription observed as these cells differentiate. Although the gene controlling function of this histone must be at a very gross level, this represents a unique opportunity to investigate one facet of gene control. Probably the most sensitive technique is to assay for specific messenger RNA and gene sequences by hybridisation to an appropriate probe. The aim of this thesis was to prepare such a probe from H5 mRNA and to use it to calculate the reiteration frequency of the H5 gene in the chicken genome. 2. The cells employed were chicken reticulocytes since the only histone made in these cells is H5. Experiments were conducted which demonstrated that H5 mRNA is probably a minor species compared to globin mRNA in these cells. Furthermore, calculations indicate that the two mRNAs are probably of similar molecular weight which may complicate the isolation of H5 mRNA. As a result globin mRNA was first purified and characterised. Properties which may have proved useful in the separation of this mRNA from H5 mRNA are discussed. The globin mRNA was used to optimise techniques for the in vitro translation and identification of chicken mRNAs. This was considered necessary as mRNAs from different sources vary in the conditions required for optimal translation and it was reasoned that mRNAs from the same cell would have similar optima. 3. Total polysomal RNA was fractionated on the basis of size and poly A content. Although large amounts of globin mRNA were present, H5 mRNA could only be detected in the non - poly A containing RNA. Even in this fraction however, there was still a large excess of globin mRNA which was difficult to remove due to the demonstrated similarity of their molecular weights. 4. Since it had proved impossible to isolate the H5 mRNA by conventional techniques, immunological methods of isolating the polysomes producing H5 were investigated. Using immunoadsorbents, mRNA was prepared in small amounts which programmed the synthesis in vitro of more than 70 % H5. The yield and specificity were improved by modifying the procedure to indirect immunoprecipitation followed by oligo ( dT ) - cellulose chromatography. The resulting mRNA programmes the synthesis in vitro of more than 90 % H5. The chemical purity of the mRNA is discussed. 5. The immunologically prepared H5 mRNA was not copied into cDNA by RNA - dependent DNA - polymerase. Since this was probably due to the lack of a 3 ' poly A tract on the mRNA, an enzyme was purified and characterised which would add such a tract. The enzymically modified mRNA could then be copied into cDNA of high specific activity. 6. The H5 cDNA was characterised in terms of size and fidelity of copying. By hybridisation analysis it was demonstrated that the amount of contaminating rRNA and globin mRNA complementary sequences present in the cDNA was insignificant. The complexity of the cDNA was shown to be of the same size as the H5 mRNA and will back hybridise to this mRNA to greater than 75 %. These results are discussed to demonstrate that the cDNA is a faithful copy of H5 mRNA. The possible uses of the resulting probe are also discussed. 7. The H5 cDNA was employed to quantify the number of H5 genes in the chicken genome. The significance of this result is discussed in terms of the known reiteration and organisation of histone genes in other species, and the possible role of H5 as a gene control agent. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Biochemistry, 1975.

Antibodies specific for insulin and human immunoglobulin G (HlgG) were attached to controlled pore glass (CPG) particles which had been silanized with a diol-bearing silane. Up to 20 mg of antibody protein could be attached covalently to 1 gram of CPG. Such immobilized antibodies, or immunosorbents, would bind specific antigens, but not unrelated proteins, when used in a high pressure liquid chromatographic configuration. This technique was given the name "high performance immunoaffinity chromatography" (HPIC). The HPIC properties of these immunosorbents were evaluated by an equilibrium theory and were found to be comparable to batch values. An immunosorbent for HIgG antigen showed an HPIC association constant of 10⁷·⁶; the batch equilibrium constant for the same immunosorbent was 10⁷·⁸. Two different anti-insulin immunosorbents retained the intrinsic affinity (10⁶ and 10⁹) of the antibody used to make them. The total active antibody concentrations of these immunosorbents were evaluated by HPIC and batch methods with good agreement between the two. The immobilization reaction was seen to result typically in the loss of 90% of the original antibody activity. HPIC was shown to be applicable to the rapid analysis of antigens at levels as low as ng/mL. This was found to be possible in part because of the rapid forward kinetics which were assessed by HPIC. A forward rate constant of 3 X 10⁷ L·mol⁻¹·sec⁻¹ for the binding of insulin by a specific HPIC column could be determined. The possibility of HPIC fluorescence immunoassays was investigated using a highly sensitive fluorescence detector. An Eimac collimated xenon arc lamp provided sufficient power to detect picomolar levels of fluorescamine labeled insulin and other compounds. The limitations of HPIC in performing picomolar immunoassays were thus shown to be immunochemical rather than instrumental. The ability of immunoaffinity purifications to overcome these limitations was demonstrated.

La hyalinose segmentaire et focale (HSF) est une maladie rénale sévère dont la physiopathologie est complexe. La récidive de la maladie après transplantation rénale et l’obtention de sa rémission après un traitement par immunoadsorption (IA) illustre l’implication d’un facteur circulant dans sa physiopathologie, capable de se fixer à la protéine A. Récemment, suPAR a été rapporté comme agent causal et marqueur de la HSF. Le premier objectif de notre travail a été de vérifier si suPAR se fixe à la protéine A. Le deuxième objectif a été d’identifier le facteur circulant responsable de la récidive de la HSF après transplantation rénale, à partir de l’analyse par spectrométrie de masse des protéines liées à la colonne de protéine A après (IA). Premièrement, nous avons mesuré la concentration de suPAR par un test ELISA parmi les protéines fixées à la colonne de protéine A après IA chez 7 patients atteints de HSF récidivantes et dans le sérum de 13 patients atteints de HSF récidivantes et de 11 contrôles sains. Le sérum des patients a été immunoadsorbé in vitro sur bille de protéine A sépharose. Nous avons quantifié suPAR avant et après la procédure et dans l’éluat des protéines fixées à la protéine A. La concentration de suPAR est plus élevée chez les patients atteints de HSF récidivantes par rapport aux groupes contrôles. La concentration de suPAR est très faible dans les proteines éluées à partir de la colonne de protéine A, indiquant que suPAR ne se lie pas à la protéine A et n’est pas le facteur circulant élué par les colonnes de protéines A. Deuxièmement, nous avons identifié le FC à partir des protéines fixées à la colonne de protéine A par une caractérisation des protéines par spectrométrie de masse chez des patients traités pour récidive de HSF et chez un patient contrôle. Nous avons recherché le FC dans le sérum de patient atteint de HSF, de patient ayant une néphropathie diabétique et chez des contrôles sains. L’effet de la protéine recombinante du FC a été testé in vitro sur une culture de podocytes et in vivo chez la souris. Nous avons identifié une forme sérique de CASK (calcium calmoduline sérine thréonine kinase), à partir des protéines fixées à la colonne de protéine A après IA. CASK est présente uniquement dans le sérum de patients atteints de HSF et non dans les groupes contrôles. In vitro, la protéine recombinante de CASK (CASKr) induit une redistribution de l’actine du cytosquelette des podocytes en culture par une interaction avec CD98. CASKr altére la perméabilité des podocytes à l’abumine et induit in vivo une protéinurie chez la souris associé à un effacement des pédicelles.En conclusion, suPAR ne se fixe pas à la protéine A ni in vivo ni in vitro. Une forme sérique de CASK est impliqué dans la récidive de la HSF avec comme cible potentiel CD98 sur le podocyte. / Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a serious disease, the pathogenesis of which is unknown. Its recurrence after transplantation (Tx) and its partial remission after treatment with immunoadsorption (IA) on a protein A column indicate the existence of a circulating factor (CF) responsible for the disease that is able to bind to a protein A column. Recently, the soluble receptor of urokinase (suPAR) was described as the factor responsible for FSGS. The first aim of my work was to test the capacity of suPAR to bind to protein A and to be eliminated by IA. The second aim was to identify the CF responsible of the recurrence of the disease after renal transplantation from the analysis of proteins eluted from protein-A columns from patients with rFSGS who had undergone therapeutic (IA). First, we measured suPAR in eluates of protein A columns from 7 patients with recurrent FSGS after Tx (rFSGS) treated with IA, and in the serum of 13 patients with rFSGS and 11 healthy donors (HD). Additionally, the plasma of these patients was immunoadsorbed in vitro on a protein A Sepharose column and we quantified suPAR in the eluates and in pre- and post-column samples. The concentration of suPAR was higher in the plasma of patients with rFSGS than in the plasma of HD patients. However, the concentration of suPAR was similar before and after IA on protein A for the rFSGS and HD samples. The suPAR concentration was very low in the eluates from protein A columns incubated with plasma from HD or rFSGS patients. However, 85% of rFSGS patients showed a decrease in immunoglobulin G and proteinuria. Secondly, we analyzed proteins eluted from protein-A columns from patients with rFSGS who had undergone therapeutic immunoadsorption. Compared to control a differential band was identified by mass spectrometry. The expression of this protein was tested by immunochemical methods in sera from healthy controls, from patients with proteinuria caused by diabetic nephropathy, and from rFSGS patients. The effect of the recombinant protein was evaluated in vitro (podocytes) and in vivo experiments (mice). A soluble form of calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine kinase (CASK) eluted from protein-A columns was identified by mass spectrometry. CASK was immunoprecipitated only in the sera from patients with rFSGS. Recombinant CASK induced reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton of cultured podocytes through an interaction with CD98 at the cell surface. In vitro, CASK increased the permeability of podocyte monolayers, and induced proteinuria and foot-process effacement in miceIn conclusion, suPAR does not significantly bind to protein A in vitro or in vivo. Soluble CASK acts as a permeability factor in patients with rFSGS bindinding CD98 on podocytes.

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Für die dilatative Kardiomyopathie gibt es bisher keine kausalen Therapiemöglichkeiten. Verschiedene kardiale Autoantikörper sind an der Pathogenese der Erkrankung beteiligt. Diese können durch eine Immunadsorptionsbehandlung entfernt werden. Das Ziel dieser Studie war es, die hämodynamischen Effekte einer Immunadsorption mit nachfolgender Immunglobulin-G-Substitution zu untersuchen. Dazu wurden 18 Patienten (NYHA III-IV, linksventrikuläre Ejektionsfraktion < 30 %) eingeschlossen und zufällig der Behandlungs- oder Kontrollgruppe zugeteilt. An drei aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen erfolgte eine Immunadsorptionsbehandlung. Abschließend wurde polyklonales Immunglobulin-G substituiert. Die Behandlung wurde insgesamt viermal in monatlichen Abständen durchgeführt. Die hämodynamischen Messungen erfolgten mit Hilfe eines Swan-Ganz Thermodilutionskatheters. Nach drei Monaten waren der Herzindex und der Schlagvolumenindex in der Behandlungsgruppe signifikant angestiegen. Der systemvaskuläre Widerstand wurde signifikant gesenkt. Außerdem wurde ein Anstieg der echokardiographischen linksventrikulären Ejektionsfraktion sowie eine Reduktion des linksventrikulären endsystolischen und enddiastolischen Durchmesser Index beobachtet. Die echokardiographischen Veränderungen waren auch im Verlauf nach einem halben Jahr stabil nachweisbar. Die günstige Beeinflussung der hämodynamischen Parameter wurde zudem von einer Verbesserung der klinischen Beschwerdesymptomatik - repräsentiert durch die Einteilung nach der NYHA-Klassifikation - begleitet. Hingegen wurden in der Kontrollgruppe für alle genannten Parameter keine signifikanten Veränderungen beobachtet. Die Effekte der Immunadsorption werden hauptsächlich auf die Elimination der Autoantikörpern zurückgeführt, wenngleich andere Einflüsse - wie ein Einfluss der Immunglobulinsubstitution oder anderer immunmodulatorischer Komponenten - nicht ganz ausgeschlossen werden können. Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich, dass Immunadsorptionsbehandlungen bei dilatativer Kardiomyopathie als Ergänzung zur medikamentösen Basistherapie zur Verbesserung der Herzfunktion und zur Linderung der Beschwerdesymptomatik beitragen. / There is no causal therapy for the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. Various cardiac antibodies have been detected. These antibodies are extractable by immunoadsorption. The aim of the study was to assess the hemodynamic effects of immunoadsorption and subsequent immunoglobulin G substitution. 18 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (New York Heart Association III-IV, left ventricular ejection fraction < 30%) were randomly assigned either to the treatment group or to the control group. The patients were treated by immunoadsorption on three consecutive days. After the final session polyclonal immunoglobulin G was substituted. The procedure was repeated four times at one-month intervals. Hemodynamic mesurements were made by Swan-Ganz-catheterization. After three months cardiac index and stroke volume index increased significantly. Systemic vascular resistence decreased. Although, the echocardiographic ejection fraction increased, while there was a reduction of the left ventricular endsystolic and enddiastolic diameter index. The echocardiographic changes persisted after six months. The hemodynamic changes were accompanied by an improvement regarding the New York Heart Association classes in the treatment group. In contrast, all parameters did not change throughout the six months in the control group. Presumably the hemodynamic effects result from elimimation of cardiac antibodies. Although there may be an influence of different immunmodulatory components or of the immunoglobulin G substitution, too. In conclusion, Immunoadsorption and subsequent immunoglobulin G substitution improves cardiovascular function in addition to conventional drug therapy.