Cilia and flagella are sensory organelles, found in the majority of eukaryotic organisms that play a vital role in the general physiology, health and early development of humans. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is tasked with building and maintaining the entire ciliary structure by facilitating the transport of axonemal precursors, trafficking of ciliary membrane proteins and turnover products. Currently, there are no complete models detailing how ciliated organisms regulate the entry and exit of IFT particles, a multi-meric adaptor complex that ferries flagellar proteins. In this thesis, I focus on small Rab-like protein IFT22, an IFT-particle integrated protein with predicted GTPase activity, as a potential regulatory component of IFT particle trafficking in Chlamydomonas. Using an artificial microRNAs strategy, I show that IFT22 regulates the available cellular pool of IFT particles and the distribution profile of the IFT particles between the cytoplasm and the flagellar compartment. Additionally, I demonstrate how the putative constitutive active mutant of IFT22 is able properly localize to the peri-basal body and enter the flagellar compartment using immunofluorescence and immunoblot analysis of flagella extracts. Finally, preliminary RNAi data suggests IFT25 the IFT particle/motor/BBSome assembly downstream of IFT22 regulation, evident from the depletion of kinesin-2 subunit FLA10, IFT-dynein-2 subunit D1bLIC and BBsome component BBS3from whole cell extracts of IFT25 knockdown transformants.

Le virus du syndrome reproducteur et respiratoire porcin (VSRRP) est un pathogène ayant d’énormes conséquences pour les producteurs porcins. Il est la cause d’une des maladies les plus coûteuses à l’industrie au Québec et, à ce jour, il n’y a aucun traitement efficace commercialement disponible contre le virus. Il a été précédemment démontré que le surnageant de culture de bactéries Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) - l’agent causant la pleuropneumonie porcine - possède une activité antivirale in vitro contre le VSRRP. Ces études ont déterminé que cette activité était en fait médiée par des métabolites excrétés par les bactéries d’App, résistants à la chaleur et de faible poids moléculaire. Cependant, l’identité de ces métabolites demeurait inconnue, menant ainsi aux objectifs de ce projet : (I) produire un surnageant actif d’App; (II) caractériser et identifier les métabolites actifs utilisant la spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution (HRMS); (III) tester et évaluer l’activité antivirale des composés purifiés. De nombreux métabolites de nucléotides de l’adénosine en haute concentration dans le surnageant d’App ont ainsi été identifiés par HRMS. Pour confirmer l’effet antiviral du surnageant et des métabolites actifs identifiés, un modèle d’infection de cellules SJPL permissives au VSRRP et de l’imagerie à immunofluorescence ont été employés. Les métabolites ont en effet montré une inhibition de la réplication du VSRRP dans les cellules et leurs mécanismes d’actions sont déjà bien répertoriés; soit l’inhibition des polymérases d’ARN cellulaire et virale par la forme de triphosphate de nucléoside, ainsi que l’arrêt de synthèse des acides nucléiques lors de la réplication virale. Cette étude propose donc de nouvelles ouvertures, basé sur les mécanismes d’actions cellulaires responsables de l’effet antiviral, pour développer des traitements préventifs contre le VSRRP / Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most devastating viruses in the swine industry. It causes major economic losses worldwide on an annual basis. To date, there has not been an effective treatment for this virus. Previous studies conducted in our group have shown that the culture supernatant of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App), the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, possesses an antiviral activity in vitro against PRRSV. These studies have shown that the antiviral activity was mediated by small molecular weight, heat resistant metabolites present in the App supernatant ultrafiltrates. However, the identity of those metabolites remained unknown, which led us to the objectives of this study: (I)generate an active supernatant; (II)characterize and identify the active metabolites using high resolution mass spectrometry; (III)evaluate the antiviral activity of the purified compounds following identification. In this study we utilized a virus infection model using SJPL cells and immunofluorescence imagery to confirm the antiviral activity of the App supernatant as our first approach. Subsequently, using high resolution mass spectrometry we identified several adenosine nucleotide metabolites present in App supernatants in high concentrations. Following testing, we revealed that several adenosine nucleotide metabolites inhibit PRRSV replication in SJPL cells. Interestingly, the antiviral mechanism of action of adenosine nucleotide analogs is already known. The nucleoside triphosphate form functions by inhibiting cellular and viral RNA polymerases and during viral RNA replication, incorporates nucleoside analogs into nascent RNA chains resulting in termination of nucleic acid synthesis. This study may suggest new approaches to develop prophylactic treatment for PRRSV

Motile cilia play critical roles in the human body, including expelling mucus from the lungs and facilitating the transport of oocytes and sperm through the fallopian tubes. Understanding the complex structure and motility of cilia, as well as the diseases associated with them, is of big importance. This study investigates the proteins expressed in ciliated cells from both respiratory and reproductive tissues using multiplex immunofluorescence. We determined the subcellular localization of 134 proteins in the fallopian tube, endometrium, cervix, nasopharynx, and bronchus, focusing on five subcellular regions: the cilia tip, transition zone, basal body, cytoplasm, and nucleus. This analysis was conducted using an automated image analysis method developed specifically for this project. Our findings revealed a high correlation in protein expression across all tissues, although several proteins exhibited distinct expression patterns between different tissues. Notably, the fallopian tube showed a higher correlation with the nasopharynx and bronchus than with the endometrium and cervix. Within these proteins, six gene clusters were identified, with the two largest clusters being strongly associated with ciliary structure. This study enhances our understanding of motile ciliary structures and ciliated cells, identifying key proteins for further research into cilia motion, function, and related diseases.