Submitted by EDUARDO PINHEIRO HENRIQUES null (eduardopinheirohenriques@gmail.com) on 2017-02-06T22:32:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Final1 com aprov e ficha.pdf: 2417094 bytes, checksum: bda3581bb8106d9b208aba3daac23763 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-09T19:37:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 henriques_ep_dr_bot.pdf: 2417094 bytes, checksum: bda3581bb8106d9b208aba3daac23763 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T19:37:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 henriques_ep_dr_bot.pdf: 2417094 bytes, checksum: bda3581bb8106d9b208aba3daac23763 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-14 / Testes de Progênies de polinização aberta ou controlada são técnicas que permitem ao melhorista orientar o seu programa de melhoramento com base no potencial genético do material de que dispõe. Na atualidade são empregados programas computacionais avançados com base em modelos matemáticos de genética quantitativa. A partir dos dados dos parâmetros genéticos quantitativos, parâmetros moleculares calculados com dados de DNA, avaliações aos 2, 5 e 7 anos de idade dos caracteres altura das plantas (ALT) (m), diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) (cm), volume individual das árvores (VOL) (m), genotipagem de 33 genitores femininos e 41 masculinos, quando foram analisados 14 locos microssatélites SSR, pode-se traçar a linha de trabalho de melhoramento com segurança nos resultados almejados. O objetivo deste estudo foi (i) formar um pomar de recombinação, (ii) formar um pomar de hibridação com as melhores progênies das famílias, (iii) identificar as famílias excepcionais para propagação seminal e clonal, (iv) selecionar as 10 melhores progênies para clonagem e (v) formar um Pomar de Semente Testada com as populações genitoras feminina e masculina. O delineamento experimental do teste foi de blocos casualisados com 286 tratamentos (cruzamentos), em 8 repetições de parcelas lineares de 6 plantas. O teste da razão de verossimilhança (LTR) revelou diferenças de alta significância, ao nível de 1% de probabilidade (p<0,001), entre todos os caracteres avaliados e em todas as idades de avaliação. A herdabilidade individual entre os sexos no sentido restrito (h2 a) foi de aproximadamente o dobro da herdabilidade dos efeitos de dominância entre machos e fêmeas (h2 dom). A herdabilidade individual entre os sexos nos sentido amplo, ou seja, dos efeitos genotípicos totais (h2 g) foi de 0,4 aos dois anos, 0,34 aos cinco anos e de 0,21, para o caráter altura aos sete anos de idade. Estes valores indicam sucesso na seleção dentro da população. As acurácias geral de machos (Acgm), geral de fêmeas (Acgf) e geral dos cruzamentos (Acgcruz) são altas, tendo em vista que se 2 situam acima de 0,75 para todos os caracteres em todas as idades estudadas. Isto indica que a seleção a ser realizada terá garantia de acerto acima de 70%. Os parâmetros moleculares evidenciaram não haver endogamia, coancestria e nem parentesco entre os indivíduos das populações dos genitores. A identidade genética é da ordem de 0,800 e a distância de 0,222. As populações de genitores compartilham apenas duas estruturas genéticas do genoma. Foram selecionadas (i) 32 famílias excepcionais e nelas (ii) 256 indivíduos para formação do pomar de recombinação, com produtividade média de 74,24 m³ ha-1 ano-1, (iii) 65 progênies para estabelecimento do pomar de hibridação com a mesma produtividade média. No “ranking” de indivíduos foram selecionados os melhores, para clonagem, com produtividade média de 86,08 m³ ha-1 ano-1. / Progeny tests of open or controlled pollination are techniques that allow the breeder to guide its improvement program based on the genetic material of the available material. At the present time advanced computer programs based on mathematical models of quantitative genetics are used. From data of the quantitative genetic parameters, molecular parameters calculated with DNA data, evaluations at 2, 5 and 7 years of age of characters, height of plants (HGT) (m), diameter at breast height (DBH) (cm), individual volume of trees (VOL) (m) and genotyping of 33 female and 41 male parents, when fourteen SSR microsatellite loci were analyzed, it is possible to draw the working line for safely improving the desired results. The objective of this study is (i) forming a recombination orchard, (ii) forming a hybridization orchard with the best progenies of the families, (iii) identifying exceptional families to seed and clonal propagation, (iv) selecting the 10 best progenies for cloning and (v) creating an Orchard of Tested Seeds with female progenitor population. The experimental design of the test was the one of randomized blocks with 286 treatments (crossings) in eight repetitions of linear parcels of 6 plants. The likelihood ratio test (LRT) revealed differences of high significance, at the level of 1% of probability (p<0.001), between all evaluated characters and in all evaluating ages. Individual heritability between sexes in the restricted sense (h2 a) was approximately the double or the heritability of dominance effects between males and females (h2 dom). Individual heritability between sexes in the broad sense, in other words, of total phenotypic effects (h2 g) was 0.4 at two years, 0.34 at five years and 0.21 at seven years of age. Those values indicate success of population selection. General accuracy of males (Gacm), general accuracy of females (Gafm) and general accuracy of plant breeding (Gacgcross) are high, considering that they are over 0.75 for all characters in all studied ages. This indicates that the selection to be performed will have a guaranteed accuracy over 70%. Molecular parameters evidenced that there are no endogamy and no relatedness between individuals from the genitors’ 4 populations. Genetic identity is in the order of 0.800 and distance 0.222. Genitors’ populations shared only two genetic structures of the genome. Thirty-two exceptional families (i) were selected and from them (ii) 256 individuals for formation of recombination orchard, with mean production of 74.24 m³ ha-1 year-1, (iii) 65 progenies for establishment of hybridization orchard with the same average production. In the ranking of individuals, the best ones were selected, for cloning, with mean productivity of 86.08 m³ ha-1 year-1.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005-Elizene Damasceno Rodrigues Soares.pdf: 4704353 bytes, checksum: 834cc93f8312128fc3208fb557e53976 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-07-25 / Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / This work was divided in two chapters. Chapter had as objective to evaluate the effect of inbreeding and to estimate genetic parameters using free pollination (S0) and of self pollination (S1) progenies, in a pearl millet population originated from a bulk obtained by the mixture of three cultivar, Souna III, HKP and Guerguera. Chapter II had as objective to study general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combination ability and reciprocal effects using the methodology proposed by Griffing (1956), and the effect of heterosis by the methodology proposed by Gardner and Eberhart (1966) in a diallel cross among six pearl millet cultivar: SOUNA III, HKP and GUERGUERA, (African origin) and BRS 1501, BN2 and IAPAR (Brazilian origin). In chapter one, fifty plants from the bulk were used to obtain S0 (open pollination) and S1 (self pollination) families. The 100 families were evaluated in a triple latice 10x10. Results indicate that there was significant mean depression (P <0,01) for all characters, except for the number of leaves and angle of the second leaf. Four families that jointly presented the characters for grain yield and biomass simultaneously with low depression were selected. The mean heritability estimated was larger in S1 families for all the characters, except for diameter of the stem. The individual heritability presented the smaller values in S1. The variance components D1 and D2 presented high values for all the characters, and all D1 estimates were negatives. Simulations of the quadratic components of the genetic variance (additive variance, dominance variance, D1, D2 and H2) and for genetic progress, with different self pollination rates, showed that, for all characters, estimates practically did not vary up to a rate of 10% of self pollination. In chapter II, the results indicated that HKP, Guerguera and BRS 1501 had the largest values for GCA for the characteristics of biomass. Considering the values of CGC and CEC, the most promising combinations were: IAPAR x BRS 1501, mainly because CEC and Guerguera x Souna III, that had high values of CGC and CEC. HKP, Guerguera and BRS 1501 had the largest values of CGC for panicle length, BRS 1501, Guerguera and Souna III had the largest values of CGC for panicle diameter, traits that compose grain yield. For grain yield, considering the values of CGC and CEC, the most promising combinations were: GUERGUERA X BRS 1501 and SOUNA III X BRS 1501. For these progenitors, heterosis for biomass and grains yield was not significant. However, heterosis was significant for plant height, stem diameter, leaves number, leaf length, which influence on the biomass production, and in the characters panicles length and diameter, which are component of grains yield. / Esse trabalho foi dividido em dois cap?tulos. O Cap?tulo I teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da endogamia e estimar par?metros gen?ticos utilizando prog?nies de poliniza??o livre (S0) e de autofecunda??o (S1), em uma popula??o de milheto p?rola proveniente de um composto obtido pela mistura das cultivares Souna III, HKP e Guerguera. O Cap?tulo II teve como objetivo avaliar a capacidade geral de combina??o (CGC), capacidade espec?fica de combina??o (CEC) e o efeito rec?proco (ER) no cruzamento dial?lico atrav?s da metodologia proposta por Griffing (1956), e estudar o efeito da heterose pela metodologia proposta por Gardner e Eberhart (1966). Para isso, utilizaram-se seis cultivares de milheto p?rola: Souna III, HKP e Guerguera, (origem africana) e BRS 1501, BN2 e IAPAR (origem brasileira). Quanto ao cap?tulo I, cinq?enta plantas tomadas ao acaso da popula??o base foram utilizadas para obten??o das fam?lias S0 e S1. As 100 fam?lias foram avaliadas em um l?tice triplo 10x10. Os resultados indicaram que houve depress?o m?dia significativa (P < 0,01) para todos os caracteres, exceto para o n?mero de folhas e ?ngulo da 2? folha. Foram selecionadas quatro fam?lias que agregaram simultaneamente os caracteres produ??o de gr?os e de palhada que apresentaram m?dias desejadas e como baixa depress?o. As estimativas de herdabilidade ao n?vel de m?dias foram maiores nas fam?lias S1 para todos os caracteres, exceto para di?metro do colmo. J? as estimativas das herdabilidades individuais apresentaram os valores na S1 menores. Os componentes de vari?ncia D1 e D2 apresentaram valores altos para todos os caracteres, sendo as estimativas do D1 todas negativas. Simula??es efetuadas dos componentes quadr?ticos da vari?ncia gen?tica (&#963;2A, &#963;2D, D1, D2 e H2 ) e para progresso gen?tico em fun??o de diferentes taxas de autofecunda??o, mostraram que para todos os caracteres as estimativas praticamente n?o variaram at? uma taxa de autofecunda??o igual a 10%. Quanto ao cap?tulo II, os resultados indicaram que HKP, Guerguera e BRS 1501 tiveram os maiores valores para CGC para as caracter?sticas que comp?em a massa seca. Considerando os valores da CGC e CEC, as combina??es mais promissoras foram: IAPAR x BRS 1501, que se destacou principalmente devido ? CEC e Guerguera x Souna III, que teve valores altos para CGC e CEC. HKP, Guerguera e BRS 1501 tiveram os maiores valores para CGC para comprimento da pan?cula, BRS 1501, Guerguera e Souna III tiveram os maiores valores para CGC para di?metro da pan?cula, caracter?sticas que comp?em a produ??o de gr?os. Considerando os valores da CGC e CEC, as combina??es mais promissoras para produ??o de gr?os foram: Guerguera x BRS 1501 e Souna III x BRS 1501. Para os progenitores estudados, a heterose para os caracteres massa seca e produ??o de gr?os n?o foi significativa. Por?m, foi significativa nos caracteres altura da planta, di?metro do colmo, n?mero de folhas, comprimento da folha, os quais influem na produ??o de massa seca, e nos caracteres comprimento e di?metro das pan?culas, os quais s?o componentes da produ??o de gr?os. Portanto, ? poss?vel direcionar o melhoramento do milheto para a forma??o de h?bridos. Palavras chaves: Endogamia, componentes da vari?ncia, herdabilidade, milheto p?rola.Esse trabalho foi dividido em dois cap?tulos. O Cap?tulo I teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da endogamia e estimar par?metros gen?ticos utilizando prog?nies de poliniza??o livre (S0) e de autofecunda??o (S1), em uma popula??o de milheto p?rola proveniente de um composto obtido pela mistura das cultivares Souna III, HKP e Guerguera. O Cap?tulo II teve como objetivo avaliar a capacidade geral de combina??o (CGC), capacidade espec?fica de combina??o (CEC) e o efeito rec?proco (ER) no cruzamento dial?lico atrav?s da metodologia proposta por Griffing (1956), e estudar o efeito da heterose pela metodologia proposta por Gardner e Eberhart (1966). Para isso, utilizaram-se seis cultivares de milheto p?rola: Souna III, HKP e Guerguera, (origem africana) e BRS 1501, BN2 e IAPAR (origem brasileira). Quanto ao cap?tulo I, cinq?enta plantas tomadas ao acaso da popula??o base foram utilizadas para obten??o das fam?lias S0 e S1. As 100 fam?lias foram avaliadas em um l?tice triplo 10x10. Os resultados indicaram que houve depress?o m?dia significativa (P < 0,01) para todos os caracteres, exceto para o n?mero de folhas e ?ngulo da 2? folha. Foram selecionadas quatro fam?lias que agregaram simultaneamente os caracteres produ??o de gr?os e de palhada que apresentaram m?dias desejadas e como baixa depress?o. As estimativas de herdabilidade ao n?vel de m?dias foram maiores nas fam?lias S1 para todos os caracteres, exceto para di?metro do colmo. J? as estimativas das herdabilidades individuais apresentaram os valores na S1 menores. Os componentes de vari?ncia D1 e D2 apresentaram valores altos para todos os caracteres, sendo as estimativas do D1 todas negativas. Simula??es efetuadas dos componentes quadr?ticos da vari?ncia gen?tica (&#963;2A, &#963;2D, D1, D2 e H2 ) e para progresso gen?tico em fun??o de diferentes taxas de autofecunda??o, mostraram que para todos os caracteres as estimativas praticamente n?o variaram at? uma taxa de autofecunda??o igual a 10%. Quanto ao cap?tulo II, os resultados indicaram que HKP, Guerguera e BRS 1501 tiveram os maiores valores para CGC para as caracter?sticas que comp?em a massa seca. Considerando os valores da CGC e CEC, as combina??es mais promissoras foram: IAPAR x BRS 1501, que se destacou principalmente devido ? CEC e Guerguera x Souna III, que teve valores altos para CGC e CEC. HKP, Guerguera e BRS 1501 tiveram os maiores valores para CGC para comprimento da pan?cula, BRS 1501, Guerguera e Souna III tiveram os maiores valores para CGC para di?metro da pan?cula, caracter?sticas que comp?em a produ??o de gr?os. Considerando os valores da CGC e CEC, as combina??es mais promissoras para produ??o de gr?os foram: Guerguera x BRS 1501 e Souna III x BRS 1501. Para os progenitores estudados, a heterose para os caracteres massa seca e produ??o de gr?os n?o foi significativa. Por?m, foi significativa nos caracteres altura da planta, di?metro do colmo, n?mero de folhas, comprimento da folha, os quais influem na produ??o de massa seca, e nos caracteres comprimento e di?metro das pan?culas, os quais s?o componentes da produ??o de gr?os. Portanto, ? poss?vel direcionar o melhoramento do milheto para a forma??o de h?bridos.

Boechera is a large genus of flowering plants whose taxa are found primarily in North America. Boechera vivariensis (S.L. Welsh) W.A. Weber (the Park rockcress) is restricted to the Uintah Basin on Weber sandstone substrates in the vicinity of Dinosaur National Monument and Blue Mountain. The nomenclature of Park rockcress is significantly impacted by the discovery that the type collections of the taxon represent a rare, apomictic diploid resulting from the hybridization between B. thompsonii and an undescribed sexual diploid (to be called Boechera caeruleamontana sp. nov. Allphin and Windham). As a result, greater information is needed regarding how B. vivariensis and B. caeruleamontana. are distributed geographically in the region of Dinosaur National Monument and surrounding areas. Thus, we performed genetic analyses on leaf samples taken from over 50 individuals at known sites of B. vivariensis throughout its geographic range. Individuals from each site were also compared morphologically. We also compared associated plant communities at each site and characterized the soils. In our thorough sampling, we did not pick up B. vivariensis. All individuals sampled belonged to B. caeruleamontana, suggesting that most individuals previously assigned to B. vivariensis, are actually representative of B. caeruleamonanta. Populations of B. caeruleamontana were genetically diverse compared to other Boechera species, most likely indicative of its insect pollination strategy. However, all populations had lower heterozygosity than expected based upon Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Reproductive and genetic data indicated that populations are showing signs of inbreeding. The population at Jones Hole Fish Hatchery was most unique genetically, morphologically, and reproductively.

<p>The evolutionary goal of individuals is reproduction and sexual selection favours traits improving reproductive success. When males invest less than females in offspring, males have potentially a higher reproductive rate than females. This typically results in sex-specific reproductive strategies of male-male competition and female choice of mating partner. Under polyandry, sexual selection can continue after copulation as sperm competition and cryptic female choice. This thesis focuses on male and female pre- and post-copulatory reproductive strategies in the promiscuous red junglefowl, <i>Gallus</i> <i>gallus ssp.</i>, and its domestic subspecies the domestic fowl, <i>Gallus gallus</i> <i>domesticus</i>. Males impose high re-mating rates on females, which triggers female resistance in copulations. In addition, when sexual harassment increases, females re-mate at times of day when male mating propensity is lower, to avoid intense sexual harassment. Males allocate sperm supplies differentially according to (i) variation in female polyandry and own competitive ability, (ii) earlier sperm investment in a female, and (iii) female reproductive quality, signalled by female comb size. Males also perform ‘aspermic’ copulations (i.e. copulations with no semen transfer), which inhibit polyandry and in turn reduce sperm competition. In mating opportunities with relatives, males do not avoid inbreeding. However, females avoid inbreeding before copulation through kin recognition and after copulation by selecting against related males’ sperm. These results show that selection on males to re-mate at higher rates than females and copulate indiscriminately according to partner relatedness, trigger counteracting female responses, creating the potential for sexual conflict over fertilisation. Teasing apart pre- and post-copulatory strategies and the contribution of each sex therefore becomes crucial in order to understand the evolution of reproductive strategies and the mechanisms affecting paternity.</p>

<p>In this thesis the genetic variation of two grouse species, the Chinese grouse (<i>Bonasa sewersowi</i>) and the Black grouse (<i>Tetrao tetrix</i>) was examined with neutral genetic markers: microsatellites. Habitat fragmentation and isolation leads to structuring among and loss of genetic variation within populations.</p><p>The Chinese grouse in a small population in Lianhuasan nature reserve was found to have undergone a population bottleneck and as a result of isolation and possible inbreeding showed genetic impoverishment hereof.</p><p>The Black grouse populations in Europe face various different conditions from widely distributed areas of suitable habitat in the northern and eastern parts of its range to highly naturally and anthropogenically fragmented habitat landscapes in the west.</p><p>Structure among populations was found in Great Britain where Wales, Scotland and England showed characteristics of three different genetic entities, indicating very little or no geneflow between these populations. </p><p>The Dutch population showed signs of loss of genetic variation as to be expected from a population that has historically decreased in population size from several thousands to tens of individuals in a matter of decades. However the possibility to spot signs of a bottleneck was impaired due to the short time-window in which this can be observed in a population with such a low effective population size (N_E).</p><p>The sampled populations in Europe clustered into five different groups of genetic identities. The different clusters were: Great Britain-, the Netherlands-, Fenno-Scandian-, Alpine- and lowland German-Austrian populations. The level of genetic variation when compared over all these different populations decreased as a sign of isolation and small N_E. However it was not feasible to separate the impact of these two factors.</p>

In this thesis the genetic variation of two grouse species, the Chinese grouse (Bonasa sewersowi) and the Black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) was examined with neutral genetic markers: microsatellites. Habitat fragmentation and isolation leads to structuring among and loss of genetic variation within populations. The Chinese grouse in a small population in Lianhuasan nature reserve was found to have undergone a population bottleneck and as a result of isolation and possible inbreeding showed genetic impoverishment hereof. The Black grouse populations in Europe face various different conditions from widely distributed areas of suitable habitat in the northern and eastern parts of its range to highly naturally and anthropogenically fragmented habitat landscapes in the west. Structure among populations was found in Great Britain where Wales, Scotland and England showed characteristics of three different genetic entities, indicating very little or no geneflow between these populations. The Dutch population showed signs of loss of genetic variation as to be expected from a population that has historically decreased in population size from several thousands to tens of individuals in a matter of decades. However the possibility to spot signs of a bottleneck was impaired due to the short time-window in which this can be observed in a population with such a low effective population size (NE). The sampled populations in Europe clustered into five different groups of genetic identities. The different clusters were: Great Britain-, the Netherlands-, Fenno-Scandian-, Alpine- and lowland German-Austrian populations. The level of genetic variation when compared over all these different populations decreased as a sign of isolation and small NE. However it was not feasible to separate the impact of these two factors.

The evolutionary goal of individuals is reproduction and sexual selection favours traits improving reproductive success. When males invest less than females in offspring, males have potentially a higher reproductive rate than females. This typically results in sex-specific reproductive strategies of male-male competition and female choice of mating partner. Under polyandry, sexual selection can continue after copulation as sperm competition and cryptic female choice. This thesis focuses on male and female pre- and post-copulatory reproductive strategies in the promiscuous red junglefowl, Gallus gallus ssp., and its domestic subspecies the domestic fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus. Males impose high re-mating rates on females, which triggers female resistance in copulations. In addition, when sexual harassment increases, females re-mate at times of day when male mating propensity is lower, to avoid intense sexual harassment. Males allocate sperm supplies differentially according to (i) variation in female polyandry and own competitive ability, (ii) earlier sperm investment in a female, and (iii) female reproductive quality, signalled by female comb size. Males also perform ‘aspermic’ copulations (i.e. copulations with no semen transfer), which inhibit polyandry and in turn reduce sperm competition. In mating opportunities with relatives, males do not avoid inbreeding. However, females avoid inbreeding before copulation through kin recognition and after copulation by selecting against related males’ sperm. These results show that selection on males to re-mate at higher rates than females and copulate indiscriminately according to partner relatedness, trigger counteracting female responses, creating the potential for sexual conflict over fertilisation. Teasing apart pre- and post-copulatory strategies and the contribution of each sex therefore becomes crucial in order to understand the evolution of reproductive strategies and the mechanisms affecting paternity.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Optimierung von Zuchtprogrammen. Zum einen wurde eine neue Methode zur Berücksichtigung der mittleren Inzucht in Zuchtplanungsrechnungen entwickelt. Zum anderen werden zwei gänzlich unterschiedliche Zuchtprogramme modelliert und aktuelle Optimierungsansätze validiert. Dabei werden sowohl der naturale als auch der monetäre Zuchtfortschritt und der diskontierte Züchtungsgewinn berücksichtigt. Im Projekt FUGATO+brain wurde die Zuchtplanungssoftware ZPLAN neu programmiert und mit weiteren zuchtplanerischen Werkzeugen versehen. Als Ergebnis des Projektes entstand die Software ZPLAN+. Diese ermöglicht die Modellierung von komplexen Zuchtprogrammen und kann zur Optimierung von Zuchtprogrammen genutzt werden. Die Software ist anwenderfreundlich und umfasst alle Bereiche der Zuchtplanung. Zur Berechnung der mittleren Inzucht wurde eine neue Methode für die Implementierung in der Zuchtplanung entwickelt. Die Methode basiert auf der mittleren Kinship in einer Zuchtpopulation. Die Kinship ist definiert als die Wahr-scheinlichkeit, dass innerhalb einer Gruppe am gleichen Locus zwei zufällig gewählte Allele herkunftsgleich sind. Die Berechnung der Kinship erfolgt auf Grundlage der Genflussmethode. Zur Validierung der Methode wurde eine früher beschriebene Schafpopulation verwandt, die in unterschiedlichen Weisen modifiziert wurde. Insgesamt wurden drei verschiedene Szenarien modelliert, wovon das erste von einem Populationswachstum ausging. Im zweiten Szenario wurde angenommen, dass die Populationsgröße durch einen Flaschenhals verringert wird und sich dann wieder erhöht. Für die dritte Modellierung wurde die Population über einen Zeitraum getrennt und dann wieder zusammengeführt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich mit der vorgeschlagenen Methode in sämtlichen komplexen Populationsstrukturen die mittlere Inzucht und die effektive Populationsgröße berechnet lässt. In einer Zuchtplanungsrechnung für Reitpferde sollte der gezielte Einsatz von Embryotransfer in einem Pferdezuchtprogramm validiert werden. Hierfür wurde ein Zuchtprogramm in ZPLAN+ modelliert, welches das aktuelle Zuchtprogramm des Hannoveraner Verbandes e.V. näherungsweise abbildet. In verschiedenen Szenarien wurde eine schärfere Selektion auf der Stutenseite modelliert, wobei die besten Stuten des Zuchtprogramms als Spenderstuten für den Embryotransfer eingesetzt wurden. Es wurde davon ausgegangen, dass die zur Selektion zur Verfügung stehenden Stuten sowohl Ergebnisse in der Eintragung, als auch Ergebnisse einer Leistungsprüfung haben. Die Anzahl der zur Selektion verfügbaren Stuten wurde ebenso variiert wie die Anzahl der selektierten Stuten und die Anzahl der geborenen Fohlen je Spenderstute. Deutlich wurde, dass der Embryotransfer die Möglichkeit bietet den Zuchtfortschritt in einem Pferdezuchtprogramm stark zu steigern, wobei dies mit einer Steigerung der Kosten für die Züchter einhergeht. Mit dem vorgeschlagenen Ansatz zur Inzuchtberechnung konnte gezeigt werden, dass die scharfe Selektion und der starke Einsatz der Spenderstuten eine Erhöhung der mittleren Inzucht und daraus folgend eine geringere effektive Populationsgröße nach sich zieht. Im dritten Abschnitt der Arbeit sollten die Auswirkungen der Einbeziehung von genomischen Informationen in ein Legehennenzuchtprogramm gezeigt werden. Dafür wurde in enger Kooperation mit der Lohmann Tierzucht GmbH ein Zuchtprogramm zur Produktion von 500 Mio. Legehennen in ZPLAN+ nachgebildet. Die Produktion der Elterntiere basiert auf einer Kreuzung von vier Nukleuslinien, die konventionelle Selektion stützt sich vor allem auf die Leistungsprüfung von Hennen in den einzelnen Linien. Zur Nutzung der genomischen Informationen wurde von unterschiedlich großen Kalibrierungsstichproben ausgegangen. In einem ersten Schritt wurden die genomischen Informationen der Hähne zusätzlich zu allen konventionellen Selektionskriterien genutzt. Dabei wurde die Anzahl der getesteten Hähne variiert und in einem weiteren Schritt wurde davon ausgegangen, dass die Hennen ebenfalls genotypisiert sind. In einem weiteren Szenario basierte die Selektion nur auf Pedigreedaten und genomischen Informationen. Deutlich wurde, dass in der zweiten Variante das Generationsintervall massiv gesenkt werden konnte. Der Zuchtfortschritt konnte in allen modellierten Varianten erhöht werden, wobei es Unterschiede in den Einzelmerkmalen gab. Die Einführung der genomischen Informationen in die Legehennenzucht ist verbunden mit einem massiven Kostenanstieg. Inwieweit der gesteigerte Zuchtfortschritt den Kostenanstieg rechtfertigt bedarf einer Marktanalyse seitens der Zuchtunternehmen.

Plants that can self-fertilise should, on average, be more invasive than plants that can not self-fertilise because they can reproduce regardless of the availability of mates and pollinators. Self-fertilisation should have a strong effect on invasiveness because, to become invasive, introduced plants have to pass through bottlenecks of low plant abundance when mates and pollinators are likely to be scarce. Under these conditions, reproduction of plants that can not self-fertilise is often limited by pollen receipt. Selfing may thus contribute to invasiveness by alleviating pollen limitation Allee effects (pollen limitation caused by low abundance) especially as theoretical work indicates that ability to invade and rate of invasion are highly sensitive to fecundity of small and isolated populations and single individuals. Recently, a correlation between ability to self-fertilise and invasiveness has been observed in several invasive floras, consistent with the hypothesis that species that can self-fertilise should be more invasive. However, it has not yet been demonstrated that this relationship arises from reproductive assurance. To establish the causal basis of a correlation between a plant trait and invasiveness, a mechanism linking that trait to invasiveness must be demonstrated. For this it is necessary to show firstly that the trait actually affects performance in the introduced range and secondly that plant performance affects invasiveness. Self-fertilisation is hypothesised to increase invasiveness by enhancing reproductive performance. The first step in testing this hypothesis is therefore to show that being able to self-fertilise increases fecundity, i.e. that it provides reproductive assurance. However, progeny from self-fertilisation often suffer from inbreeding depression – they perform worse than those from cross-fertilisation – so it is also necessary to show that this cost does not outweigh the reproductive assurance benefit of selfing. So far, reproductive assurance has been assessed in only a few invasive plant species. These studies did not assess inbreeding depression and only one investigated reproductive assurance in relation to abundance, finding no relationship. In this thesis I have sought to understand the importance of self-fertilisation for reproduction of invasive plants in the introduced range through case studies. In particular, I assessed whether reproductive assurance from self-fertilization alleviates Allee effects via pollen limitation. To do this I tested whether pollen limitation and reproductive assurance were greater at low plant abundance. Further, I conducted progeny trials to assess inbreeding depression, as this cost of selfing potentially negates reproductive assurance benefits. I also conducted observations and experiments to identify the principle pollinators of my study species as reproductive assurance and its relationship to plant abundance depend on pollinator visitation, The Australian trees Acacia mearnsii and A. dealbata are highly invasive in the study region of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Through controlled pollination experiments I established that A. dealbata was self-compatible and autonomously self-fertilising, while previous studies reported A. mearnsii as self-incompatible. I identified the native honeybee Apis mellifera scutellata as the principal pollinator of A. mearnsii, A. dealbata and a co-occuring related invasive species, Acacia decurrens, in the study region. I conducted pollen supplementation experiments in two of these species, aiming to indirectly assess reproductive assurance from selfing in the self-compatible A. dealbata by comparing pollen limitation between this species and the self-incompatible A. mearnsii. In both species, I conducted pollen supplementation in single isolated trees and trees in continuous populations, to test whether pollen limitation was more severe in isolation. These pollen supplementation experiments were inconclusive with respect to pollen limitation but indicated that if there was pollen limitation in A. mearnsii, it was not related to isolation. Progeny trials in A. dealbata revealed relatively strong inbreeding depression in progeny growth and survival. This suggests that selfed progeny may not reach reproduction, so even if self-fertilisation provides reproductive assurance, it may not contribute to invasion in this species. As floral morphology of Acacia species prohibits the use of emasculation experiments to directly measure reproductive assurance, I conducted further investigations on Lilium formosanum, a large-flowered, autonomously self-pollinating invasive geophyte native to Taiwan. I identified the long tongued hawkmoth Agrius convolvuli as its primary pollinator in its introduced range in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Trials of progeny from self- and crosspollination in the field (to 31 months) and in a controlled shade-house environment (to 26 months) showed no evidence of inbreeding depression in germination, growth or survival. Flowering was assessed in the shade-house as most plants did not flower in the field. Only one of five populations showed inbreeding depression in probability of flowering in the second year of growth but none showed inbreeding depression in the third year. Inbreeding depression was thus generally undetectable in L. formosanum. I tested for reproductive assurance and pollen limitation in L. formosanum by conducting floral emasculations and pollen supplementations in multiple populations across a range of population size and isolation in three different years. These experiments demonstrated that reproductive assurance was substantial and that pollen limitation was low or absent. Contrary to expectations, reproductive assurance was not greater in smaller populations and was greater for more isolated populations in only one of three years. However, that study did not include many very small populations. To assess reproductive assurance at very low abundance, I created arrays of emasculated and intact plants within and around naturally occurring populations at two sites. Isolated plants had higher reproductive assurance than did plants placed inside the continuous population at one site, supporting the hypothesis that selfing provides reproductive assurance against pollen-limitation Allee effects. However, in these studies, generally inadequate pollinator visitation was the main reason that L. formosanum exhibited reproductive assurance through selfing. The substantial reproductive assurance and minimal inbreeding depression displayed by L. formosanum makes a compelling case for the hypothesis that self-pollination promotes invasion. Nevertheless, demographic modelling will be necessary to assess whether increased fecundity through reproductive assurance results in increased rates of population growth and spread, and hence invasion, in this species. To assess whether reproductive assurance accounts for the relationship between ability to self-fertilise and invasiveness in plants generally, the contribution of self-fertilisation to invasiveness will have to be evaluated for a larger sample of invasive and non-invasive introduced species, using the approaches taken in this thesis, followed up by demographic modelling. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

L’évolution humaine n’est pas seulement génétique, elle est aussi culturelle, et les processus culturels et génétiques interagissent entre eux. Plus particulièrement, le système de parenté, en déterminant quand, où et avec qui les individus se reproduisent et élèvent leurs enfants, est un facteur clé de l’évolution génétique des populations humaines. Cependant la grande majorité des études de génétique des populations humaines ignorent l’existence de ces structures sociales. L’objectif de cette thèse est de remédier à ce manque en explorant par une approche pluridisciplinaire et quantitative l’influence des systèmes de parenté sur la diversité génétique de 12 populations d’Asie du Sud-Est présentant des règles de filiation patrilinéaire, matrilinéaire et cognatique associées à des règles de résidence patrilocale, matrilocale et multilocale. Nous avons tout d’abord mis en évidence que les systèmes de parenté se répercutent sur les variables ethno-démographiques d’importance pour l’évolution génétique des populations, et notamment sur les migrations maritales sexe-spécifiques. En particulier nous avons observé que les systèmes patrilinéaires et matrilinéaires ne sont pas symétriques. Il existe une plus grande flexibilité de la règle de résidence chez les populations patrilinéaires par rapport aux populations matrilinéaires. Cette différence a pour conséquence des taux de migrations d’hommes similaires entre les systèmes de parenté alors que les taux de migrations de femmes sont plus élevés chez les populations patrilinéaires que matrilinéaires. En outre, nous avons montré que les populations matrilinéaires et cognatiques avec résidence matrilocale prédominante ont une endogamie de village plus élevée que les populations patrilinéaires. Les raisons ethnologiques de ces observations sont discutées, particulièrement en lien avec l’hypothèse du « puzzle matrilinéaire ». Puis, nous avons exploré l’impact de ces différences ethno-démographiques entre populations suivant des systèmes de parenté différents sur leur diversité génétique uniparentale. Nous avons pu observer l’effet de la plus grande flexibilité de la règle de résidence chez les populations patrilinéaires : en effet, la diversité du chromosome Y suit le patron de migration des hommes, et est similaire entre les systèmes de parenté alors que celle de l’ADN mitochondrial suit le patron de migration de femmes et est plus élevée chez les populations patrilinéaires que matrilinéaires. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’effet des systèmes de parenté sur la diversité autosomale et plus spécifiquement sur la consanguinité. Nous avons montré que le taux de consanguinité est plus élevé dans les populations matrilinéaires et cognatiques que dans les populations patrilinéaires, ce qui s’explique par la différence d’endogamie de village entre les systèmes de parenté.Pris ensemble, ces résultats montrent qu’il est nécessaire de prendre en compte le système de parenté comme une combinaison de règles (de filiation, de résidence et d’alliance) qui se croisent et interagissent, et dont l’effet sur la diversité génétique ne peut être appréhendé que par une analyse quantitative des variables ethno-démographiques pertinentes. / In humans, evolution is not only biological but also cultural. In addition, biological and cultural processes interact with each other. Kinship system is particularly interesting for population geneticists since it conditions when, where and with whom men and women reproduce and raise their children. It is therefore a key factor in the genetic evolution of human populations. However, most studies in human population genetics do not take into account the influence of social structures. The aim of this Phd thesis was to deepen our understanding of the influence of kinship system on genetic diversity. We undertook a pluridisciplinary and quantitative approach by collecting genetic and ethno-demographic data from 12 Southeast Asian populations exhibiting a wide variety of descent (matrilineal, patrilineal, or cognatic) and residence (matrilocal, patrilocal, or multilocal) rules.We first showed that kinship systems influence ethno-demographic variables that impacts the evolution of genetic diversity, notably sex-specific migrations. We found that patrilineal and matrilineal systems are not the symmetric opposite of each other. There was a higher residence rule flexibility in patrilineal populations compared to matrilineal populations. In consequence, male migration rates were similar between kinship systems whereas female migration rates were higher in patrilineal populations compared to matrilineal populations. In addition, we showed that matrilineal populations and cognatic populations with predominant matrilocal residence had a higher village endogamy compared to patrilineal populations. The ethnological reasons for these observations were discussed, in particular in the light of the matrilineal puzzle hypothesis. We then tested to which extent such ethno-demographic differences between populations following different kinship systems impact their uniparental genetic diversity. We could detect the impact of the higher residence rule flexibility in patrilineal populations: indeed, Y chromosome diversity followed the male migration pattern, and was similar between kinship systems, whereas mitochondrial DNA diversity followed the female migration pattern, and was higher in patrilineal populations compared to matrilineal populations. Finally, we focused on the influence of kinship systems on autosomal diversity, more specifically on inbreeding levels. We demonstrated that, due to larger village endogamy, inbreeding level was higher in matrilineal and cognatic populations compared to patrilineal populations Together these results showed that the kinship system has to be considered as the combination of a set of crossing and interacting rules (descent, residence and alliance), whose effects on genetic diversity can be disentangled only by going beyond categorizations and performing a quantitative assessment of relevant ethno-demographic variables.