Complexity theory helps us predict and control resources, usually time and space, consumed by programs. Static analysis on specific syntactic criterion allows us to categorize some programs. A common approach is to observe the program’s data’s behavior. For instance, the detection of non-size-increasing programs is based on a simple principle : counting memory allocation and deallocation, particularly in loops. This way, we can detect programs which compute within a constant amount of space. This method can easily be expressed as property on control flow graphs. Because analyses on data’s behaviour are syntactic, they can be done at compile time. Because they are only static, those analyses are not always computable or easily computable and approximations are needed. “Size-Change Principle” from C. S. Lee, N. D. Jones et A. M. Ben-Amram presented a method to predict termination by observing resources evolution and a lot of research came from this theory. Until now, these implicit complexity theories were essentially applied on more or less toy languages. This thesis applies implicit computational complexity methods into “real life” programs by manipulating intermediate representation languages in compilers. This give an accurate idea of the actual expressivity of these analyses and show that implicit computational complexity and compilers communities can fuel each other fruitfully. As we show in this thesis, the methods developed are quite generals and open the way to several new applications. / La théorie de la complexité´e s’intéresse à la gestion des ressources, temps ou espace, consommés par un programmel ors de son exécution. L’analyse statique nous permet de rechercher certains critères syntaxiques afin de catégoriser des familles de programmes. L’une des approches les plus fructueuses dans le domaine consiste à observer le comportement potentiel des données manipulées. Par exemple, la détection de programmes “non size increasing” se base sur le principe très simple de compter le nombre d’allocations et de dé-allocations de mémoire, en particulier au cours de boucles et on arrive ainsi à détecter les programmes calculant en espace constant. Cette méthode s’exprime très bien comme propriété sur les graphes de flot de contrôle. Comme les méthodes de complexité implicite fonctionnent à l’aide de critères purement syntaxiques, ces analyses peuvent être faites au moment de la compilation. Parce qu’elles ne sont ici que statiques, ces analyses ne sont pas toujours calculables ou facilement calculables, des compromis doivent être faits en s’autorisant des approximations. Dans le sillon du “Size-Change Principle” de C. S. Lee, N. D. Jones et A. M. Ben-Amram, beaucoup de recherches reprennent cette méthode de prédiction de terminaison par observation de l’évolution des ressources. Pour le moment, ces méthodes venant des théories de la complexité implicite ont surtout été appliquées sur des langages plus ou moins jouets. Cette thèse tend à porter ces méthodes sur de “vrais” langages de programmation en s’appliquant au niveau des représentations intermédiaires dans des compilateurs largement utilises. Elle fournit à la communauté un outil permettant de traiter une grande quantité d’exemples et d’avoir une idée plus précise de l’expressivité réelle de ces analyses. De plus cette thèse crée un pont entre deux communautés, celle de la complexité implicite et celle de la compilation, montrant ainsi que chacune peut apporter à l’autre.

This thesis explains and tests a wavelet based implicit numerical method for the solving of partial differential equations. Intended for problems with localized small-scale interactions, the method exploits the form of the wavelet decomposition to divide the implicit system created by the time discretization into multiple, smaller, systems that can be solved sequentially. Included are tests of this method on linear and non-linear problems, with both its results and the time required to calculate them compared to basic models. It was found that the method requires less computational effort than the high resolution control results. Furthermore, the method showed convergence towards high resolution control results.

Recent development of implicit measures has enabled researchers to investigate the relation between implicit attitudes and automatic behaviours. Among these measures, the implicit association test (IAT: Greenwald, McGhee Schwartz, 1998) is one of the most widely used measures of implicit attitudes. However, recently, Olson and Fazio (2004) demonstrated that the IAT is contaminated by “extrapersonal associations” and suggested that the personalized version of the IAT is less influenced by these associations. In this paper, we demonstrated that the extrapersonal associations reflect cultural norms and predict meaningful behaviour. In Study 1, we found that the traditional IAT is predicted by both the personalized IAT and our cultural norm IAT. In Study 2, we found the cross-cultural differences in the implicit cultural norms. Finally, in Study 3, we demonstrated that the personalized IAT and normative IAT both predict behaviours among European-Canadians and Asian-Canadians. Thus, our studies provide evidence of predictive validity for the cultural norm IAT.

This essay is focused on naval vessels as its main research aspect. It tries to find out in that area possible methods and strategies of applying knowledge management by probing into certain naval vessels for thorough comprehension of the knowledge content and ongoing ways of knowledge management needed for daily operations of each ship as a single case. In addition to the information obtained from ROC navy vessels concerning the problems and difficulties they are encountering when dealing with knowledge management, opinions consulted from experts and relative publications are combined to give suggestions of applicable knowledge management modes and strategies for the future. It is our expectation that through this research a reliable operation framework can be set up so as to keep, accumulate, transfer, and even create professional knowledge for our navy. It is our hope that the framework together with the modes and strategies will help to build up an intact system for knowledge management so as to render the utmost combat capability to our second-generation naval forces. Chapter 1 of this essay is the introduction. The content of the other chapters are briefly described as follows: Chapter 2. Essay study This chapter puts the emphasis on past study achievements concerning the objection of this essay. 3 sections are included. Section 1 is ¡§organization knowledge relative theories.¡¨ It includes the definition of knowledge, types of knowledge, knowledge innovation, organizational professional intellect and intellect capital. Section 2 is ¡§learning relative theories.¡¨ It includes organizational learning theories and the relation between personal learning and organizational learning. Section 3 is ¡§discussion of organization knowledge management.¡¨ It includes the discussion on definition and strategies of knowledge management, new roles of knowledge management in an organization, and, furthermore, the location to store up knowledge in an enterprise. Chapter 3. Research framework and methods In the first section ¡§research framework¡¨, knowledge management is divided into 4 observation items such as knowledge transfer, creation, accumulation, and expansion. The research framework is then set up in accordance to the operational definition. In the second section ¡§research methods¡¨, research methods and procedure of this essay will be described. In section 3 and 4, information gathering process, research targets and category will be introduced. Chapter 4 Target case analysis and discussion Section 1 is ¡¨organization background introduction of target case¡¨ which describes the developing history of research target organization, its background, and its subordinate relations with other organizations. Section 2 is ¡§motive and objective of knowledge management aboard naval ships¡¨ which describes the main purpose and reason naval ships apply knowledge management for. Section 3 is ¡§types and sources of knowledge¡¨ which reveals the types and sources of knowledge needed for carrying out tasks on ships by understanding their personnel arrangement and duties. Section 4 is ¡§ function and practical operation of knowledge management¡¨ which probes into the present practical operation of knowledge management by analyzing the personnel and tasks on ships. Chapter 5 Recommendation of knowledge management This chapter is to suggest applicable program of recommending knowledge management onto ships. Present knowledge management tools often used by enterprise organizations consist of as follows: information technology, computerization, questionnaire of knowledge diagnosis, knowledge strategy map, knowledge process chart, expert location chart, essentials of designing knowledge bank, knowledge entrance website design, essentials of knowledge society management, organizations for learning etc. Among the many solving programs of knowledge management, this chapter will discuss how to recommend knowledge management onto ships through the following 4 aspects: 1. Assigning new roles in organization 2. Strategy of developing knowledge management on ships 3. Support and practical patterns which information technology can provide 4. Strategy framework of recommending knowledge management Chapter 6 conclusion and suggestions Section 1 is the conclusion. Section 2 describes the difficulties and limitations this research has encountered. Finally, applicable suggestions for further developing are proposed according to the difficulties and limitations mentioned above.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. [120]-122).

This report articulates some of the recent research on different methods of optimization. Topics discussed include an implicit differentiation process in which the primary substitution method is not used and a relationship among variables method is introduced. In addition, a finding extrema without limits method is explored. Also included is a discussion on the depth of optimization taught in secondary schools and the different methods and levels of instruction on this topic. / text

Aktuell forskning inom social kognition tyder på att såväl fördomar som diskriminering kan befinna sig på implicit, det vill säga omedveten och automatisk nivå (Greenwald & Banaji,1995). Om lärare har implicita fördomar gentemot invandrarelever finns det därför risk för att de omedvetet diskriminerar dessa. Med anledning av detta undersöktes med hjälp av Implicit Association Test (Greenwald et al., 1998) 52 lärarstudenters implicita attityder gentemot invandrarelever. Dessutom undersöktes lärarstudenters explicita attityder gentemot samma grupp. Resultaten visade att en stor majoritet (79 %) av lärarstudenterna hade negativa attityder gentemot invandrarelever på implicit nivå, medan endast en dryg tredjedel uttryckte detta explicit. Det fanns dessutom ingen statistisk signifikant korrelation mellan de explicita och implicita måtten. Även om denna diskrepans kan bero på att deltagarna ville dölja sina negativa attityder gentemot invandrarelever, finns det anledning att tro att många lärarstudenter har implicita attityder som de inte är fullt medvetna om och som kan ligga till grund för omedveten diskriminering av invandrarelever.

Due to the ageing population, an increasing number of older workers form the labour force. Unfortunately discriminatory practices against older workers are well documented and the antecedents of such discrimination are assumed to be negative attitudes towards older workers. No previous research has investigated implicit attitudes towards older workers or their behavioural consequences. Accordingly, the present research aimed to investigate both implicit and explicit attitudes towards older workers, and their predictive utility in an employment-related context. In addition, attitude malleability and the role it may play in the attitude-behaviour relationship was investigated. This thesis reports findings from 5 studies, a pilot study and 4 main studies. The pilot study determined that the Implicit Association Test (IAT; A.G. Greenwald, D. E. McGhee & J. L. K. Schwartz, 1998) was to be used in the main studies. The 4 main studies investigated implicit attitudes, and the malleability of such attitudes towards older, relative to younger, workers. The malleability of attitudes was investigated with a mental imagery intervention where the experimental group participants were asked to imagine and describe respected and valued older workers in their surroundings. The control group participants were asked to imagine holiday destinations they would like to visit. In general, it was expected that negative implicit and explicit attitudes would be found towards older workers but that such bias could be alleviated with a mental imagery intervention. In all studies, negative implicit attitudes against older workers were found and such attitudes were relatively uninfluenced by the mental imagery manipulation. Three studies included explicit measures of attitudes. Although some variation was found between the studies and the measures used, overall positive attitudes towards older and younger workers were found. The mental imagery manipulation was also found to influence the explicit attitudes to a greater degree than implicit attitudes. The final study investigated the relationship between attitudes and behaviour. Specifically, both implicit and explicit attitudes’ relationships with spontaneous and controlled-type behaviours towards an older and a younger target were examined. Overall, some evidence for youth-bias in the participants’ behaviour was found, as well as evidence for the relationship between explicit attitudes and spontaneous behaviours. Implicit attitudes were largely unrelated to behaviour. In general, the mental imagery intervention did not impact the attitude-behaviour relationship. Implications for older workers are discussed, as well as educational methods for reducing discrimination older workers face in employment.

This research investigated two aspects of intuition: preference and process. The underlying basis of preference for intuition defined by Jung in his theory of psychological types and measured by the sensing-intuition (SN) scale of the Myers- Briggs Type Indicator was explored in two areas: performance on ability tests and individual differences in use of intuition. Process of intuition is defined as the use of unconscious associations to guide decision making. A thinking aloud protocol technique was used to investigate differences in strategy between sensing and intuitive types on two ability tests. Test instructions and conditions were varied to investigate whether preference or ability underlies this difference. Results indicated that the SN difference is best characterised as a focus on different types of information - concrete reality vs. looking beyond reality to patterns, connections and possibilities. The finding that sensing types could modify their style suggested that this is due to a personality preference that can be overridden rather than an underlying ability difference. The nature of the SN difference was further explored by examining the differences predicted by type theory between the types in the use of intuition. This prediction contrasts with some process theories of intuition which expect few or no individual differences. Results indicated that intuitive types were more accurate and more likely to choose to use intuition than sensing types. Results suggested that preference for different types of information led to use of different strategies on the tasks. Intuitive types tended to focus on feelings of familiarity, which resulted in their accessing intuition in the form of unconsciously learnt associations. Sensing types preferred to focus on concrete information such as conscious memory of prior experience. The research has made contributions by evaluating the theory of psychological types, validating the sensing-intuition scale, and also by demonstrating the existence of individual differences in certain measures of intuition.

This thesis explains and tests a wavelet based implicit numerical method for the solving of partial differential equations. Intended for problems with localized small-scale interactions, the method exploits the form of the wavelet decomposition to divide the implicit system created by the time discretization into multiple, smaller, systems that can be solved sequentially. Included are tests of this method on linear and non-linear problems, with both its results and the time required to calculate them compared to basic models. It was found that the method requires less computational effort than the high resolution control results. Furthermore, the method showed convergence towards high resolution control results.