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Typing of Candida and the epidemiology of candidosisMedcraft, J. W. January 1985 (has links)
No description available.
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REPORTING, CREDIBILITY, AND ESTIMATION OF ANCHOR-BASED MINIMAL IMPORTANT DIFFERENCE FOR PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOME MEASURES / MINIMAL IMPORTANT DIFFERENCE TO INFORM PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOME MEASURESCarrasco-Labra, Raul A January 2019 (has links)
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are becoming an integral part of healthcare decision making. Clinical trials, systematic reviews, and clinical practice guidelines incorporate them to learn about the effect of medical interventions in patients’ health status, without interference or mediation from clinicians or proxies. The use of these types of measures, however, is not without challenges. In particular, the complexity of the PROMs makes it difficult for patients, clinicians, and researchers to fully grasp the extent to which a treatment effect is negligible or trivial, small but important, moderate, or large. One of the most documented ways to address this issue is the use of the minimal important difference (MID), the smallest change in a PROM, either beneficial or harmful, that patients would perceive as important. A patient-oriented way to determine this threshold is the estimation of an anchor-based MID, where PROM results are compared against an external independent criterion the anchor that is in itself understandable and relevant for patients. This dissertation is an effort to facilitate the identification, evaluation, and utilization of MID estimates for PROMs. First, this thesis describes the development and reliability assessment of a new instrument to determine the credibility of primary studies ascertaining MID estimates, Second, it describes the conduct of a systematic survey to inform the creation of an inventory of all available anchor-based MIDs in the medical literature until 2015. Third, it reports an analysis of the state of the art of current MID estimates from a reporting and credibility perspective. Finally, this work concludes with a summary of the main results, presentation of strengths and limitations, and insights related to the implications for future research. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Critères de jugement dans les essais contrôlés randomisés en réanimation / Outcomes in randomized controlled trials in critically ill patientsGaudry, Stéphane 28 November 2016 (has links)
Le choix des critères de jugement (principal et secondaires) est une étape essentielle de la construction d’un essai contrôlé randomisé. Notre premier travail a été de réaliser une revue systématique sur la place des critères de jugement importants pour les patients ou patient-important outcomes dans les essais contrôlés randomisés en réanimation. Nous avons défini les patient-imortant outcomes comme étant la mortalité d’une part, et l’impact fonctionnel et sur la qualité de vie des séquelles de la réanimation d’autre part. En effet, en réanimation, les deux objectifs thérapeutiques principaux sont d’une part éviter le décès des patients et d’autre part réduire l’impact des séquelles à moyen et long terme chez les survivants. Nous avons montré que les patient-imortant outcomes ne représentent qu’une proportion faible (27/112, 24%) des critères de jugement principaux des essais publiés en 2013 et que pour une grande majorité il s’agissait d’un critère de mortalité. Une analyse sur les essais publiés au premier semestre 2016 a montré qu’il n’y avait pas eu d’évolution (25% des critères de jugement principaux étaient des patient-important outcomes).Puis, en réalisant une étude ancillaire de cette revue systématique, nous avons investigué l’impact potentiel des décisions de limitation(s) ou d’arrêt(s) des thérapeutiques actives quand le critère de jugement était la mortalité, et décrit les données rapportées sur ces limitation(s) ou d’arrêt(s) des thérapeutiques actives dans les essais en réanimation. Nous avons montré que très peu d’essais contrôlés randomisés en réanimation (6/65, 9%) rapportaient le taux de décision de limitation(s)ou d’arrêt(s) des thérapeutiques actives, bien que ces décisions soient fréquentes en pratique clinique. Pour explorer l’impact qu’un déséquilibre de ces décisions entre les 2 bras d’un essai pouvait avoir en termes de biais sur la mortalité, nous avons réalisé une étude de simulation. Cette étude a montré notamment que lorsque ces décisions étaient prises de façon plus tardive dans le groupe expérimental, l’intervention pouvait apparaître protectrice alors même qu’il n’existait pas de réel effet sur la survie. Enfin, nous avons conduit un essai contrôlé randomisé en réanimation (étude AKIKI, Artificial Kidney Initiation in Kidney Injury) en utilisant la mortalité comme critère de jugement principal et en rapportant le taux et le délai des décisions de limitation(s) ou d’arrêt(s) des thérapeutiques actives dans les 2 bras / The choice of relevant primary and secondary endpoints is an essential step of the design of a randomized controlled trial. In our first work, we conducted a systematic review on patient-important outcomes in randomized controlled trials in critically ill patients. Indeed, clinical decision-making by ICU physicians now pursues the goal of improving mean and long-term outcomes in survivors in addition to increasing their chance of survival. We defined patient-important outcomes as on one hand, outcomes involving mortality at any time, and on the other, quality of life and functional outcomes assessed after ICU discharge. We found that a minority of primary outcomes (27/112,24%) used in randomized controlled trials published in 2013, were patient-important outcomes and that mortality accounted for the vast majority of them. Our analysis of most recently published trials (first half 2016) showed that patient-important outcomes were used in the samelow proportions (25% of the primary outcomes were patient-important outcomes) We then addressed the question of how well withholding and with drawal of life support therapies(W-WLST) decisions were reported in RCT in critically ill patients and how such decisions could impact mortality as outcome measure in these trials. We found that W-WLST decisions, although being a daily concern in routine practice, were scarcely reported in these trials, since they appeared in only 6 of 65 (9%) during follow-up. We further explored the impact of an imbalance in such decisions between the 2 arms of a randomized controlled trial, through a simulation study. This simulation showed that the intervention could appear as protective, if the decision of W-WLST was delayed in the interventional arm, even though the intervention had no true effecton survival. Finally, we performed a randomized controlled study (Artificial Kidney Initiation in Kidney Injury,AKIKI) using mortality as primary outcome and paid attention to report the rate of W-WLSTdecisions in the 2 arms.
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Systémově významné bankovní instituce v kontextu finanční stability / Systemically Important Banks in the Context of Financial StabilityBuchta, Martin January 2012 (has links)
A failure of systemically important bank was up to the present time in most cases avoided through providing financial support by government because there were concerns about destroying the financial stability followed by decline in economic activity because of size, interconnectedness and limited substitutability of the failing bank. However, the implicit governmental guarantees for systemically important banks create many distortions in an economy which are desirable to eliminate. Considering restriction of moral hazard, no increase in systemic risk and preservation of social benefits of G-SIBs the parallel implementation of higher capital requirements and recovery and resolution policy seems to be the most effective measure from proposed regulatory measures for systemically important banks. The future benefits and costs of these measures will be dependent in a high degree on the form and way in which the new rules will be incorporated by governments to their national regulatory frameworks.
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Intelligent Content-Aware Image Resizing SystemLin, Pao-Hung 07 September 2011 (has links)
Along with the advancement of technology, image display devices such as mobile phones, computers and televisions are ubiquitous everywhere in our lives. Due to the different sizes of display devices, digital image scaling technology is often used on the devices while presenting images. For example, when large-size photos are viewed on mobile phones, they tend to present as scaled-down images of the entire pictures, making the main subjects quite small and thus causing inconvenience for viewers. On this account, this study has offered an efficient and high-quality intelligent content-aware image resizing system to solve this problem. This system will first analyze the main area of the image, and then applies an intelligent compression process on the entire image. By doing this, images can still have a complete main subject even after being compressed, not only achieving an excellent visual effect while making the main subject more prominent and obvious, but also reducing the data volume of images. Except for various sizes of display devices, this technology can also be applied on video transmission (H.264/AVC) to effectively reduce the data volume of images, making a substantial contribution to both the image scaling and video coding.
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Patterns of Genomic Variation and Whole Genome Association Studies of Economically Important Traits in CattleLi, Honghao Unknown Date
No description available.
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The effects of implementing increased capital requirements on domestic lendingSeroka, Bushang January 2013 (has links)
The banking sector plays a pivotal role in the economy in which it operates. It is therefore imperative to institute international regulatory bodies and regulations which will ensure the protection of all stakeholders in the sector. The adoption and implementation of the Basel Accords and their revised versions has been encouraged at The World Bank level, but the opinions and studies regarding the impact of the tightened regulations on the banking sector generated varied reactions. The objective of this research was to establish whether the increased capital requirements regulations, as guided by The Basel Accords, had negatively impacted the bank domestic lending of the countries which implemented the regulations by 2012. This quantitative research involved comparison of the domestic lending rates as a percentage of GDP of the countries which implemented Basel II for the years before, and after the implementation. The study has revealed that, despite the concerns that the increased capital requirements regulations would increase the lending costs, the implementation of these regulations did not negatively affect domestic lending from the banking sector. This research document concludes by recommending a few process guidelines which the global banking regulators might consider during the implementation of Basel III. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / ccgibs2014 / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / MBA / Unrestricted
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Bestimmung von relevanten Veränderungen des MundgesundheitszustandesKrautz, Martin 17 January 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Bestimmung der kleinsten relevanten Veränderung des wahrgenommenen Mundgesundheitszustandes, der Minimal Important Difference (MID), des Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP). Die MID sollte für die deutsche Version des OHIP mit 49 Fragen (OHIP-G49), die deutsche Kurzversion mit 14 Fragen (OHIP-G14) sowie für die einzelnen Dimensionen der deutschen und englischen Version des OHIP bestimmt werden.
Es handelt sich um eine klinische Fallserie mit 224 konsekutiv rekrutierten, prothe-tischen Patienten. Die mundgesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität wurde mittels des OHIP- G49 an zwei Terminen vor der Behandlung (Basisuntersuchungen) sowie vier und sechs Wochen nach Behandlungsende (Nachkontrolluntersuchun-gen) bestimmt. Zu den Nachkontrolluntersuchungen schätzten die Patienten zu-sätzlich die Veränderung ihres Mundgesundheitszustandes gegenüber dem Zeit-punkt vor der Therapie anhand einer globalen Frage ein. Anhand der Ergebnisse der Basis- und Nachkontrolluntersuchungen wurde der Median der Differenzen der OHIP-Summenwerte errechnet. Dieser Wert entspricht der MID. Für die deutsche Version des OHIP mit 49 Fragen wurde ein Wert von 6,0 OHIP-Punkten ermittelt. Der Wert für den kurzen Fragebogen OHIP-G14 betrug 2,0 OHIP-Punkte. Für die Dimensionen der deutschen und englischen Sprachversion des OHIP konnten nur teilweise Ergebnisse gefunden werden.
Das Studienergebnis lässt den Schluss zu, dass für beide untersuchten Versionen des OHIP ein klar definierter, minimal relevanter Unterschied (MID) der Summen-werte existiert. Die MID unterstützt die Interpretation der klinischen Bedeutung von Veränderungen des vom Patienten wahrgenommenen Mundgesundheitszustan-des. Sie stellt eine wichtige Größe zur Bewertung prothetischer Therapieeffekte dar.
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Bestimmung von relevanten Veränderungen des MundgesundheitszustandesKrautz, Martin 13 December 2010 (has links)
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Bestimmung der kleinsten relevanten Veränderung des wahrgenommenen Mundgesundheitszustandes, der Minimal Important Difference (MID), des Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP). Die MID sollte für die deutsche Version des OHIP mit 49 Fragen (OHIP-G49), die deutsche Kurzversion mit 14 Fragen (OHIP-G14) sowie für die einzelnen Dimensionen der deutschen und englischen Version des OHIP bestimmt werden.
Es handelt sich um eine klinische Fallserie mit 224 konsekutiv rekrutierten, prothe-tischen Patienten. Die mundgesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität wurde mittels des OHIP- G49 an zwei Terminen vor der Behandlung (Basisuntersuchungen) sowie vier und sechs Wochen nach Behandlungsende (Nachkontrolluntersuchun-gen) bestimmt. Zu den Nachkontrolluntersuchungen schätzten die Patienten zu-sätzlich die Veränderung ihres Mundgesundheitszustandes gegenüber dem Zeit-punkt vor der Therapie anhand einer globalen Frage ein. Anhand der Ergebnisse der Basis- und Nachkontrolluntersuchungen wurde der Median der Differenzen der OHIP-Summenwerte errechnet. Dieser Wert entspricht der MID. Für die deutsche Version des OHIP mit 49 Fragen wurde ein Wert von 6,0 OHIP-Punkten ermittelt. Der Wert für den kurzen Fragebogen OHIP-G14 betrug 2,0 OHIP-Punkte. Für die Dimensionen der deutschen und englischen Sprachversion des OHIP konnten nur teilweise Ergebnisse gefunden werden.
Das Studienergebnis lässt den Schluss zu, dass für beide untersuchten Versionen des OHIP ein klar definierter, minimal relevanter Unterschied (MID) der Summen-werte existiert. Die MID unterstützt die Interpretation der klinischen Bedeutung von Veränderungen des vom Patienten wahrgenommenen Mundgesundheitszustan-des. Sie stellt eine wichtige Größe zur Bewertung prothetischer Therapieeffekte dar.
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Betydelsefulla framgångsfaktorer vid implementering av finansiella regelverk : En studie inför implementeringen av MiFID II för finansiell rådgivning och investeringstjänsterNoresson, Josefine, Neziri, Krenare January 2016 (has links)
Denna uppsats syftar till att förklara och förstå de centrala faktorer som är av betydelse vid en implementering av ett finansiellt regelverk. Ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt har använts för att uppnå vårt syfte, genom att intervjua olika respondenter från olika typer av finansiella företag som står inför den kommande förändringen. Genom att kombinera vårt empiriska resultat med den framtagna teorin om implementeringar, har vi kunnat komma fram till faktorer som är av betydelse vid implementeringar av finansiella regelverk. De mest betydelsefulla faktorerna för en framgångsrik implementering av finansiella regelverk är anpassningsbarhet, analysförmåga och kommunikation. Genom att redan tidigt följa regelverkets utveckling kan organisationen ha en god uppfattning om hur det senare kommer att utformas på en nationell nivå. På detta sätt blir inte implementeringsprocessen lika begränsad av den långa tid som det tar att stifta de nationella regleringarna. Det är väsentligt att organisationerna kan anpassa sin implementeringsmetod utifrån regelverkets innehåll, men även anpassat till dagens moderniseringen av tekniken. När det gäller att implementera regelverk är det oftast direkt kopplat till de utgivna tjänsterna, vilket sätter mer vikt på medarbetarnas kunskap och förståelse vid en sådan implementering. / This study seeks to explain and understand the key factors that are important when implementing a financial regulation. A qualitative approach has been used to achieve our purpose, by interviewing different respondents from different types of financial companies facing the coming change. By combining our empirical results with the developed theory of implementations, we´ve been able to find factors that are important when implementing financial regulations. The most important factors for a successful implementation of financial regulations are adaptability, analysis capability and communication. By following up early with the regulatory developments, the organization can have a good idea of what it will look like when it’s finalized on a national level. In this way, the implementation process will not be limited by the long time that it takes to enact the national regulations. It is essential that organizations can adapt their implementation method based on the content of the regulation, but also adapt it to today's modernized technology. When it comes to implementing regulations, it is usually directly related to the services that are being offered, which puts more emphasis on the employees' knowledge and understanding.
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