Intravenous immunoglobulin is a human blood derived product that is used to treat immunodeficiencies and autoimmune disorders. An adverse side effect of IVIg therapy is hemolysis. Patients who experience hemolysis are mainly blood group A or AB. Clinical laboratory studies have demonstrated that IVIg contains ABO blood group antibodies, which can bind complement proteins. This study hypothesizes that anti-A/B in IVIg will bind to A/B antigens and activate complement in a dose dependant manner, which may lead to enhanced RBC phagocytosis. This study observed that the quantity of ABO antigens does not affect the in vitro binding of IVIg to RBCs. IVIg induced C3b deposition at high doses; however, the amount of complement deposition was insufficient to enhance phagocytosis of IVIg-sensitized RBCs by monocytic THP-1 cells in vitro. These studies emphasize that hemolytic reactions involve many factors in conjunction with antibodies and complement proteins.

Intravenous immunoglobulin is a human blood derived product that is used to treat immunodeficiencies and autoimmune disorders. An adverse side effect of IVIg therapy is hemolysis. Patients who experience hemolysis are mainly blood group A or AB. Clinical laboratory studies have demonstrated that IVIg contains ABO blood group antibodies, which can bind complement proteins. This study hypothesizes that anti-A/B in IVIg will bind to A/B antigens and activate complement in a dose dependant manner, which may lead to enhanced RBC phagocytosis. This study observed that the quantity of ABO antigens does not affect the in vitro binding of IVIg to RBCs. IVIg induced C3b deposition at high doses; however, the amount of complement deposition was insufficient to enhance phagocytosis of IVIg-sensitized RBCs by monocytic THP-1 cells in vitro. These studies emphasize that hemolytic reactions involve many factors in conjunction with antibodies and complement proteins.

The role of T and B lymphocytes in the human immune response has been studied in allergic and asthmatic patients by many investigators. Theories of suppressed cellular immunity have been reported showing decreased levels of T cells in peripheral blood. Elevated levels of IgE, an antibody, have been reported in these conditions, but not shown to be significant in distinguishing the different types of asthma. A double blind study of 19 allergic and 42 asthmatic individuals was conducted measuring T and B cell levels and IgE levels. The asthmatic group was subdivided into three types, intrinsic, extrinsic and mixed. The possible effects of corticosteroids were considered with each group since 47 out of the total 60 patients studied were steroid dependent. T and B cells were enumerated by rosette method. This method was developed and normal values established. IgE levels measured by radioimmunoassay. Results showed all steroid dependent patients, allergic and asthmatic, had normal or slightly elevated T and/or B cell levels and IgE levels. The corticosteroids appeared to have a simulative effects rather than a suppressive effect on T and B cells and IgE as previous investigators have reported. Allergic or asthmatic conditions cannot be distinguished on the basis of T and B cell levels. IgE levels were found to be highly significant at a 95% confidence level in distinguishing intrinsic asthma from extrinsic asthma.

Thesis (DScMedSc (Medical Sciences)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: See full text for abstract / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geen opsomming was ingehandig met tesis

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1986.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1986.

Orientador: Lucilene Silva Ruiz e Resende / Resumo: Realizaram-se estudos imuno-hematológicos em 19 macacos sul- americanos, sendo 9 Sapajus sp. (macacos-prego) e 10 Alouatta sp. (macacos bugios). O Teste de Antiglobulina Direta (TAD) não revelou moléculas IgG de imunoglobulina e C3d do complemento, semelhantes às humanas, nas membranas dos eritrócitos dos animais. A Pesquisa de Anticorpos Irregulares (PAI) mostrou-se positiva nos soros de 18 animais adultos sendo negativa no soro do único filhote do estudo, um Sapajus sp. de 2 meses de idade. A Prova de Compatibilidade (PC) foi negativa dentro de cada gênero, revelando-se positiva entre os 2 gêneros de macacos e, destes, com humanos. O filhote de macaco-prego, entretanto, mostrou PC compatível, tanto com o gênero Alouatta sp., quanto com humanos. / Abstract: An immunohematological study was carried out in 19 South-American monkeys corresponding to 9 Sapajus sp. (Capuchin monkeys) and 10 Alouatta sp. (Howler monkeys). The Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT) didn’t show humanlike molecules of IgG-type immunoglobulin and C3d complement fraction on the animal’s erythrocyte membranes. Serum Irregular Antibodies Screening (IAS) was found in 18 adult animals but not in the only studied cub, which was a 2 month-old Capuchin monkey. The Compatibility Test (CT) was negative among members of a same genre of animals being positive among Sapajus sp. and Alouatta sp., and among the monkey’s genres and humans. The Capuchin monkey cub, however, showed a negative CT with both, Howler monkeys and humans. / Mestre

Orientador: Lilian Maria de Castilho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T17:52:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Credidio_DeboraCastilho_M.pdf: 2805791 bytes, checksum: d7fa60ce846ffb7baee62f0493fdd327 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Discrepâncias na tipagem Rh ocorrem devido à presença de variantes do antígeno RhD, em especial D fraco e D parcial. Diferentes reagentes anti-D monoclonais tem sido desenvolvidos para identificar estas variantes, mas a caracterização molecular pode garantir um resultado mais específico com melhor definição do tipo de variante presente. O fenótipo D fraco ocorre por alterações de nucleotídeos que levam a substituição de aminoácidos na região transmembranar e intracelular da proteína Rh enquanto que o fenótipo D parcial ocorre por alterações de nucleotídeos ou rearranjos gênicos que levam a substituição de aminoácidos na região extracelular da proteína Rh, resultando em fenótipos sorológicos distintos e aloimunização anti-D. Nossos objetivos foram avaliar reagentes anti-D e métodos sorológicos e moleculares na detecção e identificação destas variantes. Foram estudadas 335 amostras de sangue e DNA de doadores e pacientes fenotipados previamente como RhD fraco, ou que apresentaram resultados discrepantes na tipagem RhD. Das 335 amostras estudadas, 215 (64,1%) foram identificadas como D fraco, 89 (26,5%) como D parcial, 3 (1%) como DEL, 11 como RhD-positivo e 17 como RhD-negativo. Entre as amostras D fraco, 76 eram DF1 (35,3%); 75 DF2 (34,9%); 13 DF3 (6,1%); 49 DF4 (22,8%) e 2 DF5 (0,9%). Entre as amostras D parcial, 9 (10,1%) eram DAR, 25 (28,1%) DFR, 6 (6,7%) DBT, 1 (1,1%) DHMi, 1(1,1%) RoHAR, 26 (29,2%) DVI, 14 (15,8%) DVa, 5 DIVb (6,6%) e 2 (2,3%) DVII . Nas amostras DEL, duas foram identificadas molecularmente como RHD(IVS5-38DEL4) e uma como RHD(K409K). Nossos resultados demonstram que a utilização de diferentes reagentes anti-D e métodos na rotina sorológica pode indicar a presença de uma variante do antígeno RhD que deve ser investigada por análise molecular. Esta estratégia pode auxiliar na diferenciação entre D fraco e D parcial e caracterizar as variantes que levam a aloimunização anti-D. Esta distinção é importante na seleção de sangue para pacientes e na prevenção da doença hemolítica do feto e recém-nascido / Abstract: Rh discrepancies are becoming a problem during routine testing due to partial D or weak D phenotypes. Panels of monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) are being developed in order to identify D variants such as partial D and weak D when there are anomalous RhD typing results but molecular characterization offers a more specific grouping of weak and partial D. The weak D phenotype is caused by many different RHD alleles encoding aberrant RhD proteins, resulting in distinct serologic phenotypes and anti-D immunizations. We evaluated currently used serologic methods and reagents to detect and identify D variants and correlated the results with molecular analyses. A total of 335 blood samples from Brazilian blood donors and patients with discrepant results of D typing in routine were analyzed. In total, 215 (64.1%) weak D, 89 (26.5%) partial D, 3 (1%) DEL, 11 RhD-positive and 17 RhD-negative were identified. Among weak D samples, 76 weak D Type 1 (35.3%); 75 weak D Type 2 (34.9%); 13 weak D Type 3 (6.1%); 49 weak D Type 4 (22.8%) and 2 weak D Type 5 (0.9%) alleles were found. Among the partial D samples, 9 (10.1%) DAR, 25 (28.1%) DFR, 6 (6.7%) DBT, 1 (1.1%) DHMi, 1(1.1%) RoHAR, 26 (29.2%) DVI, 14 (15.8%) DVa, 5 DIVb (6.6%) and 2 (2.3%) DVII were observed. Two samples identified as DEL by adsorption/elution were characterized by molecular analyses as RHD(IVS5-38DEL4) and one sample as RHD(K409K). Our results showed that the use of different methods and anti-D reagents in the serologic routine reveal some D variants that can be further investigated. Molecular methods can help to differentiate between partial D and weak D and characterize the weak D types providing additional information of value in the RhD typing. This distinction is important for selection of blood products and to prevent anti-D hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn / Mestrado / Ciencias Basicas / Mestre em Clinica Medica

Nas últimas décadas, a transfusão sangüínea e o estudo da imunohematologia em cães tornou-se extremamente importante no tratamento de diversas doenças. O avanço da técnica de hemoterapia e a maior segurança ao empregá-la estão diretamente relacionadas ao maior conhecimento dos tipos sangüíneos caninos e testes de compatibilidade. No entanto, poucos estudos foram realizados até o momento no sentido de definir as freqüências de tais tipos sangüíneos em diferentes populações, incluindo cães de diferentes raças. Estudos sobre tipagem sangüínea canina já foram realizados em diversos países do mundo, sendo que este é o primeiro estudo realizado no Rio Grande do Sul. Cães apresentam 5 tipos sangüíneos considerados principais: DEA 1 (1.1, 1.2), DEA 3, DEA 4, DEA 5 e DEA 7. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a freqüência dos tipos sangüíneos em uma população definida de cães de raça (Golden Retriever, Pastor Alemão, Rottweiler, Dogue Alemão e Dogo Argentino) de Porto Alegre e Região Metropolitana. Foram selecionados 100 cães, sendo 20 de cada uma das raças anteriormente citadas, entre 1 e 8 anos, sem distinção de sexo e clinicamente saudáveis. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas das veias cefálica ou safena lateral e a tipagem realizada através do teste de aglutinação em tubos, padronizado pelo Laboratório de Imunohematologia e Sorologia da Universidade de Michigan (Michigan - Estados Unidos) empregando-se os reagentes específicos (soro policlonal produzido em cães por meio de iso-imunização). Os resultados encontrados estão de acordo com os relatados previamente na literatura. As freqüências gerais observadas para as amostras populacionais utilizadas foram de 62% para o tipo DEA 1.1, 21% para o tipo DEA 1.2, 7% para o tipo DEA 3, 100% para o tipo DEA 4, 9% para o tipo DEA 5 e 16% para o tipo DEA 7. Concluindo, há particularidades entre os tipos sangüíneos de cada raça, que devem ser consideradas em procedimentos de transfusão. Além disso, testes de compatibilidade devem ser empregados em conjunto com a tipagem sangüínea para minimizar riscos de reações transfusionais. / Over the past few decades, blood transfusions and the study of canine immunohematology have become extremely important for the treatment of a various diseases. Technical advances and greater safety in the use of transfusions are directly related to improved knowledge on canine blood types and compatibility tests. However, few studies have been conducted to date to define the frequencies of these different blood types in different populations, including dogs from different breeds. Studies on canine blood typing have already been conducted in several countries around the world, and this is the first study conducted in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and the second in Brazil. Dogs have 5 principal blood types: DEA 1 (1.1, 1.2), DEA 3, DEA 4, DEA 5 and DEA 7. The objective of the study was to determine the frequency of the blood types in a given population of 5 selected breeds (Golden Retriever, German Shepherd, Rottweiler, Great Dane and Dogo Argentino) from Porto Alegre and the surrounding Region. One hundred clinically healthy dogs were chosen, 20 from each of the aforementioned breeds, with ages between 1 and 8, with no distinction between genders. Blood samples were taken from cephalic or lateral saphenous veins and the blood was typed using the agglutination test in tubes, standardized by the Immunohematology and Serology Laboratory of the University of Michigan (Michigan – United States) using specific reagents (polyclonal serum produced in dogs by means of isoimmunization). The results of this study are in agreement with those previously found in the literature. The overall frequencies observed for the population sample used were 62% for type DEA 1.1, 21% for type DEA 1.2, 7% for type DEA 3, 100% for type DEA 4, 9% for type DEA 5 and 16% for type DEA 7. In conclusion, there are specific frequencies among the blood types of each breed, which must be taken into account during blood transfusions. In addition, compatibility tests should be used together with blood typing to minimize risks of transfusion reactions.

Nas últimas décadas, a transfusão sangüínea e o estudo da imunohematologia em cães tornou-se extremamente importante no tratamento de diversas doenças. O avanço da técnica de hemoterapia e a maior segurança ao empregá-la estão diretamente relacionadas ao maior conhecimento dos tipos sangüíneos caninos e testes de compatibilidade. No entanto, poucos estudos foram realizados até o momento no sentido de definir as freqüências de tais tipos sangüíneos em diferentes populações, incluindo cães de diferentes raças. Estudos sobre tipagem sangüínea canina já foram realizados em diversos países do mundo, sendo que este é o primeiro estudo realizado no Rio Grande do Sul. Cães apresentam 5 tipos sangüíneos considerados principais: DEA 1 (1.1, 1.2), DEA 3, DEA 4, DEA 5 e DEA 7. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a freqüência dos tipos sangüíneos em uma população definida de cães de raça (Golden Retriever, Pastor Alemão, Rottweiler, Dogue Alemão e Dogo Argentino) de Porto Alegre e Região Metropolitana. Foram selecionados 100 cães, sendo 20 de cada uma das raças anteriormente citadas, entre 1 e 8 anos, sem distinção de sexo e clinicamente saudáveis. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas das veias cefálica ou safena lateral e a tipagem realizada através do teste de aglutinação em tubos, padronizado pelo Laboratório de Imunohematologia e Sorologia da Universidade de Michigan (Michigan - Estados Unidos) empregando-se os reagentes específicos (soro policlonal produzido em cães por meio de iso-imunização). Os resultados encontrados estão de acordo com os relatados previamente na literatura. As freqüências gerais observadas para as amostras populacionais utilizadas foram de 62% para o tipo DEA 1.1, 21% para o tipo DEA 1.2, 7% para o tipo DEA 3, 100% para o tipo DEA 4, 9% para o tipo DEA 5 e 16% para o tipo DEA 7. Concluindo, há particularidades entre os tipos sangüíneos de cada raça, que devem ser consideradas em procedimentos de transfusão. Além disso, testes de compatibilidade devem ser empregados em conjunto com a tipagem sangüínea para minimizar riscos de reações transfusionais. / Over the past few decades, blood transfusions and the study of canine immunohematology have become extremely important for the treatment of a various diseases. Technical advances and greater safety in the use of transfusions are directly related to improved knowledge on canine blood types and compatibility tests. However, few studies have been conducted to date to define the frequencies of these different blood types in different populations, including dogs from different breeds. Studies on canine blood typing have already been conducted in several countries around the world, and this is the first study conducted in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and the second in Brazil. Dogs have 5 principal blood types: DEA 1 (1.1, 1.2), DEA 3, DEA 4, DEA 5 and DEA 7. The objective of the study was to determine the frequency of the blood types in a given population of 5 selected breeds (Golden Retriever, German Shepherd, Rottweiler, Great Dane and Dogo Argentino) from Porto Alegre and the surrounding Region. One hundred clinically healthy dogs were chosen, 20 from each of the aforementioned breeds, with ages between 1 and 8, with no distinction between genders. Blood samples were taken from cephalic or lateral saphenous veins and the blood was typed using the agglutination test in tubes, standardized by the Immunohematology and Serology Laboratory of the University of Michigan (Michigan – United States) using specific reagents (polyclonal serum produced in dogs by means of isoimmunization). The results of this study are in agreement with those previously found in the literature. The overall frequencies observed for the population sample used were 62% for type DEA 1.1, 21% for type DEA 1.2, 7% for type DEA 3, 100% for type DEA 4, 9% for type DEA 5 and 16% for type DEA 7. In conclusion, there are specific frequencies among the blood types of each breed, which must be taken into account during blood transfusions. In addition, compatibility tests should be used together with blood typing to minimize risks of transfusion reactions.