Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-170). Also available on the Internet.

This dissertation focuses on trends in pay inequality in the formal sectors of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile from the early 1990s into the latter part of the first decade of the new millennium. In-depth, single-country studies of inequality of each country of study seek to understand and explain the sources of movement in inequality in each country, relating changes in inequality to shifts in the relative roles of key economic sectors and geographic jurisdictions. In addition to these single-country studies of inequality, this dissertation develops a regional perspective on the dynamics of inequality by synthesizing findings from the three countries of study, identifying both commonalities and differences. This dissertation also evaluates the relationship between trends in inequality and the macroeconomic policies and factors that influence them. By eschewing the inequality of household incomes and focusing instead on measures of inequality in the underlying distribution of pay, this dissertation presents empirical evidence that fluctuations in countries' inequality levels are intrinsically related to macroeconomic factors. This dissertation applies Theil's T statistic, which belongs to the family of generalized entropy inequality measures, to develop new measures of economic inequality. The calculations presented in this dissertation are performed on data obtained from semi-aggregated datasets in which employment and average wage data organized by economic sectors and geographical jurisdictions, as derived from administrative records. Sectoral analysis shows that the changing levels of overall inequality are explained to a great extent by variations in the performance of a reduced number of "key" high-pay sectors, especially finance, extractive industry and civil service. In terms of the dynamics of geographic distribution, the role of these key sectors is observed in the driving role played by key geographic units: those composed of, or containing, the countries' main metropolitan centers, and those with high concentrations of economic activity in extractive industries. / text

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

When attempting to explain the economics of occupational structure, income servies as the apex of discrimination. Women earn only 60% of what men earn. This statistic does not offend enough people since efforts to change the situation have provided only further resistance by women and men for improvement in the earnings split. Women tend to receive lower wage and salary earnings than men because of differences in types of jobs held, job training and continuity of work experience. Large numbers of women work in traditionally low-paying occupations and low-wage industries. Women tend to respond to their cultural up-bringing. My hypothesis rests on the foundation that women feel compelled to move into low-income areas. I utilized occupational and georaphic categories in order to provide a more selected example of wage discrimination.

Not available / text

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

The estimation of low income proportions plays an important role in comparisons of poverty in different countries. In most countries, the stability of the society and the development of economics depend on the estimation of low income proportions. An accurate estimation of a low income proportion has a crucial role for the development of the natural economy and the improvement of people's living standards. In this thesis, the Jackknife empirical likelihood method is employed to construct confidence intervals for a low income proportion when the observed data had missing values. Comprehensive simulation studies are conducted to compare the relative performances of two Jackknife empirical likelihood based confidence intervals for low income proportions in terms of coverage probability. A real data example is used to illustrate the application of the proposed methods.

This thesis first presents a general procedure for decomposing income inequality measures by income source. The first method draws on the literature of ethical social index numbers to construct a decomposition based on a weighted sum of the inequality indices for the respective component distributions. The second method is based on the Shap- ley value of transferable utility cooperative games. The ethical and technical properties of the decompositions are examined, showing that the interactive technique has some previously known decompositions as special cases. In the third chapter I examine the contribution of differences in educational attain- ment to earnings inequality using the interactive decomposition by factor sources, intro- duced in chapter two, of the Atkinson-Kolm-Sen inequality index. I first use an estimated sample-selection model to decompose predicted labour earnings of a random sample of Canadians into a base level and a part due to returns to education. I do this decomposi- tion once ignoring the effect education has on the probability of being employed and once accounting for this fact. I then calculate the contribution of these two sources of earnings to inequality measured by a S-Gini index of relative inequality for the full sample as well as two separate age cohorts. The results indicate that approximately one half to two thirds of measured inequality can be directly attributed to returns to education while the interaction between the two sources post-secondary. The fourth chapter uses the earnings model from the third chapter to conduct policy simulations for broadly based policies, low targeted policies, and high targeted policies. I demonstrate that the policies targeting low education individuals produce a larger increase in social welfare than do the other two types of policy.

Šio darbo tikslas – pasiūlyta metodika įvertinti globalizacijos proceso įtaką pajamų nelygybės kitimui 1995-2011 metais Europos Sąjungos šalyse. Pirmoje darbo dalyje nagrinėjami teoriniai globalizacijos veiksnių ir pajamų nelygybės sąryšiai, bei šių reiškinių kiekybinio įvertinimo metodai. Antroje dalyje pateikiama pajamų nelygybės ir globalizacijos situacijos analizė Europos Sąjungos šalims 1995-2011 metais, iškeliamos hipotezės nusakančios globalizacijos poveikį pajamų nelygybei ir pateikiama empirinio tyrimo metodika. Trečiame skyriuje pateikiami empirinio tyrimo rezultatai, jų analizė ir statistinis bei ekonominis vertinimas. Pateikiamos metodinės rekomendacijas tolesniems analogiškos tematikos tyrimams ir ekonominės rekomendacijos pajamų nelygybės mažinimui. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad globalizacija didina pajamų nelygybę per mokslo ir technologijų plėtrą bei tarptautinę prekybą, bei mažina per demokratijos lygio augimą. / The goal of this paper – to suggest a methodology and evaluate the impact of globalization on income inequality in Europe Union countries during period 1995-2011. The first part of the paper deals with theoretical aspects of relationship between globalization and unequal income distribution, as well as analyzes quantitative methods of measuring globalization and income inequality. In the second part, the analysis of factors and indexes of globalization and income inequality is made within Europe Union countries during period 1995-2011. The methodology of empirical research is presented, as well as hypotheses with respect to the goal of the paper. In the third part results are represented and analyzed. The recommendations are made: firstly, methodological ones for the future researches in the analogic topic, secondly, economic ones with a purpose of reducing income inequality. The empirical results showed that research and development increases income inequality as well as international trade, while democracy reduces the level of unequal income distribution.

Magistro darbe nagrinėjamos namų ūkio pajamų pasiskirstymo ir jų nelygybės problemos Lietuvoje. Šį darbą sudaro teorinė ir tiriamoji dalis. Teorinėje darbo dalyje apžvelgiama mokslinė literatūra, leidžianti apibūdinti namų ūkio pajamų pasiskirstymą, pateikiami naudoti statistiniai duomenys ir internetiniai šaltiniai. Darbe išanalizuoti namų ūkių pajamų pasiskirstymą ir jų nelygybę sąlygojantys veiksniai, išskirtos namų ūkių pajamų pasiskirstymą ir jų nelygybę sąlygojančios priežastys bei pateiktos namų ūkių pajamų nelygybės problemos. Tiriamojoje darbo dalyje buvo palygintos namų ūkių disponuojamosios pajamos 2004-2008 m., siekiant nustatyti veiksnius, lemiančius didelį pajamų pasiskirstymą bei jų nelygybę. Įvertinus šalies pajamų pasiskirstymą ir jų nelygybę, buvo ieškoma veiksnių, dariusių įtaką namų ūkių pajamų pasiskirstymo ir jų nelygybės dinamikos skirtumams. Buvo tiriamas namų ūkių pajamų pasiskirstymas ir jų nelygybė apskrityse, priklausomybė nuo bendros ekonominės situacijos pokyčių. Patvirtintos darbo autorės suformuluotos mokslinio tyrimo hipotezės: 1. Namų ūkių disponuojamųjų pajamų struktūra ir dinamika, lyginant atskiras grupes pagal namų ūkio galvos socialinę-ekonominę grupę, namų ūkio tipą, namų ūkio dydį, namų ūkio galvos amžių ir išsilavinimą, gyvenamą vietą, pasižymi dideliais skirtumais. 2. Ekonomikos augimas yra susijęs su namų ūkių pajamų nelygybe. Pateiktos namų ūkių pajamų pasiskirstymo ir jų nelygybės mažinimo priemonės, kurios gali padėti išspręsti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Master's thesis deals with the household income distribution and inequality issues in Lithuania. This work consists of theoretical and research part. The theoretical part gives an overview of the scientific literature, allowing to describe the distribution of household income, the use of statistical data and online sources. The paper analyzed the distribution of household income inequality and the factors that underlie the isolated household income distribution and inequality and to give reasons for the household income inequalities. The exploratory part of this work has been compared to household disposable income in the period 2004-2008, in order to identify the factors that determine the high and the income distribution inequality. The assessment of the country's income distribution and inequality, and they were looking for factors that did impact on household income inequality in the distribution and dynamics of their differences. It has been studied in household income distribution and inequality in districts dependence on general economic situation changes. Approved by author of the research hypotheses were formulated: 1st Household disposable income structure and dynamics as compared separate groups according to head of household socio-economic group, household type, household size, household head age and education, residence, resulted in significant differences. 2nd Economic growth is linked to household income inequality. Given household income distribution and... [to full text]