nÃo hà / This dissertation is a presentation of practical studies based on statistics and other data of the International Trade Balance, imports and exports of North-East Region of Brazil --of which the three most import states are Bahia, Cearà and Pernambuco--, and of national economic from 1990 through 2001. The figures of foreign commerce of each individual state, of the whole region, and of the country as a whole, are measured and compared. The grade of openness of each of these economies is revealed. Through the method of Ordinary Minimum Squares (OMM) an estimate is made of the past impact of internal variables like price (exchange rates), local revenues (industrial production and ICMS), and external revenues (the USA index of Industrial Product and GNP) on the regionâs ability to augment the volume of exports and imports. / This dissertation is a presentation of practical studies based on statistics and other data of the International Trade Balance, imports and exports of North-East Region of Brazil --of which the three most import states are Bahia, Cearà and Pernambuco--, and of national economic from 1990 through 2001. The figures of foreign commerce of each individual state, of the whole region, and of the country as a whole, are measured and compared. The grade of openness of each of these economies is revealed. Through the method of Ordinary Minimum Squares (OMM) an estimate is made of the past impact of internal variables like price (exchange rates), local revenues (industrial production and ICMS), and external revenues (the USA index of Industrial Product and GNP) on the regionâs ability to augment the volume of exports and imports.

The concepts of virtual water and water footprint are being increasingly used as management tools and relevant indicators to the appropriation of water resources consumption. Virtual water is the amount of fresh water incorporated into the production process of any goods or services consumed by people. The objective of this research is to measure the balance of trade of virtual water, from 1997 to 2012, in the state of CearÃ. For this purpose, were selected the main agricultural commodities of export tariffs and import of commodities; well as was used to water footprint methodology,which includes direct and indirect consumption of water, at all locations in which occur the productive chains of goods and services. As a result of quantification, for the case study of CearÃ, which is located in the semiarid Northeast Brazil and faces problems of water shortages, imports exceed exports in 44,629,598.5 million liters of virtual water. Cearà is, therefore, a net importer of virtual water. The United States is the main destination of Cearà exports of virtual water (12,188,074.6 million liters). The Argentina is the principal source of imports of Cearà of virtual water (42,219,370.0 million liters). Considering the total volume traded of virtual water, in liters, the main export products (cashews) and import (wheat) present, in liters per kilogram, patterns of total water footprints, respectively, 39,549.9 and 4,411.2. With the purpose of reducing the water footprint, of Cearà products, may be employed in the agricultural sector for measures:increasing productivity green footprint (rainwater) in rainfed agriculture; add the total production in rainfed agriculture; increase productivity of blue footprint (surface or underground water) on irrigated agriculture; decrease the relationship between blue and green water footprints; reduce the footprint gray (polluted water), through the reduction of the use of artificial fertilizers and pesticides. So that consumers are made aware, with respect to the products they consume, it may be useful to put information about the water footprint on the labels of the goods. / Os conceitos de Ãgua virtual e pegada hÃdrica estÃo sendo, cada vez mais, usados como relevantes ferramentas de gestÃo e indicadores de apropriaÃÃo de consumo de recursos hÃdricos. A Ãgua virtual à a quantidade de Ãgua doce incorporada ao processo produtivo de quaisquer bens ou serviÃos consumidos pelas pessoas. O objetivo desta pesquisa à mensurar o saldo da balanÃa comercial de Ãgua virtual, de 1997 a 2012, do estado do CearÃ. Para esse fim, foram selecionados os principais produtos bÃsicos agrÃcolas das pautas de exportaÃÃo e importaÃÃo de commodities; bem como foi utilizada a metodologia da pegada hÃdrica, que contempla os consumos direto e indireto de Ãgua, em todos os locais em que ocorrem as cadeias produtivas dos bens e serviÃos. Como resultado da quantificaÃÃo, para o estudo de caso do CearÃ, que està localizado no semiÃrido da RegiÃo Nordeste do Brasil e enfrenta problemas de escassez hÃdrica, as importaÃÃes superam as exportaÃÃes em 44.629.598,5 milhÃes de litros de Ãgua virtual. O Cearà Ã, portanto, importador lÃquido de Ãgua virtual. Os Estados Unidos sÃo o principal destino das exportaÃÃes cearenses de Ãgua virtual (12.188.074,6 milhÃes de litros). A Argentina à a principal origem das importaÃÃes cearenses de Ãgua virtual (42.219.370,0 milhÃes de litros). Considerando-se o volume total comercializado de Ãgua virtual, em litros, os principais produtos de exportaÃÃo (castanha de caju) e importaÃÃo (trigo) apresentam, em litros por quilograma, padrÃes de pegadas hÃdricas totais de, respectivamente, 39.549,9 e 4.411,2. Com a finalidade de reduzir a pegada hÃdrica, dos produtos cearenses, podem ser empregadas medidas no setor agrÃcola para: aumentar a produtividade da pegada verde (Ãgua da chuva) na agricultura de sequeiro; acrescer a produÃÃo total na agricultura de sequeiro; aumentar a produtividade da pegada azul (Ãgua superficial ou subterrÃnea) na agricultura irrigada; diminuir a relaÃÃo entre as pegadas hÃdricas azul e verde; reduzir a pegada cinza (Ãgua poluÃda), por meio da diminuiÃÃo do uso de fertilizantes e pesticidas artificiais. Para que os consumidores sejam conscientizados, com relaÃÃo aos produtos que consomem, pode ser Ãtil colocar informaÃÃes sobre a pegada hÃdrica nos rÃtulos das mercadorias.

nÃo hà / Para classificar os setores industriais de acordo com a sua intensidade tecnolÃgica, a OrganizaÃÃo para a CooperaÃÃo e Desenvolvimento EconÃmico (OECD) dividiu os produtos industrializados em quatro grupos: alta, mÃdia-alta, mÃdia-baixa e baixa intensidade tecnolÃgica. Com efeito, este estudo tem como objetivo geral investigar se houve evoluÃÃo no nÃvel tecnolÃgico dos produtos industrializados exportados e importados pelo Estado do CearÃ, segundo os critÃrios da OECD, em comparaÃÃo aos outros estados do Nordeste, considerando o perÃodo de 1997 a 2012. Sua base de dados foi extraÃda do Sistema ALICE-Web do MinistÃrio do Desenvolvimento, IndÃstria e ComÃrcio Exterior (MDIC). ApÃs o agrupamento dos produtos nos quatro grupos, observou-se que, ao longo do perÃodo, o montante das exportaÃÃes cearenses se concentra maciÃamente no grupo da baixa intensidade tecnolÃgica, ao passo que, em mÃdia, nos outros estados do Nordeste, hà uma dispersÃo dessas exportaÃÃes nos grupos da mÃdia-alta, mÃdia-baixa e baixa intensidade tecnolÃgica, em 23,46%, 27,06% e 49,40%, respectivamente, no entanto, o comportamento da distribuiÃÃo das importaÃÃes do Cearà entre os grupos à bastante semelhante aos grupos dos outros estados do Nordeste, em mÃdia, se comparado ao comportamento das exportaÃÃes. / To classify the industrial sectors according to their technological intensity, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has divided the manufactured products into four groups: high, medium-high, medium-low and low technology intensity. In this context, this study has as main objective to investigate whether there were developments in the technological level of industrial goods exported and imported by the State of CearÃ, according to the criteria of the OECD, compared to other states in the Northeast, considering the period 1997-2012. With its base of extracted data from the Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade (MDIC) ALICE-Web System. After grouping of products into four groups, it was observed that, over time, the amount of Cearà exports heavily concentrated in the low technological intensity group, whereas, on average, in other Northeastern states there dispersion of these exports in groups of medium-high, medium-low and low technology intensity in 23.46%, 27.06% and 49.40 %, respectively, however, the behavior of the distribution of imports of Cearà between groups is quite similar to other groups of the northeastern states, on average, compared to the behavior of exports.