This thesis is focused on verifying in vitro cultivation techniques in micropropagation of tropical terrestrial orchid Macodes petola (Bl.) Lindl. The aim of the studies was to verify the responsiveness of the node explants of Macodes petola (Bl.) Lindl to different surface-sterilization methods and duration of sterilization time, as well as the transport of the node explants to agar medium. Node explants of Macodes petola (Bl.) Lindl were surface-sterilized with different disinfectants for different sterilization time and cultivated in primordial culture. The best results were observed by using sequential surface sterilization in ethyl alcohol (70%) and disinfectant Savo (2.5%) - ethyl alcohol being used for 15 seconds and Savo for 20 minutes.

In vitro micropropagation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) by using direct and indirect organogenesis was the aim of this study. Also, the effect of plant growth regulators on growth parameters, such as corm production, sprouting time and germination ratio were investigated in ex vitro conditions. For in vitro regeneration of saffron, the effects of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) were tested initially. It was observed that 0,25 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L BAP combination was superior for indirect organogenesis while 1 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L BAP combination was favorable for direct organogenesis. During the improvement of direct organogenesis experiments, BAP (1 mg/L) without 2,4-D stimulated further shoot development. For adventitious corm and root induction, NAA (naphthaleneacetic acid) and BAP combinations were tested. Although a few corm formations were achieved, root development was not observed with these treatments. Further experiments with the culture medium supplemented with 1 mg/L IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) and 5% sucrose was effective on obtaining contractile root formation and increasing corm number. As a result, the overall efficiency was calculated as 59.26% for contractile root formation, 35.19% for corm formation and 100% for shoot development. In ex vitro studies, 50 mg/L IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) , 50 mg/L kinetin and 200 mg/L GA3 (gibberellic acid) were used. These applications were not as efficient as expected on assessed growth parameters.

Submitted by Katiane Souza (katyane.souza@gmail.com) on 2016-06-05T16:39:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4186223 bytes, checksum: 3758454784531cdb854ab4f824e31065 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-05T16:39:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4186223 bytes, checksum: 3758454784531cdb854ab4f824e31065 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Brazil has 47 endemic species of strawberry guava (Psidium spp.), being an important center of genetic diversity of this genus. In the Caatinga biome, the occurrence of the species P. schenckianum Kiaersk, P. guineense Swartz. (most often) and Psidium grandifolium Mart. have been reported. These species have great potential for economic exploitation of the fruit, which is rich in vitamin C and can be consumed fresh or processed in the form of juices, sweets, jams, jellies and ice cream. It also presents outstanding antimicrobial activity, pharmacological and antioxidant as well as essential oils. In addition, strawberry guava are the main sources of resistance to nematode (Meloidogyne enterolobii), which is the main pathogen of guava (P. guajava). This resistance can be transferred to the Paluma guava (cv. GP). However, the strawberry guava is endangered in its natural environment and presents limitations in vegetative propagation by conventional methods, making impossible cloning the resistant plants. Micropropagation is a viable propagation technique of species susceptible to extinction and difficult vegetative propagation. Protocols allowing the cloning of this species for future studies should be improved. Thus, the aim of this research is to develop a protocol for micropropagation of Psidium spp., determining the culture medium, conditions of gas exchange, type of explant and concentration of growth regulators. Seedlings of three access of strawberry guava and cultivar guava paluma (cv.GP) were grown under the following conditions: JADS culture medium, MS and WPM to determine the culture medium; and medium JADS sealed with lids without membrane (SM), one membrane (1M) and two membranes (2M) with carbon dioxide exchange rates (TTCO2) 14; 21 and 25 μL L-1, respectively, to determine the best seedling growth in TTCO2 Psidium spp. After this, different explants of Brazilian guava trees were transferred to regeneration media with different concentrations of indolbutyric acid (IBA): 0, 2.46, 4.92 and 9.84 mM in rooting induction and benzyladenine (BA): 0.0, 2.2 and 4.44 mM; BA + naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA): 2.22 uM BA + 0.054 uM ANA; and 4.44 uM BA + 0.054 uM ANA in regeneration shoots of the following explants: nodal and apical segments in semi-solid culture, stem segments in liquid culture, organogenesis internodal segments, and leaf sections in semi-solid cultureof a P. guineense access and induction of organogenesis in liquid culture using root segments of a P. schenckianum access and three accessions of P. guineense. Seedlings of strawberry guava and cv. GP showed better growth in JADS culture medium. TTCO2 (25 μL L-1) resulted in the growth of seedlings with improved morphophysiological and anatomical characteristics and biosynthesis of compounds of reserve in leaves from both species (P. guineense and P. guajava). This condition is the most indicated for the development in in vitro propagation protocols of Psidium spp. It was not necessary the addition of IBA in the rooting of shoots. Shoots were obtained with and without addition of plant hormones in stem segments, apical segments, nodal and root segments in P. guineense accesses from direct organogenesis, maintaining the same ploidy of the seedlings of this species. In stem segments, the greater number of shoots was observed with 2.22 and 4.44 mM of BA. Shoots were elongated, rooted and acclimatized with 100% survival, showing that the in vitro regeneration protocol established is efficient. This is the first micropropagation protocol established to strawberry guava / O Brasil possui 47 espécies endêmicas de araçazeiros (Psidium spp.), constituindo-se num importante centro de diversidade genética do gênero. No bioma Caatinga, já foram reportadas a ocorrência das espécies Psidium schenckianum Kiaersk., P. guineense Swartz. e P. grandifolium Mart., com maior frequência das duas primeiras. Estas espécies apresentam grande potencial de uso de seus frutos, por serem ricos em vitamina C, podendo ser utilizado no consumo in natura ou industrializado, na forma de sucos, doces, compotas, geleias e sorvetes. Apresenta ainda, marcante atividade antimicrobiana, farmacológica e antioxidante além de possuir grande quantidade de óleos essenciais. Além disso, os araçazeiros são as principais fontes de resistência ao nematoide (Meloidogyne enterolobii), principal patógeno que acomete a goiabeira (P. guajava), a qual pode ser transferida para a goiabeira Paluma (cv. GP). Contudo, os araçazeiros encontram-se em risco de extinção em seus ambientes naturais e apresentam dificuldades na propagação vegetativa pelos métodos convencionais, impossibilitando a clonagem das plantas resistentes. A micropropagação é uma técnica viável para propagação de espécies passíveis de extinção e de difícil propagação vegetativa, devendo-se desenvolver protocolos que possibilitem a clonagem desta espécie para estudos futuros de melhoramento. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com a presente pesquisa desenvolver um protocolo para micropropagação de Psidium spp., determinando o meio de cultura, condições de trocas gasosas, tipo de explante e concentração de fitorreguladores. Plântulas de três acessos de araçazeiros e da cultivar de goiaba Paluma (cv. GP), foram crescidas nas seguintes condições: meios de cultura JADS, MS e WPM para determinação do meio de cultura, e em meio de cultura JADS, vedados com tampas sem membrana (SM), uma membrana (1M) e duas membranas (2M) com taxas de trocas de dióxido de carbono (TTCO2) de 14; 21 e 25 μL L-1, respectivamente, para determinar a melhor TTCO2 no crescimento de plântulas de Psidium spp. Após determinada estas condições, diferentes explantes de araçazeiros foram induzidos a regeneração in vitro, utilizando diferentes concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) (0; 2,46; 4,92 e 9,84 μM) na indução de rizogênese; benziladenina (BA) (0,0; 2,2 e 4,44 μM) e BA + ácido naftalenoacético (ANA) (2,22 μM BA + 0,054 μM ANA e 4,44 μM BA + 0,054 μM ANA) na regeneração de brotos dos seguintes explantes: segmentos nodais e apicais em meio de cultura semi-sólido, segmentos caulinares em meio de cultura líquido, organogênese de segmentos internodais, e secções foliares em meio de cultura semi-sólido, de um acesso de P. guineense e indução de organogênese em meio de cultura líquido, utilizando segmentos radiculares de um acesso de P. schenckianum e três acessos de P. guineense. As plântulas de araçazeiro e da cv. GP apresentaram melhor crescimento em meio de cultura JADS. Maiores TTCO2 (25 μL L-1), resultaram no crescimento das plântulas com melhores características morfofisiológicas e anatômicas, e na biossíntese de compostos de reservas nas folhas de ambas as espécies (P. guineense e P. guajava), sendo esta condição a mais indicada para o desenvolvimento de protocolos de propagação in vitro de Psidium spp. Não foi necessária adição de AIB no enraizamento das brotações. Foram obtidas brotações com e sem adição de fitorreguladores, em segmentos caulinares, segmentos apicais, nodais e, em segmentos radiculares nos acessos de P. guineense, a partir de organogênese direta, mantendo a mesma ploidia das plantas oriundas de sementes desta espécie. Em segmentos caulinares, maior número de brotações foi observado com 2,22 e 4,44 μM de BA. As brotações foram alongadas, enraizadas e aclimatizadas com 100% de sobrevivência, permitindo inferir que o protocolo de regeneração in vitro estabelecido é eficiente. Este é o primeiro protocolo de micropropagação estabelecido para araçá.