Le titre XXV du Code de procédure pénale destiné à lutter contre la criminalité et la délinquance organisées a été introduit par la loi du 9 mars 2004, laquelle a créé une notion par son régime. Celui-ci, dérogatoire, comprend un panel d’actes d’investigations, lesquels supposent la mise à disposition de techniques d’enquête permettant d’anticiper, d’agir et de mieux appréhender les modes de fonctionnement de criminels considérablement aguerris. Plus précisément, il s’agit des techniques de surveillance des personnes et des biens, de l’infiltration, de l’enquête sous pseudonyme, des interceptions de correspondances émises par la voie des communications électroniques, de l’accès aux correspondances stockées, de l’IMSI-catcher, de la captation de données informatiques, et de la sonorisation et fixation d’images de certains lieux ou véhicules. Alors que les méthodes utilisées sont particulièrement coercitives, le domaine d’application n’est pas défini. En effet, s’il existe une énumération des infractions concernées par le régime, la criminalité et la délinquance organisées, pour leur part, ne sont pas définies. En réalité, ces infractions toutes décousues comprennent de multiples valeurs protégées, divers quantum de peine, et des circonstances aggravantes variées. Mais, le choix du législateur s’explique puisque l’expression « criminalité organisée » est ancienne et recouvre de multiples acceptions. Si, pour se conformer au principe de légalité criminelle, certains pensent qu’une définition rigoureuse de la notion est souhaitable, d’autres, en revanche, considèrent que le phénomène ne peut être réduit à un unique vocable ou syntagme. Cependant, l’étude démontre que, compte tenu de l’ampleur des disparates manifestations de la criminalité organisée, le législateur n’a cessé d’étendre le périmètre de ce régime en passant de deux à trois articles, et de listes à des groupes d’infractions. Ainsi, près de quinze ans après l’entrée en vigueur de ladite loi, le constat est sans appel, il existe une incapacité matérielle à véritablement saisir ce phénomène. Partant, des catégories d’infractions se recoupent au sein de plusieurs procédures particulières, et ce, pour étendre les moyens de surveillance. Des nouveaux procédés ont été intégrés mais d’autres ont également été multipliés. Dès lors, l’extension de l’une s’accompagne de l’autre. Ainsi, la simplification des dispositions du Code de procédure pénale est devenue essentielle, ce qui a conduit cette étude à s’interroger sur le rapprochement entre les règles dérogatoires et celles de droit commun. Pour appréhender ces techniques d’enquête, il faut procéder par renvois entre les articles puisque la configuration actuelle du Code de procédure pénale ne se limite pas au seul titre XXV. Cette étude propose donc de réorganiser l’emplacement de ces moyens de surveillance en les rationalisant au mieux. Une gradation était nécessaire puisque certes, elles portent toutes atteintes au droit au respect de la vie privée mais pas au même degré. Enfin, dans un objectif de simplification de la procédure, le projet de loi de programmation 2018-2022 envisage une nouvelle extension de ces moyens de surveillance. Bien que l’ambition semble, pour l’heure, inachevée, cela témoigne des perspectives d’évolution de la matière, laquelle doit perpétuellement trouver un juste équilibre entre une lutte efficace contre la criminalité et délinquance organisée et la protection de la vie privée, notamment. / By the law of March 9, 2004, Title XXV of the Code of Criminal Procedure entitled "The procedure applicable to organized crime and delinquency" created a notion by its regime. The latter, derogatory, includes a panel of investigative acts, which involve the provision of investigative techniques to anticipate, act and better apprehend the modes of operation of criminals considerably seasoned. Specifically, these include surveillance of persons and property, infiltration, pseudonym investigation, interception of correspondence via electronic communications, access to stored correspondence, the IMSI-catcher, the capture of computer data, and the sound and image fixation of certain places or vehicles. While the methods used are particularly coercive, the scope is not defined. Indeed, while there is an enumeration of the offenses concerned by the regime, organized crime and delinquency, for their part, are not defined. In reality, these all-encompassing offenses include multiple protected values, varying quantum of sentence, and various aggravating circumstances. But, the choice of the legislator is explained because the expression "organized crime" is old and covers multiple meanings. If, in order to comply with the principle of criminal legality, some people think that a rigorous definition of the notion is desirable, others, on the other hand, consider that the phenomenon can not be reduced to a single word or phrase. However, the study shows that, given the extent of the disparate manifestations of organized crime, the legislator has continued to expand the scope of this regime from two to three articles, and lists to groups offenses. Thus, nearly fifteen years after the entry into force of the said law, the finding is without appeal, there is a material incapacity to truly grasp this phenomenon. As a result, categories of offenses overlap in a number of specific procedures to extend the means of surveillance. New processes have been integrated but others have also been multiplied. From then on, the extension of one is accompanied by the other. Thus, the simplification of the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure has become essential, which led this study to question the approximation between the derogating rules and those of common right. To understand these investigative techniques, it is necessary to cross-refer the articles since the current configuration of the Code of Criminal Procedure is not limited to Title XXV alone. This study proposes to reorganize the location of these means of surveillance by rationalizing them at best. A gradation was necessary since, as they all violate the right to respect for private life but not to the same degree. Lastly, with a view to simplifying the procedure, the 2018-2022 programming bill envisages a further extension of these means of surveillance. Although the ambition seems, for the time being, unfinished, this shows the prospects of evolution of the subject, which must perpetually find a right balance between an effective fight against crime and organized crime and the protection of privacy. This statement has never been more true living in our times right now.

People with disabilities will experience discrimination in many ways during their daily life; one way being the presence of physical barriers in the public built environment which prevent their full participation. Within the EU and in Germany, regulations and building standards are the primary tool used for ensuring accessibility within the built environment, however, full and equal access for people with disabilities has not been achieved. This discrepancy indicates the limitations of accessibility through standardization and regulation. Physical barriers, such as stairs, have long been identified and understood to prevent access for people with disabilities, however, there seems to be relatively little scientific literature discussing temporary forms of barriers which also prevent access in the built environment. This research project aims to identify and understand barriers which create temporary inaccessibility for people with disabilities. These barriers may reflect unregulated or unenforced situations within the public built environment, one example of this type of situation being construction sites. Of particular interest is the role temporality plays within the development of barriers and accessibility. The primary research takes the form of go-along case studies with three participants, each having a different disability or impairment. The setting for these case studies is Europaplatz, a plaza at Berlin’s central train station; this location can be considered as a critical case, findings here should be archetypal and can be expected to hold true in other similar situations. The research shows the existence of many temporary barriers which have long lasting inaccessible impacts for people with disabilities. These barriers primarily stem from the presence of nearby construction sites and activities. In most cases a small amount of initial consideration towards accessibility would have prevented these temporary inaccessibilities. Even after their creation, very minor changes could remove these barriers and create a more accessible environment. My research indicates that there are serious problems around construction related activities which create barriers for people with disabilities. A clear lack of consideration for accessibility during the planning, approval and oversight of construction activities is shown.

Today, tourists seek authentic experiences from places they visit. For countries where the historic environment is a key component of tourism, the concept of maintaining authenticity is vital to encourage potential visitors. Historic buildings, such as castles, were built in a time when accessibility for people with disabilities was not a major concern. Today, the number of people living with a disability is increasing and is expected to continue to grow as a result of the aging population and longer life expectancy. While all people may have a desire to participate in tourism, and a similar growing interest in an authentic experience, a historic site is enjoyed by all interested visitors only when it is accessible to all. How does a service provider enhance accessibility while continuing to preserve authenticity of the historic site? A service provider of a historic site is faced with the extra challenge of juggling both disability and heritage policy requirements. Satisfying the needs of both can be difficult and may, at times, feel like accessibility at a historic site is an impossible goal. Researching the interaction between these two types of policy and the influence they have on accessibility and disability at historic sites assists in the discovery of policy areas that interfere with a service provider’s ability to enhance accessibility. This may increase knowledge of how to increase accessibility, and how policy currently influences the perpetuation of accessibility and disability at these tourist sites. The purpose of this case study is to explore Glamis Castle in Scotland to illuminate accessibility at the confluence of three power contexts: the economics of tourism, the preservation of historic buildings, and the inclusion of people with disabilities. Stories uncovering the confluence of the three power contexts and its influence on Glamis Castle were created. Using narrative case study methodology and Roe’s (1994) approach to narrative policy analysis, stories about accessibility and disability at Glamis Castle were created through visual and textual data, and a review of policy and other related documentation. The stories reveal the current state of disability and heritage policy and its effect on Glamis Castle, the current perpetuation of disability and accessibility at the site, and current challenges that service providers may face at historic sites. The stories reveal the need for service providers, staff, and the public to be provided with more educational opportunities to help enhance accessibility at historic sites and encourage inclusion; specifically, they provide insight into the influence choice has on enhancing accessibility at the macro, organizational and individual levels.

Today, tourists seek authentic experiences from places they visit. For countries where the historic environment is a key component of tourism, the concept of maintaining authenticity is vital to encourage potential visitors. Historic buildings, such as castles, were built in a time when accessibility for people with disabilities was not a major concern. Today, the number of people living with a disability is increasing and is expected to continue to grow as a result of the aging population and longer life expectancy. While all people may have a desire to participate in tourism, and a similar growing interest in an authentic experience, a historic site is enjoyed by all interested visitors only when it is accessible to all. How does a service provider enhance accessibility while continuing to preserve authenticity of the historic site? A service provider of a historic site is faced with the extra challenge of juggling both disability and heritage policy requirements. Satisfying the needs of both can be difficult and may, at times, feel like accessibility at a historic site is an impossible goal. Researching the interaction between these two types of policy and the influence they have on accessibility and disability at historic sites assists in the discovery of policy areas that interfere with a service provider’s ability to enhance accessibility. This may increase knowledge of how to increase accessibility, and how policy currently influences the perpetuation of accessibility and disability at these tourist sites. The purpose of this case study is to explore Glamis Castle in Scotland to illuminate accessibility at the confluence of three power contexts: the economics of tourism, the preservation of historic buildings, and the inclusion of people with disabilities. Stories uncovering the confluence of the three power contexts and its influence on Glamis Castle were created. Using narrative case study methodology and Roe’s (1994) approach to narrative policy analysis, stories about accessibility and disability at Glamis Castle were created through visual and textual data, and a review of policy and other related documentation. The stories reveal the current state of disability and heritage policy and its effect on Glamis Castle, the current perpetuation of disability and accessibility at the site, and current challenges that service providers may face at historic sites. The stories reveal the need for service providers, staff, and the public to be provided with more educational opportunities to help enhance accessibility at historic sites and encourage inclusion; specifically, they provide insight into the influence choice has on enhancing accessibility at the macro, organizational and individual levels.

This thesis examines the historical introduction and spatial expansion of modern water supply infrastructure in Amhara region across the three successive regimes: imperial, military, and EPRDF. It attempts to explore the institutional setup of the three governments together with their policies and strategies. The study also aims at giving an idea about the socio-economic changes registered because of improved access to safe water. Furthermore, it assesses the water consumption and conservation pattern of the society and the environmental impact of the water infrastructure development. Modern infrastructure development in Ethiopia traced its beginning back to the late 19th century. Safe drinking water supply had been one of those modern infrastructures introduced in Addis Ababa. Not long afterwards, it proliferated to the provinces. In Amhara region, drinking water supply infrastructure construction began in the early 20th century. However, this thesis inquired whether there was a programmed water supply infrastructure development before the mid-1950s or not. The water supply work started gaining momentum and became a state program in the late imperial period. However, it was affected by financial, technological and trained human resource constraints, lack of appropriate institution, defective management systems, and improper implementation methods. The military government had strengthened water supply institutions and improved workers' expertise. These developments helped the water supply infrastructure work to be executed in a programmed manner. Yet, financial restraints, the incessant political chaos of the time and the accompanied disruptive working environment had greatly impacted the temporal and spatial coverage of the water supply infrastructure development. The promising start of the Derg period did not continue with similar pace during the early years of the EPRDF rule. Despite the efforts made to set up water institutions at Regional, Zonal and Woreda (district) levels, no significant achievement was recorded in the field. The aftermath of the civil war together with internal and external challenges epitomized the transition period had impinged on the water supply work. This thesis testifies to the emergence of some socio-economic changes in the region. Yet, the slow progress of the water supply infrastructure work had stalled the socio-economic change that should have been registered through improved access to safe water supply. Despite the observable environmental degradation, the thesis argues that the retarded water supply work had nothing to do with the dearth of fresh water. While the trend shows steady growth of water consumption level across the three regimes, the conservation habit of the population remained low. / D.Litt. et Phil. (History)