This thesis attempts to critically and comparatively analyse the doctrine of exemption/frustration /force majeure under the United Nations Convention on the Contract for International Sale of Goods (CISG) the UNIDRIOT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UNIDROIT) and the English Law. The doctrine of exemption/frustration/force majeure is very important in the area of contract and commercial law, it is a doctrine deeply rooted in fairness and allows a party to be excused from performing an obligation in a contract if at the conclusion of the contract an inhibition beyond the foreseeable control of the party happens to render the performance of the contract impossible. However, it is not easy to effectively streamline this doctrine and properly determine its applications. It has been observed in this thesis that, the doctrines of exemption/frustration /force majeure are not exactly the same; this thesis explores in details severally and jointly the various differences and similarities in the interpretations and applications of these impossibility doctrines. For instance, the open and flexible use of words in the definition of this doctrine under the CISG and the UNIDROIT Principles left much to be desired. Thus, it is one of the succinct arguments of this thesis that couching international law in loose words will work against the uniformity of application of this law, due to the different interpretations national law courts will be subjecting it to. This among other issues retarded the growth and development of the doctrine of exemption and force majeure. Furthermore, English law stance on the doctrine of frustration which can be gleaned from both the Sale of Goods Act of 1979 and the Common law are far from being adequate and need to be updated. This thesis therefore incisively laid bare the applications, interpretations and way forward for the doctrine of exemption/frustration/force majeure under the legal instruments of focus of this work. The thesis also comparatively compares the relationship between the doctrine of frustration/force majeure/exemption and other related doctrines like mistake, termination, avoidance, risk, and hardship. The thesis is concluded with a Draft Model Frustration Clause (DMFC) which is an attempt to rise above the status quo doctrine of frustration in the extant laws and develop a frustration clause that will be able to provide answers to the many flaws that trail these laws.

Title of the thesis: Analysis of the work of Romain Gary Keywords: dialogue, motiv of meeting, morality of relationship, identity, crisis of identity, alienation, symbology, "unspeakableness" (impossibility to expresse an experience having an intime or an extreme character), novel, figure of "the third", Jewry Abstract: The principal objective of this thesis is to show the ideological relationship between the ideas of Romain Gary, the french writer of Russian origin, and the philosophy of dialogue, that was founded by Martin Buber and elaborated by Emmanuel Lévinas. We want to reach this aim on the one side through the interpretation and the confrontation of the several philosophical thoughts and on the other side through the analysis of the novel work. This thesis is separated into four main chapters. In the first head we try to approach the effect of the economic development and the all-society transformation, that France passed through at the turn of the 19th and 20th century and especially after the First World War, that it had on the cultural life and the philosophical atmosphere. In the second head we want to define the basic thesis of the philosophy of the dialogue. The third part is dedicated to familiarization with the personality of Romain Gary and his publication. And the last part belongs to the...

La stipulation des clauses de force majeure dans les contrats internes et internationaux de longue durée procède de la liberté contractuelle et doit sa raison d'être dans la répulsivité des normes supplétives d'allocation des risques. La reconnaissance de leur licéité reste incertaine en raison des difficultés d'identification de leur technique et de leur nature juridique que la doctrine assimile à la quadrature du cercle en géométrie.Compte tenu de l'impact de l'aléa sur l'existence de l'objet et la valeur de l'obligation de garantie qui constitue l'essence des clauses de force majeure, une summa divisio peut être fondamentalement esquissée entre les clauses d'appréciation et d'attribution des risques de force majeure. Les unes sont assujetties à un aléa juridique et relèvent du régime des actes juridiques aléatoires. Les autres sont affectées par un aléa économique et procèdent du régime des actes juridiques commutatifs même si la jurisprudence les rattache indûment au régime des clauses de responsabilité.De lege ferenda, la rationalisation du régime des clauses de force majeure nécessite la codification du raisonnable en tant que principe directeur du droit interne des contrats afin d'entreprendre leur summa divisio en soumettant distributivement les clauses d'appréciation des risques au test qualitatif du raisonnable de conformité et les clauses d'attribution des risques au test quantitatif du raisonnable de modulation / The statement of force majeure provisions in long-term internal and international contracts is based on the ground of the freedom of contract and promoted by the inefficiency of suppletive risk allocation norms in modern legal systems. The recognition of their enforceability still subject to uncertainty due to the misunderstanding of their drafting and their judicial construction that is commonly said to amount to squaring the circle. Base on the influence of the uncertainty conditioning the subject-matter and the value of the obligation to guarantee underlying force majeure clauses, a fundamental summa divisio is drawn up between risk assessment and risk attribution agreements. The first clauses are subject to the uncertainty of a legal nature and should follow the random legal acts framework. The second are affected by the uncertainty of economic nature and should depend to the commutative legal acts framework even though force majeure clauses are unduly treated in case law as exclusion clauses. De lege ferenda, the force majeure clauses regime is expected to be rationalized with the integration of the reasonable reasoning as a fundamental guiding principal of French contract law so that to implement the summa divisio of force majeure agreements by adjusting distributively the risk assessment clauses unreason through the reasonable compliance test and the risk attribution clauses abuses through the reasonable modulation test

「天有不測風雲，人有旦夕禍福」，生活中往往有不可預測的變故發生，而使社經環境波動、人之資力與其他履約相關能力受到影響。另一方面，貿易全球化、工商業分工專業化，以及電子商務的崛起等，均使交易型態日趨複雜；在契約當事人的有限理性下，欲以契約窮盡規範工商業上所有可能事態，實屬不易。履約環境若如契約締結時當事人之預想，且兩造亦依契約規定確實履行，自是最佳；惟契約之締結與履約行為若非同時發生，在時間上存在間隔而使履約環境暴露於變動風險中，而當事人締約時未加以規範，或有規範但程度超乎預期之變故發生，將可能導致一方當事人難依原契約履行，或依原契約履行已無意義。 　　在傳統私法自治、契約嚴守的概念下，即便遭遇前揭無法預測或預測不完全之變故，仍應依契約履行，而無法律介入之餘地。但毫無彈性的強制履行契約，不論就公平角度，抑或經濟效率而言，對當事人與社會或非妥適；因此，多數國家均將處理情事變更之制度納入法律體系中，以期獲致一較理想之結果。 　　本文首就我國情事變更原則之演進暨學說見解作一整理，並以現行情事變更原則(民法第二百二十七條之二)與我國民法中近似之概念(如不可抗力、動機錯誤)，以及同樣處理「法律行為成立後之情事變更」相關民法法條（如不動產租金因價值升降之增減請求權）互為比較。第三章比較法部分，則以德國「法律行為基礎理論」、美國「履行不能、履行艱難、目的受挫」等規定為標的，敘述其演進及要件，並就其要件及效果與我國情事變更原則比較。第四章以我國近五年最高法院判決為本，依民法二百二十七條之二諸要件，分點探討最高法院與我國學說間見解之異同，並特就「非當時所得預料」及「顯失公平」兩點，觀察最高法院就此之評價方式。第五章則以對我國學說與實務之建議，作為本文之結論。 / Accidents happen from time to time and may seriously change the social and economic environment and affect people’s condition, including their ability to fulfill the contractual duties. At the same time, globalization, professionalization of services and eCommerce all make trades much more complicated than ever. As a result, under bounded rationality as well as finite contract clauses, using contracts to govern almost unlimited possibilities seems like asking for the impossible. The best case for the contractual parties is no unpredictable event happens after the constitution of the contracts; however, if a time gap exists between the entering into and the performing in full of a contract, there can be accidents which lead to the impossibility / impracticability for a party to fulfill the contractual duty, or the performance of a contract becomes meaningless (frustration of purpose). Under the principles of autonomy of private law and strict performance of a contract, there shall be no relief for a party which encounters the foregoing situations of impossibility, impracticability and the frustration of purpose. However, from a fair point of view, asking one party to bear all the disadvantage resulting from an unforeseen event and perform all its duties disregarding the cost may not be the best answer; therefore, in order to introduce more flexibility for the jurisdiction and the contractual parties, countries all over the world gradually adopt the principle of change of circumstances (and similar regulations) which may help to achieve an acceptable result. In this thesis, the principle of change of circumstances in our civil law will firstly be discussed, including its development as well as the elements and effects set forth in Article 227-2; then, two comparisons “(1) between Article 227-2 and similar concepts (force majeure, mistake...)” and “(2) between Article 227-2 and other Articles in our civil law dealing with the events occurring after the establishment of legal relations” will be conducted. In chapter three, the analysis of the regulation in Germany and the United States regarding change of circumstances is carried out. A historical German law review precedes the discussion of current BGB §313 “Störung der Geschäftsgrundlage”, and a comparison between Taiwanese and German regulation is given. After that, the United States’ regulations regarding the doctrine of impossibility, impracticability, and frustration of purpose are discussed in the same manner. At last, a summary comparison among the three countries is served as the conclusion of this chapter. In Chapter four, our Supreme Court’s 162 verdicts from year 2009 to 2013 are analyzed by the elements of Article 227-2, which are: (1)after the constitution of the contract; (2)changing of circumstances happens; (3) such change of circumstances is not predictable; (4)the performance of the original obligation will become obviously unfair; (5) by the party’s application, the court may increase or reduce his payment, or alter the original obligation.At the end, few suggestions for future legislation and Supreme Court’s application of Article 227-2 are given as the conclusion of this thesis.