The main goal of this study is to indicate the importance of community policing training programs for implementation of community policing. Community policing requires a transition from traditional policing methods to proactive and problem-oriented policing which is constructed upon police-citizen partnership. For the successful implementation of community policing, the change process needs to be fully realized throughout the organization. Suitably appropriate methods of training will help both officers and citizens to fully understand the goals of community policing. This study focuses on the types of existing community training methods as well as the obstacles that complicate training efforts. Consequently, this study provides some recommendations on community policing training programs to make them more helpful for police departments.

Adaptive management (AM) is a systematic process that regards management and policy decisions as experiments or treatments. This iterative process is relatively simple and intuitive, leading to widespread uptake and application of these principles. Popularity of AM results in the process being routinely inserted into strategies or plans without full recognition of the commitment and paradigm shift in management that it represents. This case study involved evaluation of Manitoba Hydro’s Environmental Protection Program during construction of the Bipole III transmission line and its use of AM. Researching the program’s functionality spanned three construction seasons using document review, employee interviews and site visits. The program was evaluated according to what current literature identifies as elements of successful AM. Monitoring and Innovative activities provided strong examples of AM principles while other areas such as communication face challenges. The recommendations pursue a more active approach to AM and continual improvement of environmental protection performance. / February 2017

Each year the number of flights around the world increases, and to be able to counter the increase of traffic the air traffic control (ATC) and the systems they use to control the traffic must be developed in the same pace. This is something that bigger ATCC’s around the world has gone through and experienced. To be able to maintain or increase the level of safety at the same time as the traffic load increases, you need to do more than just hire more air traffic controllers. The systems in use must always be developed in accordance to new regulations and as well become more effective. This leads to ATCC’s continuously going through changes in the form of implementations of new ATC systems. The research and development are moving forward in an immense speed, and the latest decade’s ATC in many places has gone from writing down information on paper strips to the more modern strip less systems. This has resulted in a remarkable increase of effectivity and safety in ATC. In Sweden, there are three bigger ATCC’s: Stockholm ATCC, Malmö ATCC and ÖKC. In both Stockholm and Malmö, the strip less systems are already in use while ÖKC uses a less developed ATC system. It is economically demanding to continuously keep the ATCC’s up to date with the most modern systems, and the controlling factor is demand. In a working environment where safety is of the highest concern, you need a carefully prepared method of both updating, implementing, and testing new systems, providing personnel with training and sequentially implementing it. To achieve this, you need to do thoroughly review the concerned ATCC before, during and after an implementation. With the help of interviews, surveys and literature studies the working methods and processes have been examined and analyzed on ÖKC. By gathering opinions from the personnel at ÖKC, a good understanding of ÖKC has been attained. The unique thing about ÖKC’s air traffic, compared to the other ATCC’s, is that a big portion of their air traffic is military flights, which leads to different traffic situations. This study has been conducted as a first step before an implementation, with the intention of analyzing how a strip less system affects ÖKC with its current working methods and processes, and the connection to situational awareness. The study intends to be used as a foundation to future inquiries of how ÖKC will be affected by an implementation of this kind. It also contains opinions from operative personnel at ÖKC, and how they feel about a change of an ATC system.

VCM es una empresa arequipeña que cuenta con treinta años de experiencia en el sector de la construcción en lo relacionado al vidrio como acabado de construcción. El artículo describe el proceso en la cual se definieron los lineamientos estratégicos clave y se propuso la herramienta del balanced scorecard para la evaluación y medición de sus objetivos a través de indicadores para poder contribuir con la sostenibilidad de la empresa. Para poder determinar estos objetivos, se ha realizado un análisis interno y externo. Para realizar el análisis externo se utilizó el modelo de las cinco fuerzas de Porter y la matriz de evaluación de factores externos (EFE). Asimismo, para realizar el análisis interno se utilizó el modelo de la cadena de valor y la matriz de evaluación de factores internos (EFI). Luego, se realizó un análisis FODA en el cuál se resaltó que la principal fortaleza es el servicio, la cual se concluyó que era su ventaja competitiva. Luego de este análisis, se determinó que la estrategia competitiva genérica es la diferenciación por el tipo de servicio y asesoría que brinda, viéndose reflejada en la ventaja competitiva. Para la construcción del balanced scorecard, se tomó en cuenta la perspectiva financiera, de clientes, procesos internos y de aprendizaje y crecimiento; planteando doce objetivos estratégicos para estas perspectivas. En el tablero de control, se determinaron los indicadores para cada objetivo y se proponen iniciativas estratégicas para cada uno de ellos.

This thesis focuses on e-government implementation and related institutional adoption and diffusion factors in Omani public sector organisations. With the advancement of the Internet and supporting Information and Communication Technologies, e-government has emerged as an effective means of delivering government services to citizens. While most early e-government efforts were concentrated on developed countries, in the recent past, it has also become popular in many developing countries. Most notably are the Middle Eastern countries that have continued to invest significantly into e-government initiatives in the last five years. However, compared to the West, the progress of e-government implementation and diffusion has been laggard in the Middle East region. The Sultanate of Oman is one such example, where, although large investments have been made since 2003 to facilitate the implementation of its electronic services, limited progress has been made in terms of realising fully functional e-government. The aim of this thesis is to examine the institutional factors influencing the development and implementation of e-government in the context of Oman using case study based research. From an institutional perspective economic, political and social as well as technological issues signify the most fundamental pressures that organisations face when initiating e-government implementation led change. Using institutional theory as a conceptual lens, this thesis aims to provide a better understanding of the internal and external pressures that influence the success of e-government projects. This research identified nineteen different factors influencing the progress of the national e-government project, e-Oman, from a public sector organisational perspective. Further, a conceptual model for examining e-government implementation has been developed and evaluated empirically within the context of Oman. By doing so, this research contributes to the body of knowledge by identifying the institutional factors that contributes to the success of e-government implementation and explaining its paradoxes.

This Bachelor's thesis is conducted with semi-structured interviews and texts and is analyzing how the concept empowerment is represented in South Africa. More specifically, this case study investigates, (1) how do the national South-African policy of empowerment, Fairtrade South Africa, and the target group describe what the goal of empowerment is? (2) How do the national South-African policy of empowerment, Fairtrade South Africa, and the target group describe the problem, causes and solutions in relation to empowerment? (3) What are the similarities and differences of the actors' representations of empowerment, and what implications may potential conflicts have for the prospect to successfully achieve the national goal of black empowerment? This research has a qualitative approach and uses implementation theory in relation to representation. The content analysis of our data illustrates that the representations of empowerment made by the different actors in the implementation process have many differences and yet not many similarities. The analysis illustrates that three main conflicts are evident when comparing the different actors' representations of empowerment. These are related to critical thinking, the conflicting individual and collective perspectives, and if the problem of disempowerment is caused by past or present structures. These conflicts in the three actors' representations of empowerment can cause bias and delay or possible failure in the policy implementation of black empowerment, yet all actors agreed on the goal of empowerment to be self-determination.

Background: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prostate cancer prevention study funded by the National Cancer Institute and conducted by SWOG (Southwest Oncology Group). A total of 35,533 men were assigned randomly to one of four treatment groups (vitamin E + placebo, selenium + placebo, vitamin E + selenium, placebo + placebo). At the time of the trial's development, NIH had invested substantial resources in evaluating the potential benefits of these antioxidants. To capitalize on the knowledge gained from following a large cohort of healthy, aging males on the effects of selenium and/or vitamin E, ancillary studies with other disease endpoints were solicited. Methods: Four ancillary studies were added. Each drew from the same population but had independent objectives and an endpoint other than prostate cancer. These studies fell into two categories: those prospectively enrolling and following participants (studies of Alzheimer's disease and respiratory function) and those requiring a retrospective medical record review after a reported event (cataracts/age-related macular degeneration and colorectal screening). An examination of the challenges and opportunities of adding ancillary studies is provided. The impact of the ancillary studies on adherence to SELECT was evaluated using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results: While the addition of ancillary studies appears to have improved participant adherence to the primary trial, this did not come without added complexity. Activation of the ancillary studies happened after the SELECT randomizations had begun resulting in accrual problems to some of the studies. Study site participation in the ancillary trials varied greatly and depended on the interest of the study site principal investigator. Procedures for each were integrated into the primary trial and all monitoring was done by the SELECT Data and Safety Monitoring Committee. The impact of the early closure of the primary trial was different for each of the ancillary trials. Conclusions: The ancillary studies allowed study sites to broaden the research opportunities for their participants. Their implementation was efficient because of the established infrastructure of the primary trial. Implementation of these ancillary trials took substantial planning and coordination but enriched the overall primary trial.

In recent years, attempts to find solutions to business and social problems of developing nations have dominated the interest of developmental researchers. This study, in effect, has taken the same approach to finding the problems and solutions to the case of Nigeria Airways Corporation. The study is significant because it analyzed the organizational structure and operation of Nigeria Airways Corporation, with the view of developing a model for implementing TQM. In addition, some specific variables were investigated. The variables were: (1) management commitment, (2) employee involvement in the decision-making process, (3) customer input, (4) continuous improvement, and (5) organizational effectiveness. With the variables of choice, the study was designed and questionnaires were administered to random samples selected from top-level management, middle-level management, lower-level management, and the general public. After collecting the responses, statistical tests such as statistical percentage frequencies, mean analysis, an analysis of variance (ANOVA}, and Scheffe tests which compare the level of significance as specified in the hypotheses, with .05 level of significance were performed. The findings showed statistical differences among the different levels of management, the non-management employees, as well as the general public. The differences were in the organizational structure and operation, decision-making process, and provisions for customer inputs in Nigeria Airways Corporation. The study showed that the adapted model of Total Quality Management is a relevant tool that might remedy the poor performance of the airline. The study recommends the total reorganization of the structure and operation of the airline with a total view of implementing an adapted TQM.

This thesis explores tensions within UK childcare policy and welfare reform. Through an ethnographic study of policy implementation, I examine themes of government, governance and governmentality. The evidence based policy movement assumes that the nature of evidence is self-evident but ethnographic data reveals how implementers draw on cultural resources of interpretive repertoires, myth and symbolism to make sense of policy. Central Government structures the policy implementation process with a “core offer”, hypothecated funding, a timetable and targets. Local policy actors manage implementation partly through tick box performative practices but they stretch time and juggle money. Implementation practices comprise branding, reification and commodification processes and the design of elastic policy products. Change and stasis are both in evidence with time-scales experienced variously as tight, as long running or as plus ça change. The community is produced as subject and object of governance, as an agent of change and a site for policy intervention. This glosses over childcare as women’s issue, market tensions and social class determinants of child poverty. Drawing on a range of theoretical resources and using the analogy of a palimpsest I show how discursive governance achieves a temporary policy settlement. This is neither workfare nor welfare but an unanticipated creative set of outcomes, exemplified in a circus project. I reveal some relatively hidden aspects of public policy and analyse give-away artefacts as hyper-visible policy manifestations. Commitment to a public service ethos is in evidence with policy implementers exercising their discretion in the interstices of market and state bureaucratic governance regimes. The Sure Start brand moves on from a flagship programme to Sure Start Children’s Centres but a novel Community Learning Partnership struggles to tug the oil tanker of children’s welfare services in a radically new direction or solve the wicked issue of child poverty.

Although evidence-based treatments (EBTs) often perform well in research settings, when EBTs are delivered in practice settings they sometimes fail to outperform usual care (UC). One reason for this could be that therapists in practice settings may not follow the EBT protocol as closely or may deliver more therapeutic interventions that align with other treatment domains. I tested this possibility in the context of cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for youth anxiety by comparing how CBT was delivered in practice (i.e., community-based clinics) and research (i.e., lab) settings. A diverse sample of youth (aged 7-15) received one of two treatments to address primary presenting problems of anxiety: CBT in a lab (N = 51), CBT in clinics (N = 18), or UC in clinics (N = 22). The extensiveness of therapeutic interventions delivered was measured using the Therapy Process Observational Coding System for Child Psychotherapy – Strategies Scale (McLeod & Weisz, 2010). Two coders independently coded the same available sessions. Analyses investigated mean-level differences in interventions session-by-session, over time between the three groups. Results indicated that CBT delivery differed across groups, over time. Future researchers should use this characterization to further implementation and process-outcome research, and eventually either enhance quality control efforts or alter aspects of EBT protocols (Garland, Hulbert, & Hawley, 2006).