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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Ultramicroeletrodo de irídio com filme de mercúrio eletrodepositado para medidas in situ de íons metálicos e pesticidas em solos e águas naturais / Iridium based ultramicroelectrodes with an electro-platted mercury film for in situ determination of metallic ions and pesticides in soil and natural waters

Paulo Roberto Vieira da Silva Júnior 19 June 2009 (has links)
Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidas metodologias para a determinação de substâncias de interesse, como metais pesados (micronutrientes e contaminantes), macronutrientes e pesticidas em solo e águas naturais com ultramicroeletrodo de irídio recoberto com filme de Hg eletrodepositado (UME Ir-Hg) e técnicas voltamétricas, utilizando uma cápsula porosa de cerâmica como cela eletroquímica. As metodologias de medidas com os ultramicroeletrodos foram desenvolvidas inicialmente em condições controladas e posteriormente aplicadas a medidas in-situ, com experimentos com águas naturais e solos, conduzidos em laboratório e também com posteriores medidas em amostras reais. Segundo os resultados obtidos foi possível explorar as metodologias voltamétricas, principalmente as de pulso e redissolução anódica, como ferramentas para estudos in-situ dos metais Cd(II), Pb(II) e Cu(II) e do inseticida organofosforado paration metílico, substâncias de grande interesse, obtendo-se um bom nível de repetibilidade e sensibilidade, com limites de detecção em amostras reais de centenas de ppb\'s. / In this work a methodology for determination of metallic ions (micronutrients and contaminants), macronutrients and pesticides in soil and natural waters was developed using an Hg plated iridium based ultramicroelectrode and voltammetric techniques, using a ceramic capsule as an electrochemical cell. The measurement procedures were developed initially in controlled conditions and therefore applied to in-situ measurements, in soil and natural waters, performed in lab and with real field samples. Regarding the obtained results it was possible do explore the voltammetric techniques, mainly the pulsed and stripping ones, as tools for in-situ determination of Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and the insecticide methyl parathion, with good reproducibility and sensibility, with detection limits in the order of hundreds of parts per billion.
12

Etude des précipitations en Antarctique par télédétection radar, mesures in-situ, et intercomparaison de modèles de climat / Study of Antarctic precipitation by radar remote sensing, in-situ measurements, and intercomparison of climate models

Palerme, Cyril 21 November 2014 (has links)
Au cours du XXIème siècle, une augmentation des précipitations est attendue dans les régions polaires. En Antarctique, cette augmentation devrait se traduire par une accumulation de neige sur le continent, contribuant ainsi positivement au bilan de masse de la calotte polaire, et par conséquent négativement au niveau des mers. Les modèles utilisés pour simuler le climat du XXIème siècle prédisent presque tous une augmentation des précipitations en Antarctique, mais l'importance de ce changement diffère fortement d'un modèle à l'autre. De plus, les taux de précipitation actuels reproduits par ces mêmes modèles divergent également beaucoup. Cependant, faute d'observation fiable de précipitation en Antarctique, il était jusqu'à présent difficile de vérifier la capacité des modèles à simuler ces dernières. Dans cette étude, les données issues du radar météorologique embarqué à bord du satellite CloudSat ont été utilisées afin de produire la première climatologie de précipitation en Antarctique à partir d'observations. Cette climatologie couvre la période août 2006 - avril 2011, et a montré de très bons accords avec les réanalyses ERA Interim qui n'utilisent pas d'observations issues de CloudSat. Le taux de chute de neige obtenu avec CloudSat sur le continent Antarctique jusqu'à 82°S est en moyenne de 171 mm/an. L'automne austral est la saison avec les chutes de neige les plus importantes, et le printemps austral, la saison avec les chutes de neige les plus faibles. Par ailleurs, une expérience de mesure in-situ des précipitations a été développée sur la base de Dumont d'Urville en Antarctique, des observations in-situ étant nécessaires à la validation des algorithmes de télédétection. Un système de profilage utilisant des capteurs optiques a été installé sur un mât de 73 m afin d'identifier les chutes de neige et les évènements de transport de neige par le vent. Les flux de neige mesurés à différentes hauteurs devraient être similaires lors de chute de neige sans transport de neige, alors qu'un gradient devrait apparaître si de la neige est transportée depuis la surface. Le système a été évalué et comparé aux analyses opérationnelles d'ECMWF. Enfin, les simulations des modèles de climat utilisés pour la production du rapport du GIEC ont été comparées aux observations satellites obtenues. Tous les modèles simulent un taux de chute de neige supérieur à celui observé avec CloudSat. Le changement de précipitation en Antarctique durant le XXIème siècle simulé varie de -6.0 % à +39.4 % en fonction des modèles et des scénarios d'émission de gaz à effet de serre. Les modèles de climat simulant des taux de chute de neige proches de ceux observés par satellite pour la période actuelle prédisent en moyenne un changement plus important de précipitation au cours du XXIème siècle, et donc un impact sur le niveau des mers plus conséquent. / During the 21st century, precipitation is expected to increase in polar regions. In Antarctica, this would lead to an increase in snow accumulation over the continent, which would represent a positive contribution to the ice sheet mass balance, and thus a negative contribution to sea level. Almost all the climate models predict a precipitation increase in Antarctica during the 21st century, but this change differs widely according to the models. Moreover, the current precipitation rate simulated by these models diverge greatly. However, because no reliable observation of Antarctic precipitation was available so far, it was not possible to benchmark climate models. In this study, data from the cloud profiling radar onboard CloudSat satellite have been used to produce the first climatology of Antarctic precipitation from observations. This climatology agrees well with ERA Interim reanalysis, the production of which is constrained by various in situ and satellite observations, but does not use any data from CloudSat. The mean snowfall rate from CloudSat observations is 171 mm/an over the Antarctic ice sheet, north of 82°S. The maximum snowfall rate is observed during the fall, while the minimum snowfall rate occurs in spring. Because in-situ measurements are necessary to evaluate remote sensing observations, a field experiment has been developed at Dumont d'Urville station in Antarctica for measuring precipitation. Optical sensors have been set up at different levels on a 73-meter tower in order to separate snowfall from blowing snow events. Snow flux measured at different heights should be similar during snowfall without blowing snow, whereas a gradient shoud be observed if blowing snow occurs. The system has been evaluated and compared to the ECMWF operational analysis. Finally, simulations from the climate models used for the last IPCC report have been compared to the new satellite climatology. All the models produce a higher snowfall rate than the snowfall observed with CloudSat. Precipitation increase predicted in Antarctica varies from -6.0 % to +39.4 % according to the models and the greenhouse gas emissions scenarios.Climate models which reproduce a current snowfall rate close to the snowfall rate observed by satellite predict on average a larger increase in Antarctic precipitation during the 21st century, and thus a stronger impact on sea level.
13

Análise da influência da condutividade hidráulica saturada dos solos nos escorregamentos rasos na bacia do rio Guaxinduba (SP) / Analysis of the influence of saturated hydraulic conductivity from soils in the shallow landslides in the Basin of the River Guaxinduba (SP)

Maria Carolina Villaça Gomes 04 July 2012 (has links)
A previsão de áreas suscetíveis a escorregamentos translacionais rasos tem como fundamental etapa a investigação dos fatores condicionantes e dos mecanismos de ruptura. Algumas destas propriedades, como os parâmetros físicos e hidrológicos dos solos, são determinantes para a instabilização de encostas que estão sujeitas a eventos pluviométricos intensos. Uma destas propriedades é a condutividade hidráulica saturada, cujo comportamento pode influenciar no desenvolvimento de poro-pressão positiva ou levar à perda de sucção dos solos, ocasionando rupturas. Desta forma, o objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi analisar a distribuição lateral e vertical da condutividade hidráulica saturada (Ksat) dos solos e sua influência nos escorregamentos translacionais rasos na Serra do Mar (SP). Para tanto, foi selecionada uma bacia representativa da Serra do Mar e nela foram escolhidas três cicatrizes acessíveis e com limites bem preservados para a realização dos ensaios in situ. As profundidades onde foram realizados os ensaios foram definidas a partir da caracterização morfológica dos mantos de alteração nas trincheiras abertas no topo, no centro e na lateral das cicatrizes (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 e 2.50 m). Finamente, foram realizados os ensaios in situ utilizando-se o Permeâmetro de Guelph, utilizando-se duas cargas hidráulicas H para a que fosse possível calcular a Ksat empregando-se as equações de Richards, Laplace e a análise de Elricket al. (1989), embora tenha sido utilizada esta última para a análise da variação dos valores. A partir dos valores de Ksat, das propriedades físicas dos materiais (distribuição granulométrica, micro e macroporosidade, porosidade total. Além disso, foi analisada a tendência de variação entre 10-4 e 10-7 m/s, predominando da Ksat com a profundidade. Foram obtidos 41 valores de Ksat, os quais variaram entre as ordens de grandeza 10-5 e 10-6 m/s (82,5% dos valores), que mostraram a pequena variabilidade da Ksat nos perfis de alteração investigados, se comparada às diferenças observadas nas propriedades dos solos e corroboram com os trabalhos desenvolvidos na Serra do Mar. Quando confrontado com as propriedades físicas dos materiais (por exemplo, granulometria e porosidade total), observou-se, principalmente, a correlação positiva com a fração areia. De forma geral, foi possível identificar uma tendência de aumento da Ksat com a profundidade, assim como a existência de algumas descontinuidades hidráulicas significativas, tanto de redução quanto de aumento brusco da Ksat em uma pequena profundidade. / The prediction of landslides-prone areas has as fundamental step researching controlling factors and failure mechanisms. Some of these properties, such as the physical and hydrological soil properties are crucial to the instability of slopes subject to intense rainfall events. One of these properties is the saturated hydraulic conductivity, whose behavior can influence and lead to the development of positive pore-pressure or the loss of soil suction, causing failures. The main objective of this research was to analyze the lateral and vertical hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) of soils and their influence on shallow landslides in the Serra do Mar (SP). Therefore, we selected a representative basin in the Serra do Mar and there three accessible scars, well preserved, were chosen for in situ measurements. Was also performed the topographical characterization of the scars (slope angle, curvature and orientation and contributing area). The depths where the measurements were performed were defined from the morphological characterization of soil profiles in opened trenches at the top, at the lateral and inside the scars (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 and 2.50 m). At last, were performed the in situ measurements using the Guelph Permeameter, using two heads H for calculating Ksat using Richards equations, Laplace equations and Elrick et al. (1989) analysis, although the latter has been used to analyze the range of values. From the Ksat values and physical soil properties (e. g. grain size distribution, micro and macroporosity, total porosity) we discussed the role played by them in Ksat values. Moreover was analyzed the trend of Ksat variation with depth. We obtained 41 Ksat values, which varied between 10-4 e 10-7 m/s, mostly among the orders of magnitude 10-5 e 10-6 m/s (82.5% values), that showed the small variability of Ksat in the soil profiles if compared to the observed differences in soil properties, and corroborate with studies developed in the Serra do Mar. When confronted with the physical properties of materials (eg, grain size and total porosity), we observed mainly the positive correlation with the sand content. In general, we observed a tendency of increase of Ksat with depth, as well as the existence of some significant hydraulic discontinuities, both the sudden decrease as the increase in Ksat in a small depth.
14

Structures tourbillonnaires à l'ouest du golfe du Lion : modélisation numérique et mesures en mer

Hu, Ziyuan 24 February 2011 (has links)
Dans la partie ouest du golfe du Lion, Millot (1979, 1982) avait postulé l'existence de tourbillons anticycloniques de mésoéchelle. Comme déjà bien étudié dans l'océan ouvert, ce type de structure pourrait aussi jouer, en zone côtière, un rôle important sur la circulation et sur la biogéochimie, ainsi que dans les échanges de matière et d'énergie entre les zones côtières et hauturières. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont de caractériser les tourbillons anticycloniques à l'ouest du Golfe du Lion et de comprendre leur processus de génération, en utilisant à la fois la modélisation numérique et les données in situ. Le modèle numérique SYMPHONIE est utilisé pour reproduire de manière réaliste la circulation du golfe du Lion afin de nous aider à comprendre la dynamique de ces structures. Une étude de sensibilité sur la résolution spatiale du modèle et sur la diffusion horizontale a été effectuée pour obtenir la configuration optimisée du modèle. L'application de la technique d'analyse en ondelettes sur les résultats du modèle a permis d'identifier les tourbillons et d'estimer leurs caractéristiques (durée de vie, taille,...). Les résultats de la modélisation numérique ont été utilisés pour établir la stratégie des campagnes en mer LATEX et pour nous aider à mieux comprendre les données des mesures in situ. L'analyse des données collectées pendant la campagne Latex08 (1-6 septembre 2008) a confirmé l'existence de tourbillons sur la partie ouest du plateau continental du golfe du Lion et a montré que les caractéristiques des tourbillons observés in situ sont bien comparables avec celles issues des résultats du modèle. Combiné avec les résultats numériques, les mesures in situ ont permis d'améliorer notre connaissance des tourbillons. Grâce à une simulation pluri-annuelle (2001-2008) avec la configuration optimisée choisie, nous avons pu étudier la reproductibilité et la variabilité des tourbillons, et appréhender leur processus de génération. Les résultats de simulation ont montré que, pour chaque année de 2001 à 2008, des tourbillons anticycloniques se produisent régulièrement, de mai à octobre, à l'ouest du Golfe du Lion avec une durée de vie allant de quelques jours jusqu'à plus que deux mois en maximum. Il a été montré que pour qu'un tourbillon de « longue durée de vie » (plus de 15 jours) se développe, deux conditions sont nécessaires: un vent du nord-ouest fort et persistant et une forte stratification de la masse d'eau. L'analyse des effets combinés de ces deux facteurs en fonction de leurs différents degrés d'intensité ont permis d'expliquer la variabilité annuelle et interannuelle des tourbillons générés au cours des 8 ans de simulation numérique. / In the western part of the Gulf of Lion, Millot (1979, 1982) had postulated the presence of mesoscale anticyclonic eddies. As already well studied in the open ocean, such structures could also play, in the coastal zone, an important role on the circulation and biogeochemistry, as well as on the coastal-offshore exchanges of energy and mass. The objectives of this PhD thesis is to characterize the anticyclonic eddies present in the western part of the Gulf of Lion and to understand their generation processes, using in a combined way numerical modelling and in situ measurements. The numerical model SYMPHONIE is used to simulate realistically the circulation of the Gulf of Lion, in order to help us understand the dynamics of such structures. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out, varying the model spatial resolution and the horizontal viscosity, to choose the best model configuration. A wavelet technique is applied on model outputs to identify eddies and estimate their characteristics (duration, size...). The numerical results have been used to set up the sampling strategy of the LATEX cruises and help us interpret in situ data. The analysis of the measurements collected during Latex08 (September 1-6 , 2008) confirmed the presence of an anticyclonic eddy in the western part of the Gulf of Lion and showed that its features agree with the ones of the simulated eddy. These in situ data, combined with the modeling results, allow us to better understand the eddies' dynamics. Thanks to a long period simulation (2001-2008) with the appropriate model configuration, we studied the repetitiveness and variability of the eddies, as well as their generation processes. Modeling results showed that during the 8 years of simulation, coastal anticyclonic eddies are present regularly, from May to October, in the western part of the Gulf of Lion with a life duration varying from several days to more than two months. The eddies with a life duration longer than 15 days need two conditions to be generated: a persistent and strong northwest wind and a strong stratification. Annual and interannual differences between the eddies present in the 8 years of simulation can be explained by varying the intensity of each of the two conditions.
15

A study on the acoustic performance of tramway low-height noise barriers : gradient-based numerical optimization and experimental approaches

Jolibois, Alexandre, Jolibois, Alexandre 25 November 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Noise has become a main nuisance in urban areas to the point that according to the World Health Organization 40% of the European population is exposed to excessive noise levels, mainly due to ground transportation. There is therefore a need to find new ways to mitigate noise in urban areas. In this work, a possible device to achieve this goal is studied: a low-height noise barrier. It consists of a barrier typically less than one meter high placed close to a source, designed to decrease the noise level for nearby pedestrians and cyclists. This type of device is studied both numerically and experimentally. Tramway noise barriers are especially studied since the noise sources are in this case very close to the ground and can therefore be attenuated efficiently. The shape and the surface treatment of the barrier are optimized using a gradient-based method coupled to a 2D boundary element method (BEM). The optimization variables are the node coordinates of a control mesh and the parameters describing the surface impedance. Sensitivities are calculated efficiently using the adjoint state approach. Numerical results show that the shapes generated by the optimization algorithm tend to be quite irregular but provide a significant improvement of more than 5 dB (A) compared to simpler shapes. Utilizing an absorbing treatment on the source side of the barrier is shown to be efficient as well. This second point has been confirmed by scale model measurements. In addition, a full scale low height noise barrier prototype has been built and tested in situ close to a tramway track in Grenoble. Measurements show that the device provides more than 10 dB (A) of attenuation for a close receiver located at the typical height of human ears. These results therefore seem to confirm the applicability of such protections to efficiently decrease noise exposure in urban areas
16

Évaluation des flux sédimentaires sur le littoral du Nord-Pas de Calais : vers une meilleure compréhension de la morphodynamique des plages macrotidales / In situ sediment transport measurements on the coast of Northern France : towards a better understanding of the morphodynamics of macrotidal barres beaches

Cartier, Adrien 13 December 2011 (has links)
Nos connaissances et notre compréhension de la dynamique sédimentaire des plages macrotidales sont encore limitées de nos jours en raison d'un manque de données lié à la plus faible proportion de ces plages à l'échelle mondiale. Trois plages macrotidales à barres et à bâches du littoral de la Côte d'Opale dans le Nord de la France ont été choisies pour mener cette étude. Elle se base sur trois approches différentes visant à caractériser (1) le régime tidal et les conditions hydrodynamiques, (2) la morphologie de la zone intertidale et (3) les flux sédimentaires longitudinaux (FL) et transversaux (FC) dans diverses conditions tidales et énergétiques. Le transport a été mesuré dans la zone proche du déferlement à l’aide de pièges à sédiment de type Kraus (1987) permettant de caractériser le débit solide à plusieurs niveaux au dessus du fond au cours de conditions d'agitation faibles à modérées (Hs < 1 m). Malgré une uniformité des flux le long de la plage, les phénomènes de vidange des bâches par l’intermédiaire de chenaux perpendiculaires au trait de côte permettent l’introduction de volumes de sédiment significatifs, augmentant localement le FL. La distribution des flux à travers l’estran présente, quant à elle, une décroissance nette du bas de plage vers le haut de plage. Les mesures simultanées de FL et de FC ont démontré que le FC dirigé vers le haut de plage et la résultante du FC sont dans la plupart des cas supérieurs aux FL en raison de la plus forte intensité des vitesses de courant oscillatoire. Ces résultats mettent en évidence des mouvements significatifs de volume de sable à travers la zone intertidale à l’échelle de la mesure, ce qui influence fortement la morphodynamique de la plage. L’ensemble de la zone intertidale est toutefois apparue relativement stable, avec des changements plus significatifs à court terme qu'à plus long terme. Les mesures de transport ont permis de mettre en lumière le rôle fondamental des bâches dans la dynamique des plages macrotidales. Ces dépressions inter-barres sont en effet responsables de la canalisation du sédiment le long du rivage, limitant ainsi les transports sédimentaires transversaux et par conséquent la migration des barres intertidales. Il est vraisemblable que le temps de résidence et l'intensité des processus hydro-sédimentaires jouent un rôle prépondérant dans la dynamique des barres intertidales. Les mesures ont également été comparées avec plusieurs estimations du transport sédimentaire issues de modèles numériques et morphodynamiques. Bien que les flux calculés surestiment en général le transport mesuré, certaines formules semblent plus adaptées pour déterminer le FL dans la zone de levée. / Our knowledge and understanding of the sediment dynamics of sandy macrotidal beaches is still limited by a lack of data from these macrotidal environments. This limitation is due to the relatively small proportion of macrotidal coasts in the world. Three sandy beaches on the coast of Northern France were chosen to conduct this study. Three scientific approaches were used: 1) characterization of tidal and waves energy conditions using wave and current meters deployed on the foreshore; 2) beach morphology survey and 3) estimation of longshore (FL) and cross-shore (FC) sediment transport using streamer traps similar to those designed by Kraus (1987). Sand transport was measured about 1 m water, next to the breaker zone and either in the shoaling zone or in the surf zone; under low to moderate waves energy conditions (Hs < 1 m). In spite of a low longshore variability in sediment transport due to a high degree of hydrodynamic uniformity along the shore, runnel drainage can locally increase sediment transport rates. Cross-shore distribution appeared to be more variable as sediment transport decreased from the lower to the upper part of the beach. Onshore, offshore and longshore sediment transport measured simultaneously showed that under various energetic conditions, FC appeared to be generally higher than FL. Although net littoral drift is directed towards the Belgian coast, these results suggest that significant volumes of sand move across the intertidal zone. These significant volumes of sand most likely have a strong influence on the morphodynamics of the beach. Daily topographical survey has shown little morphological variations while sediment transport rates appeared very variable and very significant, especially during the highest wave energy conditions. Sediment transport measurements across the foreshore highlight the important role played by inter-bar troughs in the morphodynamics of macrotidal beaches. Higher bed roughness in these depressions is responsible for an increase in sediment resuspension through the water column. Suspended transport is therefore favoured in troughs and hinders the cross-shore sediment transport, which is responsible for the bar migration across the intertidal zone. Morphological changes are dependent of the time residence of the hydrodynamic zones, but the morphodynamics of the intertidal bars appear to be strongly controlled by the amplitude of the incident waves. FL were also compared with calculated data computed using from numerical and morphodynamic model. Although computed transport rates are generally higher than in situ measurements, it appears that some formulae provide better estimate of FL, especially in the shoaling zone
17

Autodiagnostic des perturbations des réseaux d’antennes : application à la goniométrie. / Auto diagnostic of Radiation Perturbation of Antenna Array for Direction : Finding Application

Ghattas, Lama 14 January 2015 (has links)
Cette thèse porte sur la conception d’un système de mesure in-situ permettant de détecter les perturbations variables dans l’environnement proche d’un réseau d’antennes. Une première partie est consacrée à l’étude du bénéfice d’un tel système appliqué à un réseau de goniométrie. Une étude quantitative de la dégradation des performances de goniométrie sur porteur en présence d’obstacles variables est réalisée. Le deuxième point majeur de cette thèse est le choix de la technologie pour la conception du système de diagnostic. La Technique de diffusion modulée par l’optique (OMS) est sélectionnée. Un modèle de prédiction de la puissance rétrodiffusée par la sonde OMS a été élaboré afin de choisir la dimension de sonde optimale. Suite aux études théoriques, une sonde de 12 cm chargée par la photodiode (PDCS30T) a été réalisée. Des mesures en chambre anéchoïque ont été menées afin de valider le bilan de liaison et mesurer la sensibilité de la sonde à des obstacles proches. Finalement, une étude est réalisée afin d’étudier la sensibilité exigée par le réseau de diagnostic pour détecter la présence d’obstacles. Un dimensionnement du système global est calculé. / This thesis focuses on the design of an in-situ measurement system to detect variable disturbances in the near field of antenna arrays. The first part was focused on the study of the benefit of the monitoring system for direction finding antennas (DFA). A quantitative study of degradation of performances of DFA installed on a carrier in presence of variable obstacles was done. The second point of the study concerns the choice for the technology for the diagnostic system design. The Optically Modulated Scatterer Technique (OMS) is selected. A model that predicts the OMS backscattered power is developed to select the optimal dimension of the probe. Following the theoretical studies, a 12 cm OMS probe coupled to the nonlinear device (PDCS30T) was designed. Measurements in anechoic chamber were conducted to validate the budget link model and measure the sensitivity of the probe to nearby objects. Finally, a study is conducted to investigate the sensitivity required by the diagnostic probes for detecting the presence of obstacles. A dimensioning of the overall system is computed.
18

Autodiagnostic des perturbations des réseaux d’antennes : application à la goniométrie. / Auto diagnostic of Radiation Perturbation of Antenna Array for Direction : Finding Application

Ghattas, Lama 14 January 2015 (has links)
Cette thèse porte sur la conception d’un système de mesure in-situ permettant de détecter les perturbations variables dans l’environnement proche d’un réseau d’antennes. Une première partie est consacrée à l’étude du bénéfice d’un tel système appliqué à un réseau de goniométrie. Une étude quantitative de la dégradation des performances de goniométrie sur porteur en présence d’obstacles variables est réalisée. Le deuxième point majeur de cette thèse est le choix de la technologie pour la conception du système de diagnostic. La Technique de diffusion modulée par l’optique (OMS) est sélectionnée. Un modèle de prédiction de la puissance rétrodiffusée par la sonde OMS a été élaboré afin de choisir la dimension de sonde optimale. Suite aux études théoriques, une sonde de 12 cm chargée par la photodiode (PDCS30T) a été réalisée. Des mesures en chambre anéchoïque ont été menées afin de valider le bilan de liaison et mesurer la sensibilité de la sonde à des obstacles proches. Finalement, une étude est réalisée afin d’étudier la sensibilité exigée par le réseau de diagnostic pour détecter la présence d’obstacles. Un dimensionnement du système global est calculé. / This thesis focuses on the design of an in-situ measurement system to detect variable disturbances in the near field of antenna arrays. The first part was focused on the study of the benefit of the monitoring system for direction finding antennas (DFA). A quantitative study of degradation of performances of DFA installed on a carrier in presence of variable obstacles was done. The second point of the study concerns the choice for the technology for the diagnostic system design. The Optically Modulated Scatterer Technique (OMS) is selected. A model that predicts the OMS backscattered power is developed to select the optimal dimension of the probe. Following the theoretical studies, a 12 cm OMS probe coupled to the nonlinear device (PDCS30T) was designed. Measurements in anechoic chamber were conducted to validate the budget link model and measure the sensitivity of the probe to nearby objects. Finally, a study is conducted to investigate the sensitivity required by the diagnostic probes for detecting the presence of obstacles. A dimensioning of the overall system is computed.
19

The climate impacts of atmospheric aerosols using in-situ measurements, satellite retrievals and global climate model simulations

Davies, Nicholas William January 2018 (has links)
Aerosols contribute the largest uncertainty to estimates of radiative forcing of the Earth’s atmosphere, which are thought to exert a net negative radiative forcing, offsetting a potentially significant but poorly constrained fraction of the positive radiative forcing associated with greenhouse gases. Aerosols perturb the Earth’s radiative balance directly by absorbing and scattering radiation and indirectly by acting as cloud condensation nuclei, altering cloud albedo and potentially cloud lifetime. One of the major factors governing the uncertainty in estimates of aerosol direct radiative forcing is the poorly constrained aerosol single scattering albedo, which is the ratio of the aerosol scattering to extinction. In this thesis, I describe a new instrument for the measurement of aerosol optical properties using photoacoustic and cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Characterisation is performed by assessing the instrument minimum sensitivity and accuracy as well as verifying the accuracy of its calibration procedure. The instrument and calibration accuracies are assessed by comparing modelled to measured optical properties of well-characterised laboratory-generated aerosol. I then examine biases in traditional, filter-based absorption measurements by comparing to photoacoustic spectrometer absorption measurements for a range of aerosol sources at multiple wavelengths. Filter-based measurements consistently overestimate absorption although the bias magnitude is strongly source-dependent. Biases are consistently lowest when an advanced correction scheme is applied, irrespective of wavelength or aerosol source. Lastly, I assess the sensitivity of the direct radiative effect of biomass burning aerosols to aerosol and cloud optical properties over the Southeast Atlantic Ocean using a combination of offline radiative transfer modelling, satellite observations and global climate model simulations. Although the direct radiative effect depends on aerosol and cloud optical properties in a non-linear way, it appears to be only weakly dependent on sub-grid variability.
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Étude et modélisation des ceintures de radiation de Jupiter / Study and modeling of the radiation belts of Jupiter

Nénon, Quentin 12 September 2018 (has links)
Les ceintures de radiation de la planète géante Jupiter sont constituées d’électrons, de protons et d’ions lourds de très haute énergie. Ces particules chargées représentent un risque majeur pour les satellites artificiels cherchant à explorer Jupiter. Dans le même temps, comprendre l’origine et la répartition de ces particules est une problématique fondamentale du domaine de la Physique de l’Espace.Le modèle physique Salammbô de l’ONERA répond aux deux enjeux précédents. Il a été développé pour le cas de la planète géante au cours de deux thèses successives qui se sont terminées en 2004 [Santos-Costa, 2001 ; Sicard, 2004]. Les travaux précédents ont permis de mettre en place un modèle d’électron qui s’étend de l’atmosphère de Jupiter jusqu’à l’orbite d’Europe (9 Rj) et un modèle de proton jusqu’à l’orbite de la lune volcanique Io (6 Rj). Depuis cette date, la mission américaine Galileo, qui fut en orbite autour de Jupiter jusqu’en 2003, a livré de nombreuses informations sur les ceintures de radiation et sur l’environnement qui influence celles-ci.Cette thèse revisite le modèle électron et étend le modèle proton jusqu’à l’orbite d’Europe. Cela permet, en particulier, de montrer que les ondes électromagnétiques se propageant entre les orbites des lunes Io et Europe induisent des pertes significatives de particules, celles-ci étant précipitées dans l’atmosphère de Jupiter. Les modèles proposés au cours de cette thèse sont également mieux à même de prédire l’environnement extrême et limitant des ceintures de radiation que les précédents travaux. / The radiation belts of the giant planet Jupiter are populated by very energetic electrons, protons and heavy ions. On one hand, these charged particles represent a major threat to exploration missions. On the other hand, understanding the radiation belt particles origin and distribution is a fundamental question of the broad Space Physics research domain.The physical model Salammbô of ONERA addresses the two previous challenges. It has been developed during two successive previous PhD thesis that ended in 2004 [Santos-Costa, 2001; Sicard, 2004]. Previous work has enabled to predict and study the electrons inward of Europa’s orbit (9 Rj) and the protons inward of the volcanic moon Io (6 Rj). Since 2004, the Galileo mission that was in orbit around Jupiter until 2003 has provided many inputs regarding the Jovian radiation belts and the environment that shape them.This PhD thesis revisits the electron model and expands the proton’s one up to Europa’s orbit. Our modeling effort shows that, in particular, electromagnetic waves propagating between the orbits of the moons Io and Europa create strong particle losses within the radiation belts, as the charged particles are precipitated in the Jovian atmosphere. In addition, our models are better suited than what has been proposed by previous work to predict the harsh radiative environment near Jupiter.STAR

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