Share-based payments have become a popular form of employee remuneration, largely for its potential to address the agency problem and are especially effective when made to senior employees. Accounting standards require companies to report share-based payments made to employees as expenses in their financial statements, but extant South African tax legislation does not permit a deduction where shares are awarded to serve as incentives for senior employees. This is due to the fact that the courts do not view the issue of a company‟s own shares as “expenditure”. South African tax legislation presently contains a special tax deduction for shares awarded to employees, but this provision‟s low monetary limit and restrictive requirements are considered to be inadequate, where the intention is to provide adequate incentives to senior employees in order to address the agency problem. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether sufficient grounds exist, based on the principles of sound tax policy, for the legislature to enact a special tax deduction for share-based payments, which would serve as an adequate incentive to senior employees. The evaluation found that the current tax position infringes upon several principles of sound tax policy and that an intervention by the legislature is required. / MCom (South African and International Tax), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Share-based payments have become a popular form of employee remuneration, largely for its potential to address the agency problem and are especially effective when made to senior employees. Accounting standards require companies to report share-based payments made to employees as expenses in their financial statements, but extant South African tax legislation does not permit a deduction where shares are awarded to serve as incentives for senior employees. This is due to the fact that the courts do not view the issue of a company‟s own shares as “expenditure”. South African tax legislation presently contains a special tax deduction for shares awarded to employees, but this provision‟s low monetary limit and restrictive requirements are considered to be inadequate, where the intention is to provide adequate incentives to senior employees in order to address the agency problem. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether sufficient grounds exist, based on the principles of sound tax policy, for the legislature to enact a special tax deduction for share-based payments, which would serve as an adequate incentive to senior employees. The evaluation found that the current tax position infringes upon several principles of sound tax policy and that an intervention by the legislature is required. / MCom (South African and International Tax), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This text describes wide variety of models for IBNR reserve estimation, among them we can find chain ladder, Munich chain ladder, Cape Cod or regression methods. Especially, it aims at identification of model assumptions, its verification, impacts of their non-fulfillment and resulting model modification. Moreover, this work deals with anomalies and specificity of historical data and tries to suggest solutions for this problems. The last part of the thesis is dedicated to real analysis of motor third party liability.

Quels sont les principes applicables pour la déduction fiscale des charges de l'entreprise en France et en Turquie? Tel est le thème de cette étude comparative qui a été menée afin de mettre en lumière la mise en pratique de ces principes tout en essayant d'apporter une réponse à la question « comment les entreprises françaises et turques appliquent ces principes aux charges effectuées durant l'exercice de leurs activités ?, et en traitant les sujets inhérents à ces charges déductibles. Elle révèle que le contenu de ces principes est le même dans les deux pays, mais qu'il est toutefois possible de rencontrer des divergences dans leur application et, parfois aussi, dans les décisions des juridictions administratives. La bonne application de ces principes relatifs à la déductibilité des charges en fiscalité des entreprises est essentielle pour déterminer la base d'imposition de l'entreprise. Cette dernière doit supporter les conséquences fiscales et pénales, en cas de non-respect de ces principes. Les entreprises sont libres dans leur gestion. L'administration ne peut s'y immiscer que dans les cas où sont constatés des actes anormaux de gestion ou des abus de droit. En comparant les deux systèmes, cette étude met également en exergue l'absence de certaines dispositions qui constitue la cause principale des contradictions relevées entre les jurisprudences. / What are the tax deductibility rules of costs incurred by a company in France and in Turkey? Here is the main theme of the present comparative study carried out in order to highlight the practical application of those rules. The study also aims to answer the question: "How do French and Turkish companies deal with the tax deductibility rules of their costs incurred during in the course of their economic activity?" We also aim to explain other topics related to tax deductibility of business costs. The dissertation shows that the content of tax deductibility rules is quite similar in both countries. However, the practical application of those rules and their interpretation provided by Administrative Courts in their respective case law shows differences. This being said, the correct application of tax deductibility rules related to business cost is essential in order to determine the taxable basis of a company. This later could face tax reassessments and penalties in case it would be non-compliant with the tax deductibility rules. Companies are free to manage their company in the way they want to. Tax Administration may not interfere in the management of a company unless it found out an abnormal management action or an abuse of law. The present comparative study also highlights the fact that both French and Turkish rules show a lack of specific provisions or measures which constitutes the principal cause of contradictions revealed between the two countries case laws.

The Environmental Protection Administration of Executive Yuan has been promoting the environmental protection policy for years, hoping to achieve the goal of ¡§zero waste¡¨ and meet the international environmental standard by executing source minimization and resource recycling. The study aims to investigate the causality between the disbursement incurred from waste management and the effectiveness of control measures of the 22 Taiwan¡¦s administrative regions from 2001 to 2010; variables of the examination are, disbursement incurred from waste management , disposal or treatment rate of municipal waste, and recycling rate of enforcement authority. After the gathering of data, the Granger test is conducted to determine the causality. Given that the data of disbursement incurred from waste management is hard to gather and the details of the actual disbursement of the evaluation indices are impossible to separate, the study postulates that, with consideration of the consistency and continuity of the budgeting process and the massive accident, all the disbursement incurred from waste management is used for the said purpose. The result of the empirical research indicates that disposal or treatment rate of municipal waste and disbursement incurred from waste management are not causally related. In the Granger test, the correlation between disbursement incurred from waste management and recycling rate of enforcement authority are significant at the 0.01 level; the correlation between recycling rate of enforcement authority and disbursement incurred from waste management are significant at the 0.1 level. Therefore, the ¡§Zero Waste¡¨ and ¡§source minimization and resource recycling¡¨ policy promoted by the Administration is effective in reducing the disbursement incurred from waste management. If we adhere to the environmental policy, we can not only improve the environmental health and life quality, but also be able to reduce the expense of waste management and invest the resource on other departments to achieve the effect of protecting the environment while maintaining economic growth.

The tax world as we knew it was turned upside down on 13 September 2007 when the Supreme Court of Appeal (“SCA”) announced its decision to deem the right to use an interest-free loan as an amount that accrued to the taxpayers in the case Commissioner for South African Revenue Service v Brummeria Renaissance (Pty) Ltd and others 69 SATC 205. The findings of SCA brought about a “great deal of consternation in the business world” (Loubser, 2007:20). Due to the controversy as a result of this case, SARS drafted an Interpretation Note that illustrates the reasoning and tax treatment of an interest-free loan. On 30 June 2010, Interpretation Note No 58 was finally issued by SARS, providing guidance with regard to “an amount” that “accrues” to a taxpayer for the purposes of the gross income definition. This Interpretation Note will have a significant impact on a number of taxpayers. The purpose of this study is to understand the nature of an interest-free loan and identify its tax implications. The methodology followed in this study will be that of qualitative research. This will be conducted through analyzing the nature of a loan, specifically an interest-free loan, the gross income definition, including the value and timing of such amount, and whether a deduction may be claimed in respect of an interest-free loan. Notwithstanding the above, the study also includes an investigation of other taxes inter alia capital gains tax, donations tax, value-added tax, secondary tax on companies and newly proposed dividends tax. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tax))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The tax world as we knew it was turned upside down on 13 September 2007 when the Supreme Court of Appeal (“SCA”) announced its decision to deem the right to use an interest-free loan as an amount that accrued to the taxpayers in the case Commissioner for South African Revenue Service v Brummeria Renaissance (Pty) Ltd and others 69 SATC 205. The findings of SCA brought about a “great deal of consternation in the business world” (Loubser, 2007:20). Due to the controversy as a result of this case, SARS drafted an Interpretation Note that illustrates the reasoning and tax treatment of an interest-free loan. On 30 June 2010, Interpretation Note No 58 was finally issued by SARS, providing guidance with regard to “an amount” that “accrues” to a taxpayer for the purposes of the gross income definition. This Interpretation Note will have a significant impact on a number of taxpayers. The purpose of this study is to understand the nature of an interest-free loan and identify its tax implications. The methodology followed in this study will be that of qualitative research. This will be conducted through analyzing the nature of a loan, specifically an interest-free loan, the gross income definition, including the value and timing of such amount, and whether a deduction may be claimed in respect of an interest-free loan. Notwithstanding the above, the study also includes an investigation of other taxes inter alia capital gains tax, donations tax, value-added tax, secondary tax on companies and newly proposed dividends tax. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tax))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

El presente trabajo se enfoca en la mejora de la calidad concerniente a los elementos estructurales de un centro comercial, a efectos de reducir y minimizar las No Conformidades más relevantes que se presentaron en obra. El proyecto se basó en la construcción y ampliación de locatarios de un centro comercial que tendrá como fin su alquiler. Mediante la aplicación del Análisis Causa Raíz y con las herramientas de diagrama de Ishikawa y diagrama de Pareto, se pudo encontrar las posibles causas del incumplimiento de la calidad en los elementos estructurales, las que subsecuente se validaron a fin de determinar acciones correctivas. En el primer capítulo se señala el planteamiento del problema, problemas principales, secundarios, justificación del estudio, limitación y los objetivos generales y específicos. En el Segundo Capitulo se señala el marco teórico, donde menciona la calidad en el Perú, la gestión de la calidad total, los costos de la calidad en la construcción, ingeniería de la calidad y definiciones. En el tercer capítulo se indica la utilización del Análisis Causa Raíz, las herramientas Diagrama Causa Efecto y Diagrama de Pareto. En el cuarto capítulo, se presenta el desarrollo del análisis de causa raíz mediante una secuencia de pasos. En el quinto capítulo, La Evaluación Económica, Presupuesto de obra, Costo de Reparación y Análisis del Gasto Incurrido. Finalmente, en el capítulo seis, se presentará las conclusiones y recomendaciones del presente trabajo. / This work focuses on quality improvement concerning the structural elements of a shopping center, in order to reduce and minimize the most relevant Non-Conformities that occurred on site. The project was based on the construction and expansion of tenants of a shopping center that will be rented as its purpose. By applying the Root Cause Analysis and using the Ishikawa diagram and Pareto diagram tools, it was possible to find the possible causes of quality noncompliance in the structural elements, which were subsequently validated in order to determine corrective actions. In the first chapter the problem statement, main and secondary problems, justification for the study, limitation and general and specific objectives are indicated. In the Second Chapter the theoretical framework is pointed out, where it mentions the quality in Peru, the total quality management, the costs of quality in construction, quality engineering and definitions. The third chapter indicates the use of Root Cause Analysis, the Cause Effect Diagram and Pareto Diagram tools. In the fourth chapter, the development of root cause analysis is presented using a sequence of steps. In the fifth chapter, The Economic Evaluation, Construction Budget, Repair Cost and Incurred Expense Analysis. Finally, in chapter six, the conclusions and recommendations of this work will be presented. / Trabajo de investigación

本研究探討台灣於2011年依據IAS 39進行34號公報之第三次修訂實施，採用已發生損失模型後的兩項議題：（1）放款壞帳費用之提列與盈餘波動性以及資本適足率波動性之關聯性，（2）以歷史成本評價之期末金額及以公允價值評價之期末金額，究竟何者對於未來之帳款沖銷與不良債權較具有關聯性。 實證結果顯示，自2011年採用已發生損失模型後盈餘波動性無顯著之變化，且壞帳費用對於盈餘波動性無解釋能力；而自2011年後資本適足率波動性亦無顯著變化，但壞帳費用對於資本適足率波動性有顯著的影響，顯示銀行明顯透過壞帳費用之提列進行資本管理而非盈餘管理。在未來信用損失預測之部分，以歷史成本評價之期末放款金額對於未來之帳款沖銷及不良債權有顯著的負相關，而以公允價值評價之期末放款金額對於未來之帳款沖銷及不良債權卻無解釋能力，可能係因未來帳款沖銷與未來不良債權之發生與放款之帳齡有顯著的關聯性，而與未來可收取之現金流量無顯著之相關。 / This study aims to investigate how Incurred Loss Model affects the recognition of loan loss provisions and the valuation of loans due to the third revision of SFAS No. 34 which was revised based on IAS 39 in 2011. For the recognition of loan loss provisions, it focuses on the relationship with earnings volatilities and capital adequacy volatilities, and for the valuation of loans, it specializes on whether credit loss predicting is related to historical cost accounting or fair value accounting. The result shows that, since the implementation of Incurred Loss Model in 2011, both the adoption of Incurred Loss Model and the loan loss provisions have no significant impact on earnings volatilities. For capital adequacy volatilities, implementing Incurred Loss Model has no effect on capital adequacy volatilities neither. However, the loan loss provisions since 2011 significantly enhance the volatilities of capital adequacy. It reveals that banks use loan loss provisions to manage capitals instead of earnings. For credit loss predicting, loans evaluated with historical cost accounting have significant negative relations with future charge-offs and non-performing loans while loans evaluated under fair value accounting do not have any explanation power. It may suggests that future charge-offs and non-performing loans are related to the aging of loans, but not the future payoffs of loans.