Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:42:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hudison.pdf: 7678712 bytes, checksum: 77d524c573ba60402f77fbda4e17c5e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the present study was investigated the API 5L X70 steel mechanical behavior through tensile and instrumented impact tests. Results from the instrumented Charpy impact test have allowed quantify the forces, energies and deflections of the specimens. It was used to obtain the fracture mechanics parameters such as the dynamic fracture toughness JId, the stress intensity factor for dynamic loading KId, as also range the ductile brittle transition temperature. Simultaneously was evaluated the mechanisms that induce to the delamination phenomenon as well as the investigation of their influence on the absorbed energy during the impact test. It was also analyzed the microtexture and mesotexture of different samples from the brittle, ductile and mixed regions from the ductile brittle transition temperature curve. Results have shown that the longitudinal direction was slightly superior mechanical properties when compared to the transverse direction. The dynamic fracture toughness JId was higher for the L-T specimen orientation when compared to the T-L orientation and it tends to increase with increasing temperature for both directions. The stress intensity factor values for dynamic loading was close to in both L-T and T-L orientations. The microtexture has revealed that deformation process from the impact test preserves some of its characteristics from the prior processing such as phase transformations and recrystallization components. While the mesotexture feature has shown higher energy values in the ductile brittle transition temperature curve, it is resulted from the formation of deformation substructure. Results obtained by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy have shown that the main factors that may be contributing to the formation of crack-divider type delaminations are banded microstructure and elongated ferrite grains. While the microtexture from the edges delamination has shown that propagation mechanism is intergranular. Taylor factor mapping has shown that the mechanism responsible for the formation of delamination is accompanied by low plastic deformation. / No presente trabalho foi investigado o comportamento mecânico do aço API 5L X70 através de ensaios de tração e impacto instrumentado. O ensaio de impacto Charpy instrumentado permitiu quantificar as forças, energias e deflexões dos corpos de prova. Com a utilização destes dados foram obtidos parâmetros da mecânica da fratura, tais como, a tenacidade à fratura dinâmica JId, o fator de intensidade de tensão para carregamento dinâmico KId, além da faixa de valores da temperatura de transição dúctil frágil. Concomitantemente foram avaliados os mecanismos que contribuem na formação do fenômeno conhecido como delaminação, bem como a investigação de sua influência sobre a energia absorvida durante o ensaio de impacto. Foram também analisadas a microtextura e mesotextura de diferentes amostras retiradas da região frágil, dúctil e mista, da curva de transição dúctil frágil do material. Os resultados mostraram que o material possui propriedades mecânicas de impacto ligeiramente superiores na direção longitudinal à laminação comparado à direção transversal. Os valores encontrados para a tenacidade à fratura dinâmica JId são superiores para corpos de prova com orientação L-T quando comparados para a orientação T-L, e tendem a aumentar com o aumento da temperatura para ambas orientações. Os valores encontrados para o fator de intensidade de tensão para carregamento dinâmico foram próximos para ambas as orientações L-T e T-L. A microtextura revelou que após a deformação no ensaio de impacto o aço preserva algumas das características do seu histórico de processamento tais como componentes de transformações de fase e recristalização. Enquanto que o estudo da mesotextura mostrou que maiores valores de energia na curva de transição dúctil frágil resultam na formação de uma subestrutura de deformação. Resultados obtidos por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia ótica mostraram que os principais fatores que podem estar contribuindo para formação de delaminações do tipo trinca divisora são a microestrutura bandeada e grãos alongados de ferrita. Enquanto que a microtextura nas bordas da delaminação mostrou que o seu mecanismo de propagação é intergranular. O mapeamento do fator de Taylor mostrou que o mecanismo responsável pela formação da delaminação é acompanhado por pouca deformação plástica.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Weiterentwicklung eines Prüfregelwerks für Flexitanksysteme hinsichtlich des durchzuführenden Bahnauflaufstoßes. Während eines solchen Versuchs wird das Flexitanksystem, bestehend aus einem herkömmlichen Seefrachtcontainer und beladen mit einem wassergefüllten Folientank sowie einiger Zusatzeinrichtungen, auf einem Tragwagen verankert und anschließend einer intensiven Stoßbelastung ausgesetzt. Der Nachweis der Dichtigkeit des Tanks und die Einhaltung diverser Verformungsgrenzwerte am Container entscheiden über den Ausgang des Versuchs. Während die Arbeit auch diese Punkte aufgreift, liegt der eigentliche Schwerpunkt in der Auseinandersetzung mit derjenigen Beurteilungsgröße, welche die Erfüllung der Prüfanforderungen bestimmt. Derzeit wird dieses Prüfkriterium über eine Beschleunigungsamplitude definiert, was allerdings eine gewisse Unschärfe mit sich bringt. Die Prüfmethodik und ihre Entwicklungsgeschichte, sowie die damit einhergehenden Nachteile werden im Detail erläutert und eine Möglichkeit der Erweiterung des Kriteriums mithilfe des Schockantwortspektrums geboten. Als Beurteilungsgröße für die dynamische Prüfung von Tankcontainern bereits fest etabliert, wird dieses mathematische Analysewerkzeug in allen Einzelheiten vorgestellt und dessen Eignung für die Anwendung im Bahnauflaufstoß für Flexitanksysteme untersucht. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein Simulationsmodell entwickelt, mit dessen Hilfe eine ausführliche Parameteranalyse durchgeführt und deren Ergebnisse Versuchsmessungen gegenübergestellt werden. Die Schlussfolgerungen münden in einem dem Flexitanksystem angepassten Prüfkriterium auf Basis des Schockantwort-spektrums, welches in Form eines Regelwerksentwurfs den entscheidungsberechtigten Gremien vorgeschlagen wird. Die Inhalte der drei Hauptkapitel der Dissertation können in folgenden Punkten zusammengefasst werden: Das Flexitanksystem wird vorgestellt, der Auflaufversuch erläutert und diskutiert sowie Versuchsergebnisse präsentiert und nach verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten analysiert. Das Schockantwortspektrum wird hergeleitet, dessen Charakteristika herausgestellt und deren Anwendung an praktischen Beispielen demonstriert. Die Eignung des Schockantwortspektrums zur Beurteilung von Auflaufstößen mit Flexitanksystem wird überprüft, die Einflussfaktoren in einer Parameteranalyse durchleuchtet und die Ergebnisse in die Definition eines neuen Prüfkriteriums eingeflochten. Die Dissertation entstand im Rahmen eines Fördermittelprojekts des Europäischen Sozialfonds und in Kooperation mit der Prüfanlage der TÜV SÜD Rail GmbH in Görlitz.

Le travail principal de cette thèse consiste à proposer une nouvelle procédure d'identification inverse appliquée aux situations de mise en forme et d'usinage des métaux, qui peut fournir un ensemble de paramètres appropriés pour toute loi constitutive elastoplastique suivant le modèle de plasticité de type J_{2} avec écrouissage isotrope, en évaluant la corrélation entre les réponses expérimentales et numériques. En premier lieu, un programme d'identification a été développé, en combinant l'algorithme de Levenberg-Marquardt et des méthodes de traitement de données pour identifier les paramètres constitutifs. En termes d'expérimentation, des essais de compression et de traction dynamiques ont été effectués. La forme finale déformée des spécimens, qui repose sur une analyse post-mortem, a été choisie comme quantité d'observation. Comme pour la simulation numérique, des modèles numériques de ces mêmes procédures expérimentales ont été construits en utilisant le code éléments finis Abaqus/Explicit afin de fournir des réponses numériques. Un algorithme numérique a été proposé pour l'implémentation de lois constitutives elastoplastiques définies par l'utilisateur dans Abaqus/Explicit. / The main concern of this thesis is to propose a new inverse identification procedure applied to metal forming and machining situations, which can provide an appropriate parameters set for any elastoplastic constitutive law following J_{2} plasticity and isotropic hardening, by evaluating the correlation between the experimental and numerical responses. Firstly the identification program has been developed, which combines the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm and the Data processing methods to optimize the constitutive parameters. In terms of experimentation, dynamic compression and tensile tests have been conducted. The final deformed shape of specimens, which relies on a post-mortem analysis, has been selected as the observation quantity. As for the numerical simulation, the numerical models of the same experimental procedure have been built with the finite element software Abaqus/Explicit in order to provide numerical responses. A numerical algorithm has been proposed for the implementation of user defined elastoplastic constitutive laws in Abaqus/Explicit.

Com o decorrer dos anos o consumo de petróleo e seus derivados aumentou significativamente e com isso houve a necessidade de se investir em pesquisas para descobertas de novas jazidas de petróleo como o pré-sal. Porém, não apenas a localização dessas jazidas deve ser estudada, mas, também, sua forma de exploração. Essa exploração e extração, na maioria das vezes, se dão em ambientes altamente corrosivos e o transporte do produto extraído é realizado através de tubulações de aço de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL). Aços ARBL expostos a ambientes contendo H2S e CO2 (sour gas) sofrem corrosão generalizada que promovem a entrada de hidrogênio atômico no metal, podendo diminuir sua tenacidade e causar falha induzida pela presença de hidrogênio (Hydrogen Induced Cracking HIC), gerando falhas graves no material. Tais falhas podem ser desastrosas para o meio ambiente e para a sociedade. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a tenacidade, utilizando ensaio Charpy, de um tubo API 5L X65 sour após diferentes tempos de imersão em uma solução saturada com H2S. O eletrólito empregado foi a solução A (ácido acético contendo cloreto de sódio) da norma NACE TM0284 (2011), fazendo-se desaeração com injeção de N2, seguida de injeções de H2S. Os materiais foram submetidos a: ensaios de resistência a HIC segundo a norma NACE TM0284 (2011) e exames em microscópio óptico e eletrônico de varredura para caracterização microestrutural, de inclusões e trincas. As amostras foram submetidas a imersão em solução A durante 96h e 360h, sendo que, após doze dias do término da imersão, foram realizados os ensaios Charpy e exames fractográficos. Foram aplicados dois métodos: o de energia absorvida e o da expansão lateral, conforme recomendações da norma ASTM E23 (2012). As curvas obtidas, em função da temperatura de impacto, foram ajustadas pelo método da tangente hiperbólica. Esses procedimentos foram realizados nas duas seções do tubo (transversal e longitudinal) e permitiram a obtenção dos seguintes parâmetros: energias absorvidas e expansão lateral nos patamares superior e inferior e temperaturas de transição dúctil-frágil (TTDF) em suas diferentes definições, ou seja, TTDFEA, TTDFEA-DN, TTDFEA-FN, TTDFEL, TTDFEL-DN e TTDFEL-FN (identificação no item Lista de Abreviaturas e Siglas). No exame fractográfico observou-se que o material comportou-se conforme o previsto, ou seja, em temperaturas mais altas ocorreu fratura dúctil, em temperaturas próximas a TTDF obteve-se fratura mista e nas temperaturas mais baixas observou-se o aparecimento de fratura frágil. Os resultados mostraram que quanto maior o tempo de imersão na solução A, menor é a energia absorvida e a expansão lateral no patamar superior, o que pode ser explicado pelo (esperado) aumento do teor de hidrogênio em solução sólida com o tempo de imersão. Por sua vez, os resultados mostraram que há tendência à diminuição da temperatura de transição dúctil-frágil com o aumento do tempo de imersão, particularmente, as TTDFEA-DN e TTDFEL-DN das duas seções do tubo (longitudinal e transversal). Esse comportamento controverso, que pode ser denominado de tenacificação com o decorrer do tempo de imersão na solução A, foi explicado pelo aparecimento de trincas secundárias durante o impacto (Charpy). Isso indica uma limitação do ensaio Charpy para a avaliação precisa de materiais hidrogenados. / Over the years the consumption of crude oil and its derivatives increased significantly, creating the necessity to invest in research to discover new sources of pre-salt crude oil. However, not only the location of these deposits should be studied, but also its extraction. This exploration and extraction, in most cases, occur in highly corrosive environments and the transport of the extracted product is performed by high strength low alloy steel pipes (HSLA). HSLA steels exposed to environments containing CO2 and H2S (sour gas) suffer general corrosion that promotes the diffusion of atomic hydrogen into the metal structure, which may decrease its toughness and induce cracks by the presence of hydrogen (Hydrogen Induced Cracking - HIC), leading the material to severe failures. Such events can be disastrous for the environment and the society. The objective of this work is to study the toughness using Charpy Impact Tests on an API 5L X65 sour service steel pipe, submitted to different immersion times in a H2S saturated solution. The used electrolyte was the NACE TM0284 (2011) solution A (acetic acid containing sodium chloride), with deaeration by N2 injection followed by H2S injection. The materials were submitted to HIC resistance tests according to NACE TM0284 (2011) standard and examination by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy for microstructural inclusions and cracks characterization. The samples were immersed in the solution for 96h and 360h and after twelve days of immersion, Charpy tests and fracture analysis were performed. Two analytical methods were applied to Charpy tests results: the energy absorbed and lateral expansion, as recommended by the ASTM E23 (2012). The obtained curves, that are a function of impact temperature, were adjusted by the hyperbolic tangent method. This procedure was performed in two different orientations in the pipe (transverse and longitudinal) and allowed the determination of the following parameters: energy absorbed and lateral expansion in the upper and lower levels and ductile-to-brittle transition temperatures (DBTT) in its different definitions: DBTTAE, DBTTAE-DN, DBTTAE-FN, DBTTLE, DBTTLE-DN e DBTTLE-FN. Fracture analysis revealed that the material behaved as expected, meaning that at higher temperatures ductile fracture occurred, at temperatures near DBTT it was obtained a mixed fracture and at lower temperatures it was observed the presence of brittle fracture. Results showed that when the immersion time in the solution was higher, the energy absorbed in upper shelf decreases, and also lateral expansion in upper shelf decreases, which may be explained by the (expected) increase of hydrogen level in solid solution, induced by the immersion time. It was found that there is a tendency of the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature to be lower with the increase of immersion time, particularly the DBTTAE-DN and DBTTLE-DN of the two pipe sections (longitudinal and transversal). This controversial behavior, which may be defined as the toughening by the increase of immersion time in the solution A, was explained by the appearance of secondary cracks during impact test (Charpy). This indicates a limitation of the Charpy test for the accurate characterization of hydrogenated materials, concerning toughness.

Neste trabalho buscou-se propor e implementar um modelo de material capaz de prever o comportamento mecânico de estruturas em compósitos poliméricos reforçados (CPR). Inicialmente fez-se um levantamento bibliográfico sobre os modos de danificação intralaminar e falhas interlaminares bem como sobre formas de abordagem (analítica e numérica) para tratar esses problemas. Em seguida, foram apresentadas em detalhes as etapas experimentais executadas, descrevendo todo o procedimento de fabricação dos corpos-de-prova e os resultados obtidos a partir dos ensaios quase-estáticos de tração, compressão, cisalhamento e flexão. Com base nesses resultados e em informações provenientes da literatura, propõem-se alguns modelos de material que foram implementados em sub-rotinas FORTRAN. Tais modelos são posteriormente compilados em conjunto com um programa de elementos finitos (ABAQUS®) a fim de serem avaliados e terem seus parâmetros calibrados. Numa primeira fase, através de simulações computacionais dos ensaios de tração e compressão avaliou-se os modelos de material implementados. Numa segunda fase, os parâmetros foram calibrados tomando como base três estudos de caso (flexão, endentação e teste de impacto) envolvendo seqüências de empilhamento distintas. Após a simulação computacional desses estudos, apresentou-se a proposta de uma metodologia para avaliar problemas de impacto a baixa velocidade em estruturas laminadas. Conclui-se assim que o presente projeto de pesquisa traz contribuições inovadoras, mas também apresenta várias perspectivas de trabalhos futuros. / In this work, material models were proposed to predict the mechanical behavior of composite structures. First of all, it was done a study about damage intra-ply and inter-ply (delamination) on composite materials and about analytical and numerical approaches to solve problems of progressive damage on composite structures was performed. After, many specimens were manufactured and experimental tests (tensile, compression, shear and flexural tests) were carried out. Experimental results and information from literature were used to develop some material models, which were implemented using FORTRAN compiler. These material models were compiled with a commercial finite element program (ABAQUS®) in order to evaluate and calibrate parameters of the models. In the first step, computational simulations of tensile and compression test were carried out to evaluate material models implemented. In the second step, the parameters of the material models were calibrated using three case studies (flexural, indentation and impact test) with some staking sequences. After that, a methodology was proposed to evaluate impact problems on composite structures under low velocity. Therefore, this research project not only shows new contributions but also suggests many future investigations.

The thesis deals with the dependence of mechanical characteristics on the anisotropy of polymers Nylon 12 and Ultem 9085 made by a 3D printing technology Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). The evaluation of the material characteristics was performed on the basis of tensile and non-instrumental impact tests. It was proven that the material characteristics are strongly dependent on anisotropy, i.e. on layer thickness and raster angle for both types of polymers.

This master’s thesis deals with influence of gas content in structure of polymer materials to mechanical properties. Test specimens were prepared by MuCell technology from polyphthalamide reinforced by 50 % of glass fiber content. The theorethical part of this thesis is focused on polymer materials with attention to polyamides and injection moulding technology. In the experimental part, the dependence between the characteristics obtained from the tensile test and the Charpy impact test on the amount of gas in the polymer is examined.

Physical aging of commercially produced polypropylene homopolymers Mosten was studied. The work is focused on monitoring the changes in physical properties of polymer in the time period 90 days from the date of preparation of the test specimen. The aging of polymers was realized at storage temperatures of 23 and 80 °C. The changes in crystallinity, yield strength, modulus, elongation and impact strength using DSC method, tensile tests and impact tests according to Charpy were monitored. Molecular weight distribution was determined by means of GPC at each polymer. Relationships between the changes in physical properties and polymer molecular weight were sought.

Ce travail a pour objectif d’étudier le comportement mécanique d’un fil de para-aramide en sollicitation longitudinale et dynamique. Pour ce faire, nous avons conçu un nouveau dispositif expérimental permettant de réaliser ces essais à l’aide d’un canon à gaz : le Dispositif de Traction par Impact sur Fil (DTIF). Ce dispositif a subi de nombreuses modifications dans le but d’obtenir des conditions d’essais optimales. Celui-ci est associé à un dispositif de mesure par laser permettant d’obtenir le profil de vitesse du projectile ainsi que les courbes caractéristiques de Force-Déformation du fil testé. La validité de la mesure est confirmée par comparaison aux résultats obtenus avec un vélocimètre à effet Doppler, dispositif permettant de mesurer directement et de façon précise le profil de vitesse du projectile. Plusieurs campagnes d’essais sont réalisées, à la fois dans le but d’identifier les caractéristiques dynamiques d’un fil seul, et dans le but de caractériser l’influence de l’arrangement structural d’un tissu sur le comportement dynamique d’un fil. Cette étude révèle l’intervention de trois principaux paramètres structuraux, qui sont la surface de contact inter-fils totale, le nombre de points de liage et les pressions inter-fils transverses et latérales au sein du tissu, influant sur quatre principaux critères de rupture du fil, qui sont les défauts de structure et les phénomènes d’hystérésis au sein du filament, les concentrations de contraintes ainsi que les forces de frottement au niveau des interactions entre le fil testé et le reste de la structure tissée. / This work aims at studying the mechanical behavior of a para-aramid yarn in dynamic and longitudinal load. To that end, we designed a new experimental device to achieve these tests with the use of a gas gun: the Tensile Impact Test for Yarn (TITY). This device met numerous modifications in the aim to reach optimal test conditions. It is associated with a measurement device using laser and allowing obtaining the velocity profile of the projectile and the Strength-Strain characteristic curves of the tested yarn. The validity of the measure is confirmed by comparing our results with those obtained with a laser Doppler vélocimètre, device allowing measuring directly and precisely the velocity profile of the projectile. Many test campaigns are performed. Both in the aim to identify the dynamic parameters of a single and virgin yarn, and in the aim to characterize the impact of the fabric structural arrangement on the dynamic behavior of a yarn. This study reveals the intervention of three main structural parameters, which are the total inter-yarns contact surface, the number of binding points and the transvers and lateral inter-yarns pressures, having an impact on four main yarn break criteria, which are the structural defects and hysteresis phenomena inside the filament, stress concentrations and frictional forces concerning the interactions between the tested yarn and the rest of the fabric.

The current and forecasted global consumption of plastic packaging and products through the 21st century combined with the already reported and growing negative impact of plastics on the environment due to plastics being synthesized from nonrenewable resources that do not biodegrade is of serious concern. However, recent advances in starch technology including the development of thermoplastic starch (TPS) materials —polymers that are both renewable and biodegradable—have brought hope to reducing this impact. The mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch have often been improved by blending with synthetic polymers. One issue that arises with blending is volatilization of the melt from moisture in the TPS materials. Ecostarch™ a proprietary, pelletized thermoplastic starch resin formulated from potato starch, was processed and tested to observe injection molding processability at various moisture levels, in pure TPS as well as various blend ratios with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP). This study evaluated and analyzed the effects of the TPS pellet moisture content on void formation in the plastic pre-injection melt and subsequent molded part mechanical properties. Statistical analysis of the test results showed that moisture had a significant effect on void formation in the plastic melt. In TPS/HDPE blends, voids percent (as measured by cross section area) increased by 300-350% from 0.6% to 1.4% moisture levels. In unblended TPS, void percent increased by 150% from 0.4% to 1.4% moisture levels. In the unblended TPS parts, impact strength (energy in ft-lb) was decreased by 1% from 0.6% to 1.4% moisture level. In the TPS/HDPE and TPS/PP blends, there was no significant effect on impact strength due to the moisture percent levels of the TPS. Modulus decreased by 25% from 0.4% to 1.4% moisture level in unblended TPS parts. From 0.6% to 1.4% change in TPS moisture content, the modulus of the TPS/HDPE blend decreased by 9% at a 30% TPS/70% HDPE blend and decreased by 14% at a 70% TPS/30% HDPE blend. Though the moisture of TPS did not have a significant impact on the tensile strength of TPS/HDPE blends, the tensile strength of TPS/PP blend samples were significantly affected: a change from 0.6% to 1.4% moisture increased tensile strength 34% at a 70% TPS/30% PP blend and increased tensile strength by 22% at a 30% TPS/70% PP blend. Thus the results of this study highlight the relationships between moisture, voids, and mechanical performance of TPS and TPS/Polymer blends.