Reproduction de : Thèse d'exercice : Pharmacie : Nantes : 2008. / Bibliogr.

Alors que les infections virales représentent toujours un problème majeur de santé publique, notamment en raison de l’émergence de nouveaux virus, notre arsenal thérapeutique reste limité. Les antiviraux à action directe existants sont généralement très spécifiques d’une espèce virale donnée générant l’apparition de souches résistantes aux traitements. L’objectif au laboratoire a donc été de chercher de nouveaux antiviraux à large spectre ciblant l’hôte. Pour cela, deux systèmes de criblage distincts ont été mis au point au laboratoire. La première stratégie de criblage, basée sur la combinaison d'infections in vitro par les virus recombinants de la rougeole et du chikungunya, a permis d’identifier deux molécules actives : le ChX77 qui est une triaminopyrimidine, et le sr1057 qui est une pyrroloquinoxaline. Dans ce travail, nous décrivons les propriétés antivirales puissantes in vitro de ChX77 aussi bien contre les virus de la rougeole et du chikungunya que contre le virus Coxsackie B3, trois virus à ARN très distincts. La molécule sr1057, quant à elle, présente une activité inhibitrice non seulement contre des virus à ARN tels que le virus de la rougeole, le virus du chikungunya et le virus Ebola, mais aussi contre des virus à ADN tels que les virus de l’herpès simplex humains et équins in vitro. Ce qui en fait des molécules antivirales à large spectre qui cibleraient probablement l’hôte car elles ont la capacité d’inhiber la réplication des virus de familles complètement différentes. La seconde stratégie développée a permis d’identifier ChX79, un dérivé 1H-benzimidazole-4-carboxamides, stimulant la réponse immunitaire innée par l’utilisation d’une lignée rapportrice exprimant la luciférase sous contrôle d'un élément de réponse aux interférons (ISRE : Interferon-Stimulated Response Element). Cette molécule présente de remarquables propriétés immunostimulatrices et induit spécifiquement certains gènes impliqués dans la réponse interféron de type I via la protéine adaptatrice MAVS et le facteur de transcription IRF1. Par ailleurs, cette molécule induit un programme de stress cellulaire intégré associé notamment à des dommages à l’ADN. Enfin, l’originalité de cette molécule demeure dans sa capacité à agir de façon synergique sur la réponse cellulaire à de l’ADN exogène permettant la production des quantités importantes d’interféron de type I via une voie STING dépendante. Ces résultats éclairent les mécanismes susceptibles de moduler la réponse cellulaire à de l’ADN cytosolique, un PAMP associé aux infections par des virus ou des bactéries, mais également à des stress génotoxiques liés à des radiations ou des agents carcinogènes / While viral infections are still a major public health problem, particularly because of the emergence of new viruses, our therapeutic arsenal remains limited. The existing Direct-acting antivirals are usually very specific for a given virus species generating the development of resistance to treatment. The objective of the laboratory was looking for new broad-spectrum antivirals targeting the host. For this, two different screening systems have been developed in the laboratory. The first strategy, based on the combination of infections in vitro with recombinant measles and chikungunya viruses, allowed us to identify two active molecules: the ChX77 which is a triaminopyrimidine, and the sr1057 which is a pyrroloquinoxaline. In this work we describe the powerful antiviral properties in vitro of ChX77 against both measles and chikungunya viruses and against the Coxsackievirus B3, three very distinct RNA viruses. The sr1057 molecule, for its part, has an inhibitory activity not only against RNA viruses such as measles, chikungunya and Ebola viruses, but also against DNA viruses such as human and equine herpes simplex virus in vitro. These results suggest that these drugs, with a broad-spectrum antiviral activity, target probably the host because they have the ability to inhibit the viral replication of viruses from completely different families. The second strategy developed allowed us to select ChX79, a 1Hbenzimidazole-4-carboxamides, stimulating the innate immune response by using a rapporteur line expressing luciferase under the control of an interferon response element (ISRE: Interferon-Stimulated Response Element). This molecule has remarkable immunostimulatory properties and induces specifically genes involved in type I interferon response via the mitochondrial signaling protein MAVS and the transcription factor IRF1. Finally, the originality of this molecule remains in its ability to prime efficiently cellular response to transfected plasmid DNA as assessed by potent synergistic effects on IFN-β secretion and ISG expression levels via STING-dependent pathway. All together, these results bring tools to decipher the mechanisms that modulate the cellular response to the cytosolic DNA, a PAMP associated to infections by viruses or bacteria, but also to genotoxic stress related to radiation or carcinogens

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Le sepsis est un problème mondial de santé publique du fait de son incidence croissante et de sa mortalité importante. Après une première phase très inflammatoire, les patients septiques présentent une profonde immunodépression, objectivée par un risque accru d’infections secondaires et de décès. Dans ce contexte, des thérapeutiques immunostimulantes sont actuellement testées. Afin d’identifier des cibles thérapeutiques pertinentes et des biomarqueurs permettant l’individualisation des traitements, la description exhaustive des mécanismes immunosuppresseurs mis en jeu est primordiale. Les lymphocytes B ont été peu étudiés au cours du sepsis. Des données récentes ont révélé l’existence de cellules B régulatrices dans différents contextes cliniques. Ainsi, nous avons fait l’hypothèse que des lymphocytes B / plasmocytes régulateurs pouvaient être impliqués dans l’établissement de l’immunodépression induite par le sepsis.Chez les patients en choc septique, nous avons montré que les lymphocytes B présentent une perte de leur fonction de prolifération et un phénotype d’épuisement cellulaire. Ils produisent de l’IL-10, cytokine suppressive (Journal of Immunology 2018). Enfin, une plasmocytose circulante apparait, confirmée par cytométrie de masse (Scientific Reports 2018). Dans un modèle murin de sepsis, ces plasmocytes inhibent la prolifération des lymphocytes T ex vivo et expriment des marqueurs phénotypiques suggérant pour la première fois la présence de plasmocytes régulateurs dans le sepsis.L’importance clinique des plasmocytes régulateurs reste à définir (mécanismes régulateurs, liens avec les paramètres cliniques, association avec les réactivations virales…). Elle pourrait conduire à l’établissement de nouveaux biomarqueurs pour le suivi immunitaire des patients et à de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques / Sepsis in a major health problem associated with rising incidence and high mortality rate. In septic patients, an initial proinflammatory response causing life-threatening organ failures is followed by the development of a deep immunosuppression, associated with increased risk of secondary infections and death. In this context, immunostimulating therapies are currently tested. However, success of this strategy requires identification of relevant therapeutical targets and biomarkers allowing individualisation of treatments. B lymphocytes have been poorly studied in sepsis. Moreover, existence of regulatory B cells was recently revealed in several clinical contexts. Thus, we made the assumption that regulatory B lymphocytes or plasma cells could be implied in sepsis-induced immunosuppression establishment.In septic shock patients, we showed that B cells present with decreased proliferation capacity and exhausted-like profile, and are able to produce immunosuppressive IL-10 (Journal of Immunology 2018). We also observed blood plasmacytosis in patients, confirmed by mass cytometry analysis (Scientific Reports 2018). In a murine model of sepsis, the ability of plasma cells to inhibit T cell proliferation ex vivo, and their phenotypic profile suggest for the first time the existence of regulatory plasma cells in sepsis.The role of regulatory plasma cells within sepsis-induced immunosuppression has to be further explored in patients (underlying regulatory mechanisms, associations with clinical outcomes and viral reactivations…). It could highlight novel biomarkers for patients’ monitoring and innovative therapeutical approaches

Os resultados obtidos no mestrado mostraram que a samambaia do campo (Pteridium aquilinum) reduz a citotoxicidade das células natural killer (NK) esplênicas e a resposta imune celular do tipo tardia (DTH) de camundongos. Entretanto, até aquele momento não era sabido qual a célula afetada pela planta causava a diminuição da DTH. Assim, o objetivo inicial deste estudo foi verificar qual a célula envolvida na diminuição da DTH. Além disto, buscou-se descobrir o mecanismo de ação imunotóxico da P. aquilinum, o principio tóxico envolvido e se este efeito poderia ser revertido pelo selênio (Se). Para tal, camundongos C57BL/6 foram administrados com extrato de P. aquilinum, por gavage, durante 30 dias e suplementados com Se por mais 30 dias e a análise histológica revelou redução significativa na área de polpa branca esplênica que foi completamente revertida pelo tratamento com Se. Ainda, foi possível verificar que a diminuição da DTH foi causada pela redução da produção de IFNγ pelas células NK durante a indução da resposta imune celular. Além disto, camundongos administrados com ptaquilosídeo, por gavage, durante 14 dias mostraram a mesma redução na atividade das células NK causada pelo extrato de P. aquilinum, assim como a prevenção deste efeito pela co-administração de Se. Por fim, na análise da expressão gênica das células NK esplênicas dos camundongos tratados com ptaquilosídeo e/ou selênio pôde-se observar o aumento da expressão dos genes Mt1 e Mt2, possíveis responsáveis pelo mecanismo imunotóxico da planta, sendo posteriormente confirmado pelo aumento de metalotioneína e consequente redução de Zn2+ livre no espaço intracelular das células NK. Os resultados deste estudo claramente mostram que os efeitos imunossupressores da P. aquilinum são induzidos pelo ptaquilosídeo e são decorrentes do aumento da expressão dos genes da Mt1 e Mt2 e que a suplementação com Se pode prevenir e reverter estes efeitos tóxicos. / The results obtained in the master showed that the bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) reduces both the cytotoxicity of splenic natural killer cells (NK) and the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) from mice. However, it was not known until that time, which cell affected by the plant that caused a decrease in DTH. Thus, the initial goal of this study was to determine which cell was involved in the reduction of DTH. Moreover, we sought to discover the mechanism of action of the P. aquilinum, the toxic principle involved and whether this effect could be reversed by selenium (Se). For that, C57BL/6 mice were treated with extract of P. aquilinum, by gavage, for 30 days and supplemented with Se for following 30 days. The histological analysis revealed a significant reduction in the splenic white pulp area that was completely reversed by treatment with Se. Still, it was verified that the decrease in DTH was caused by reduced production of IFNγ by NK cells during the induction of cellular immune response. In addition, the mice administered with ptaquiloside, by gavage, for 14 days showed the same reduction in the NK cell activity caused by the extract of P. aquilinum, as well as the prevention of this effect by co-administration of Se. Finally, we could observe an increase in the expression of Mt1 and Mt2 genes in the gene expression analysis of splenic NK cells from mice treated with ptaquiloside and/or selenium. These genes were probably responsible for immunotoxic mechanism of the plant, which was confirmed later by the augment of metallothionein and consequent reduction of free Zn2+ into the intracellular space of NK cells. The results of this study clearly show that the immunosuppressive effects of P. aquilinum are induced by ptaquiloside and they are a consequence of the augment in the gene expression of Mt1 and Mt2 and that the supplementation with Se can prevent and reverse these toxic effects.

Os resultados obtidos no mestrado mostraram que a samambaia do campo (Pteridium aquilinum) reduz a citotoxicidade das células natural killer (NK) esplênicas e a resposta imune celular do tipo tardia (DTH) de camundongos. Entretanto, até aquele momento não era sabido qual a célula afetada pela planta causava a diminuição da DTH. Assim, o objetivo inicial deste estudo foi verificar qual a célula envolvida na diminuição da DTH. Além disto, buscou-se descobrir o mecanismo de ação imunotóxico da P. aquilinum, o principio tóxico envolvido e se este efeito poderia ser revertido pelo selênio (Se). Para tal, camundongos C57BL/6 foram administrados com extrato de P. aquilinum, por gavage, durante 30 dias e suplementados com Se por mais 30 dias e a análise histológica revelou redução significativa na área de polpa branca esplênica que foi completamente revertida pelo tratamento com Se. Ainda, foi possível verificar que a diminuição da DTH foi causada pela redução da produção de IFNγ pelas células NK durante a indução da resposta imune celular. Além disto, camundongos administrados com ptaquilosídeo, por gavage, durante 14 dias mostraram a mesma redução na atividade das células NK causada pelo extrato de P. aquilinum, assim como a prevenção deste efeito pela co-administração de Se. Por fim, na análise da expressão gênica das células NK esplênicas dos camundongos tratados com ptaquilosídeo e/ou selênio pôde-se observar o aumento da expressão dos genes Mt1 e Mt2, possíveis responsáveis pelo mecanismo imunotóxico da planta, sendo posteriormente confirmado pelo aumento de metalotioneína e consequente redução de Zn2+ livre no espaço intracelular das células NK. Os resultados deste estudo claramente mostram que os efeitos imunossupressores da P. aquilinum são induzidos pelo ptaquilosídeo e são decorrentes do aumento da expressão dos genes da Mt1 e Mt2 e que a suplementação com Se pode prevenir e reverter estes efeitos tóxicos. / The results obtained in the master showed that the bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) reduces both the cytotoxicity of splenic natural killer cells (NK) and the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) from mice. However, it was not known until that time, which cell affected by the plant that caused a decrease in DTH. Thus, the initial goal of this study was to determine which cell was involved in the reduction of DTH. Moreover, we sought to discover the mechanism of action of the P. aquilinum, the toxic principle involved and whether this effect could be reversed by selenium (Se). For that, C57BL/6 mice were treated with extract of P. aquilinum, by gavage, for 30 days and supplemented with Se for following 30 days. The histological analysis revealed a significant reduction in the splenic white pulp area that was completely reversed by treatment with Se. Still, it was verified that the decrease in DTH was caused by reduced production of IFNγ by NK cells during the induction of cellular immune response. In addition, the mice administered with ptaquiloside, by gavage, for 14 days showed the same reduction in the NK cell activity caused by the extract of P. aquilinum, as well as the prevention of this effect by co-administration of Se. Finally, we could observe an increase in the expression of Mt1 and Mt2 genes in the gene expression analysis of splenic NK cells from mice treated with ptaquiloside and/or selenium. These genes were probably responsible for immunotoxic mechanism of the plant, which was confirmed later by the augment of metallothionein and consequent reduction of free Zn2+ into the intracellular space of NK cells. The results of this study clearly show that the immunosuppressive effects of P. aquilinum are induced by ptaquiloside and they are a consequence of the augment in the gene expression of Mt1 and Mt2 and that the supplementation with Se can prevent and reverse these toxic effects.

La cryptosporidiose est une zoonose intestinale qui affecte les ruminants nouveau-nés et les individus immunodéficients (enfants, immunodéprimés) et pour laquelle les traitements sont limités et ne sont pas totalement efficaces. Le développement du parasite peut être contrôlé par une réponse immunitaire protectrice dans laquelle les productions d’IL-12 et d’IFNγ sont prépondérantes. Les laboratoires AIM, IPV et la société VitamFero ont décidé de mettre leurs compétences en commun pour évaluer si l’administration d’une souche vaccinale de Toxoplasma gondii atténuée (Toxo Mic1-3KO) pouvait permettre de stimuler efficacement le système immunitaire des nouveau-nés et favoriser le contrôle de la cryptosporidiose. La première partie des travaux de ma thèse Cifre a permis d’obtenir une preuve de concept. En effet, des expérimentations préliminaires sur souriceaux et agneaux dans lesquelles la souche Toxo Mic1-3KO s’était développée suffisamment montraient une diminution de la charge parasitaire suite à une infection d’épreuve par C. parvum. Fort de ces résultats, nous avons souhaité développer deux axes complémentaires pour nous aider à améliorer la souche vaccinale et son utilisation chez les nouveau-nés. / Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic disease that affects newborn ruminants and young or immunocompromised individuals and for which treatments are limited and are not fully effective. Parasite development can be controlled by a protective immune response in which IL-12 and IFN-gamma productions are essentials. Laboratories AIM, IPV and VitamFero Start-up Company decided to pool their skills to evaluate whether the administration of an attenuated vaccine strain of Toxoplasma gondii (MIC1-3KO) could stimulate the immune system of neonates and favor the control of cryptosporidiosis. The first part of the work of my Cifre thesis was performed to obtain a proof of concept. Indeed, preliminary experiments on mice and lambs in which MIC1-3KO strain had developed sufficiently showed a decrease in parasite burden following an infectious challenge with C. parvum. Based on these encouraging results we decided to develop two complementary approaches to further improve the vaccine strain and our knowledge on newborn immune response to T.

Brain tumors are among the most devastating types of solid tumors to treat. Standard of care for glioblastoma (GBMs), the most aggressive form of primary brain tumors, has failed to improve the current survival rates in the past decades. Despite many other solid tumors, recent advances in cancer immunotherapies have also shown disappointing outcomes in GBMs. The heterogenous nature of GBMs, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and the restrictive role of blood brain barrier (BBB) are some of the main challenges faced for treating GBMs. Electroporation-based treatments have demonstrated promising results, treating preclinical models of GBMs. It has been shown that low and high frequency irreversible electroporation treatments shift the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and reversibly open large areas of blood brain barrier (BBB). In this dissertation, in vitro cell culture models are utilized to study electroporation-based treatments for achieving a more optimized treatment for glioblastoma. We are proposing to utilize the immunomodulatory effects of electroporation treatments to improve the outcomes of immunotherapies in the brain. / Doctor of Philosophy / Despite the current advancements in treating solid tumors, brain tumors remain among the most difficult cancers to treat. The special structure of the brain as an organ as well as tumor complexity can lead to treatment failure. It is also known that infiltration of the immune cells within the tumor mass is limited due to the tumor's immunosuppressive nature. Hence, the use of newly advancing immunotherapy techniques is limited in the brain. Local treatments have become one of the most promising tools against brain tumors. Such treatments include methods that use excessive heating of the tissue to kill the tumors. Relying on heat for tissue destruction could damage the critical structures near the tumor and will reduce the favorable immune response after the treatment. A new treatment modality known as electroporation has been introduced for non-thermal treatment of brain tumors. Due to its non-thermal nature, electroporation treatments will allow for sparing of critical structures and can lead to a more robust immune response comparing to thermal treatment modalities. In this dissertation, we utilize electroporation-based treatments to try to overcome some of the challenges associated with treating brain tumors such as tumor heterogeneity and immune suppression.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O cÃncer à um dos principais problemas mundiais de saÃde e uma das causas mais importantes de morbidade e mortalidade em crianÃas e adultos. Apesar do sucesso no tratamento de diversos tipos de tumor, ainda nÃo se chegou ao fÃrmaco ideal e as terapias existentes nem sempre alcanÃam resultados satisfatÃrios alÃm de induzir muitos efeitos colaterais. A pesquisa em produtos naturais marinhos (PNM), embora recente, tem revelado uma enorme diversidade de estruturas quÃmicas, muitas vezes inÃditas e com potente atividade biolÃgica. MolÃculas citotÃxicas, com potencial aplicaÃÃo na quimioterapia do cÃncer, sÃo freqÃentemente isoladas dos organismos marinhos e dos quatro fÃrmacos oriundos de PNM comercializados atualmente, dois sÃo utilizados na quimioterapia do cÃncer. AlÃm dos metabÃlitos secundÃrios, o estudo de polissacarÃdeos modificadores da resposta biolÃgica para imunoterapia adjuvante tambÃm vem surgindo como uma Ãrea bastante promissora. Os cnidÃrios juntamente com esponjas, ascÃdias, moluscos e algas compÃem o grupo de representantes marinhos quimicamente mais prolÃficos. O zoantÃdeo Protopalythoa variabilis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) à encontrado no litoral do mundo inteiro, porÃm o seu potencial farmacolÃgico nunca foi investigado anteriormente. O potencial antitumoral de substÃncias obtidas do P. variabilis encontrado no litoral cearense foi avaliado neste trabalho. O fracionamento guiado pela citotoxicidade de 4 linhagens de cÃlulas tumorais (HL-60, leucemia; HCT-8, cÃlon; SF-295, sistema nervoso central e MDA-MB-435, melanoma) do extrato hidroalcoÃlico bruto (EHB) rendeu uma mistura de alfa-aminoÃcidos lipÃdicos (1a/1b) inÃditos a partir da fraÃÃo hexano e 5 fraÃÃes (AcOEt-P-1-5) contendo sinais compatÃveis com esterÃides da fraÃÃo acetato de etila. Os 1a/1b apresentaram uma mÃdia de concentraÃÃo inibitÃria mÃdia (CI50) nas linhagens testadas de 85 ng/mL, enquanto a AcOEt-P-4, mais ativa dentre as derivadas da AcOEt exibiu uma mÃdia de CI50 de 117,5 ng/mL. Essa foi a primeira vez que alfa-aminoÃcidos lipÃdicos foram obtidos de uma fonte natural e tambÃm que o potencial citotÃxico de compostos dessa classe à demonstrado. O estudo da citotoxicidade dos 1a/1b e da AcOEt-P-4, na linhagem leucÃmica HL-60, revelou que estas amostras devem sua atividade à induÃÃo de apoptose com via intrÃnseca desempenhando um importante papel. A partir do resÃduo do EHB do P. variabilis, foram obtidos polissacarÃdeos sulfatados ligados a proteÃnas (PPV). O PPV nÃo apresentou citotoxicidade contra as cÃlulas tumorais in vitro, porÃm induziu 50% de inibiÃÃo do crescimento tumoral em camundongos transplantados com a linhagem B-16 (melanoma). As anÃlises dos parÃmetros bioquÃmicos, hematolÃgicos e histopatolÃgicos indicaram que o PPV nÃo apresentou toxicidade nos animais e aumentou a proliferaÃÃo de monÃcitos. Estudos adicionais com macrÃfagos peritoneais in vitro confirmaram que o PPV à um modificador da resposta biolÃgica. A ativaÃÃo dos macrÃfagos pelo PPV induziu a produÃÃo de Ãxico nÃtrico, e das citocinas IL-1 e IL-6, mas nÃo TNF-alfa. O presente trabalho mostrou que a espÃcie P. variabilis à uma rica e profÃcua fonte de compostos com potencial antitumoral a ser explorada, possuindo tanto metabÃlitos citotÃxicos capazes de induzir apoptose em cÃlulas tumorais diretamente, quanto macromolÃculas imunomoduladoras com atividade antitumoral in vivo. / Cancer is one of the biggest health problems in all over the world and causes a great amount of death of children and adults. Despite success of several cancer therapies, the ideal anticancer drug is not available yet and the numerous side effects are a limiting point. The natural products research, although recent, has shown often a variety of new chemical structures and potent biological activities. Cytotoxic compounds with possible cancer chemotherapy application are commonly isolated from marine organisms. Two within four marketed drugs from marine sources are used for cancer chemotherapy. Besides small weight molecules, the polysaccharides biological response modifiers also have showing to be a promising field as adjuvant in traditional chemotherapy. Cnidarians together with sponges, ascidians, mollusks and algae form the most promising marine group. The zoanthid Protopalythoa variabilis (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) is found in coastline of whole world, however its pharmacological potential have never been investigated before. The antitumor potential of compounds from P. variabilis from Cearà coast was evaluated in this work. The chemical fractionation guided by the cytotoxicity on four tumor cell lines (HL-60, leukemia; HCT-8, colon; SF-295, central nervous system and MDA-MB-435, melanoma) from crude hydroalcoholic extract yield two new lipidic -amino acids (1a/1b) in mixture from hexane fraction and five fractions (EtOAc-P-1-5) containing sterols signals from ethyl acetate fraction. 1a/1b showed a mean inhibitory concentration mean (IC50) of 85 ng/mL against cell lines tested, whereas EtOAc-P-4, the most powerful of EtOAc derivatives fractions, showed a mean IC50 of 117.5 ng/mL. This was the first report of lipidic amino acids obtained from natural sources and also the first cytotoxic data for this class of compounds. The cytotoxic investigation of 1a/1b and EtOAc-P-4 on HL-60 cells showed treated-cells dead by apoptosis with critical involvement of intrinsic pathway. Protein-bound sulfated polysaccharides (PPV) with high molecular mass were obtained from residue of the hydroalcoholic extract. PPV did not showed cytotoxicity on tumor cell lines in vitro, however it induced 50% of tumor growth inhibition on melanoma B-16 bearing-mice. No toxic evidences were observed in histopathology analysis as well as in biochemical and hematological parameters, however circulating monocytes increased with PPV treatment. In addition peritoneal macrophages investigated in vitro confirmed that PPV is a biological response modifier. The PPV-induced macrophage activation stimulated the release of nitric oxide and cytokines IL-1 and IL-6, but did not do TNF-. This work showed that P. variabilis is a rich source of antitumor compounds, having both small cytotoxic molecules and polysaccharides biological response modifiers with antitumor activity in vivo.