O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a relação da gengivite, através da prevalência de sangramento gengival e de cálculo dentário, com fatores associados, em estudantes de 12 anos de escolas públicas da zona urbana de Quito (Equador). Para tanto, selecionou-se uma amostra representativa dessa população, e constituiu-se uma equipe para a avaliação. Tal equipe era composta por três grupos contemplando dois examinadores, dois anotadores e dois monitores de campo. Estes foram reorganizados segundo a divisão geográfica de Quito - regiões Norte, Central e Sul -, e pelas respectivas escolas. A prevalência de sangramento gengival, ajustada pelo desenho do estudo, foi de 92%, enquanto a prevalência de cálculo dentário foi de 69,9%. Dos estudantes examinados, 49% apresentavam sangramento gengival nos seis sextantes, e 5,6% apresentavam cálculo dentário também em todos os sextantes. Em contrapartida, 6,8% dos estudantes apresentavam saúde periodontal, ou seja, não apresentavam nenhum sextante com sangramento, e 26,5% não apresentavam cálculo dentário. Os resultados obtidos permitiram as seguintes conclusões: Dos fatores associados com a gengivite, podemos observar que houve associação significativa entre sangramento gengival e escolaridade dos pais, bem como maloclusão. Além disso, houve associação significativa entre cálculo dentário e escolaridade dos pais, bem como cárie dentária. / The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of gingival bleeding and dental calculus among 12-year-old students enrolled in public schools in the urban zone of Quito (Ecuador). A representative sample was selected. A team of examiners, scorers, and field monitors was trained for the evaluation. The teams were assigned to geographic zones of the City of Quito to assess students of the selected schools. The prevalence rate of gingival bleeding was 92% and the prevalence rate of dental calculus was 69.9%. The 49% of the students in our sample suffered from gingival bleeding in all sextants, and 5.6% presented dental calculus in all sextants. Only 6.8% of the students presented gingival health and 26.5% had no dental calculus. The results obtained allowed the following conclusions: The prevalence of gingival bleeding in students of 12 years of public schools in the urban zone of the city of Quito (Ecuador) was quite high. There was a significant association between gingival bleeding and parental schooling, as well as malocclusion. There was a significant association between dental calculus and parental schooling, as well as dental caries.

Quanto EIA是一種具有選擇權特性且能連結至外幣投資的保險年金商品.以往針對權益連動年金所做的文獻中,均未考慮Quanto的特性.本文利用風險中立評價法求算出六種具有Quanto特性的鎖高型權益連動年金商品的評價公式,並進一步利用數值分析來探討各個契約及市場參數對契約價值的影響. / Quanto Ratchet EIAs link to foreign investments and provide options-like properties. The literature covers the pricing of the EIAs that are not quantos. This paper intends to fill the hole. To derive the pricing formulas, we added an exchange rate model as well as a foreign risk-free rate model to the pricing framework of Black and Scholes. Our formulas cover quanto ratchet EIA products for both compound and simple versions that may have a return cap and employ two types of geometric return averaging. We further provide numerical analyses on how contract features and market parameters affect the contract value.

In the first essay, I decompose inflation risk into (i) a part that is correlated with real returns on the market portfolio and factors that determine investor’s preferences and investment opportunities and (ii) a residual part. I show that only the first part earns a risk premium. All nominal Treasury bonds, including the nominal money-market account, are equally exposed to the residual part except inflation-protected Treasury bonds, which provide a means to hedge it. Every investor should put 100% of his wealth in the market portfolio and inflation-protected Treasury bonds and hold a zero-investment portfolio of nominal Treasury bonds and the nominal money market account. In the second essay, I solve the dynamic asset allocation problem of finite lived, constant relative risk averse investors who face inflation risk and can invest in cash, nominal bonds, equity, and inflation-protected bonds when the investment opportunityset is determined by the expected inflation rate. I estimate the model with nominal bond, inflation, and stock market data and show that if expected inflation increases, then investors should substitute inflation-protected bonds for stocks and they should borrow cash to buy long-term nominal bonds. In the lastessay, I discuss how heterogeneity in preferences among investors withexternal non-addictive habit forming preferences affects the equilibrium nominal term structure of interest rates in a pure continuous time exchange economy and complete securities markets. Aggregate real consumption growth and inflation are exogenously specified and contain stochastic components thataffect their means andvolatilities. There are two classes of investors who have external habit forming preferences and different localcurvatures oftheir utility functions. The effects of time varying risk aversion and different inflation regimes on the nominal short rate and the nominal market price of risk are explored, and simple formulas for nominal bonds, real bonds, and inflation risk premia that can be numerically evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation techniques are provided.

Zugl.: Köln, Univ., Diss., 2008 / Hergestellt on demand

In this thesis, I study the transmission of monetary policy through the term structure of interest rates. This is an important topic because, with short-term nominal interest rates in many advanced economies close to their effective lower bound since 2008-2009, central banks have used `unconventional' monetary policies, such as large-scale asset purchases and forward guidance, to stimulate macroeconomic activity by, inter alia, placing downward pressure on longer-term interest rates. I focus on the mechanisms through which monetary policy influences bond yields, domestically and globally, with reference to a canonical decomposition of longer-term interest rates into expectations of future short-term interest rates, and term premia. After an introduction in chapter 1, chapter 2 appraises the use of overnight indexed swap (OIS) rates as measures of expected future monetary policy. Unlike federal funds futures (FFFs), which have regularly been used to construct measures of US interest rate expectations, OIS rates are available in many countries. I find that US OIS rates provide measures of interest rate expectations that are as good as those from FFFs, and that US, UK, Eurozone and Japanese OIS rates up to a 2-year horizon tend to accurately measure interest rate expectations, providing comparable cross-country measures of monetary policy expectations. In chapter 3, I propose a novel method for estimating interest rate expectations and term premia at short and long-term horizons: a no-arbitrage Gaussian affine dynamic term structure model (GADTSM) augmented with OIS rates. Using 3 to 24-month OIS rates, the OIS-augmented model generates estimates of the expected path of short-term interest rates out to a 10-year horizon that closely correspond to those implied by FFFs rates and survey expectations, outperforming existing GADTSMs. I study the transmission of US unconventional monetary policies in chapter 4. Using the OIS-augmented GADTSM, I carry out an event study to demonstrate that US unconventional monetary policy announcements between November 2008 and April 2013 did significantly reduce US longer-term interest rates by affecting expectations and term premia. As a result of these declines, unconventional monetary policies aided US real economic outcomes. Using a structural vector autoregression, I show that changes in interest rate expectations, linked to monetary policy signalling, had more expansionary effects on US real economic outcomes than changes in term premia, associated with portfolio rebalancing. Chapter 5 assesses the international transmission of monetary policy through the term structure of interest rates between advanced economies. I present a micro-founded, two-country model with endogenous portfolio choice amongst country-specific short and long-term bonds, and equity. Within the model, US monetary policy has sizeable effects on longer-term interest rates in other advanced economies, which are similar to empirical estimates. Using the OIS-augmented GADTSM in an event study, I show that US monetary policy has led to changes in interest rate expectations in other advanced economies that amplify global spillovers, which have been partly mitigated by changes in term premia through portfolio rebalancing.

A presente investigação pretende, de forma qualitativa, compreender se os vídeos indexados podem modificar o planejamento pedagógico do professor de escola municipal de Porto Alegre. Para atingir esse objetivo, buscamos embasamento em uma fundamentação teórica de fundo piagetiano, voltada para a construção do conhecimento e suas diversas possibilidades, além das teorias relativas às questões do vídeo e do computador no processo educativo, a partir do seu envolvimento como suporte pedagógico orientado na pedagogia de projetos. Inserido nesse contexto, propõe-se o SACCA (Sistema Automático de Catalogação de Conteúdo Audiovisual), que possibilita o processo de indexação de vídeos com a intermediação de um usuário que assiste ao vídeo e define as palavras-chaves que irão compor o índice. Posteriormente, poderá se navegar no interior desses vídeos permitindo ter uma visão rápida do que o vídeo trata. Foram acrescentados 49 vídeos da História do Brasil e disponibilizados para os professores de História do 3º Ciclo das Escolas da Rede Municipal de Porto Alegre participantes da pesquisa. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas. A partir das perguntas norteadoras da pesquisa e da investigação realizada, são definidas categorias de análise para as reflexões e as conclusões desta tese. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o uso dos vídeos indexados pode modificar o planejamento pedagógico do professor. / The present investigation intends to understand in a qualitative way if the indexed videos can modify the teacher's pedagogical planning of a public school in Porto Alegre. We searched for a theoretical Piagetian approach, in order to achieve this purpose, turned to the construction of knowledge and its several possibilities, besides the theories related to the points of the video and computer in the educational process, starting from its involvement as a pedagogical support guided in the pedagogy of projects. Inserted in this context, SACCA (Automatic System of Cataloguing of Audiovisual Content) is proposed, which makes the process of indexation of videos possible, with the user's intermediation who sees the video and defines the key-words, which will compose the index. Later, one can navigate in the interior of these videos allowing a fast vision of what the video deals with. 49 videos of the Brazilian History were added and available for the History teachers of the 3rd Cycle of the Public Schools in Porto Alegre, participants in the research. The data were collected through interviews. Starting from the directed questions of the research and of the accomplished investigation, analysis categories for the reflections and the conclusions of this theory are defined. The obtained results indicate that the use of the indexed videos can modify the teacher's pedagogical planning.

Avec la forte augmentation actuelle et future du trafic aérien, les questions relatives à la capacité, la sécurité et les effets environnementaux du transport aérien vont se poser de façon chaque fois plus critique. L'objectif général de cette thèse est de contribuer à l'amélioration de l'opération et de l'organisation du trafic aérien dans cette perspective de croissance. Le premier objectif spécifique de cette thèse est de faire la synthèse d'une loi de commande permettant aux avions de transport de suivre avec précision une trajectoire 3D+T. Le deuxième objectif spécifique de cette thèse est d'introduire une organisation particulière des corridors aériens, les airstreams, compatible avec la loi de guidage développée et permettant d'utiliser au mieux la capacité du corridor. Ainsi dans une première étape est introduite la dynamique de guidage des avions de transport, ainsi que les systèmes de guidage et de gestion du vol des avions modernes. Ensuite les principaux éléments de l'organisation de la gestion et du contrôle du trafic aérien sont introduits. La loi de guidage 3D+T est développée, simulée et ses performances sont analysées. L'étude d'une manœuvré de changement de voie dans un airstream est alors menée et mise en œuvre dans le cadre de la gestion du trafic à l'intérieur de celui-ci. Finalement les conclusions et perspectives de cette étude sont présentées / With the increase in air traffic, surely a question of flight efficiency (delays), environment impact and safety arise. This calls for improvements in accuracy of spatial and temporal trajectory tracking. The first main objective of this thesis is to contribute to the synthesis of a space-indexed nonlinear guidance control law for transportation aircraft presenting enhanced tracking performances and to explore the performances and feasibility of a flight guidance control law which is developed based on a space-indexed reference to track a 3D+T reference trajectory using nonlinear dynamic inversion control. The proposed guidance control law present reduced tracking errors and able to meet more easily overfly time constraints. Before presenting the main approaches for the design of the 3D+T guidance control laws; the modern flight guidance and flight dynamics of transportation aircraft, including explicitly wind components are first introduced. Then, a description of the current and modern air traffic organization including the organization of air traffic in high density flow will be shown and this will lead to a description of the Airstreams concept. This proposed concept is to organize main traffic flows in congested airspace along airstreams which are characterized by a three dimensional (3D) common reference track (ASRT). Finally, a scenario to perform basic maneuvers inside the airstream following a 3D+T trajectory using a common space-indexed will be developed and will be used to illustrate the traffic management along an airstream.

A presente investigação pretende, de forma qualitativa, compreender se os vídeos indexados podem modificar o planejamento pedagógico do professor de escola municipal de Porto Alegre. Para atingir esse objetivo, buscamos embasamento em uma fundamentação teórica de fundo piagetiano, voltada para a construção do conhecimento e suas diversas possibilidades, além das teorias relativas às questões do vídeo e do computador no processo educativo, a partir do seu envolvimento como suporte pedagógico orientado na pedagogia de projetos. Inserido nesse contexto, propõe-se o SACCA (Sistema Automático de Catalogação de Conteúdo Audiovisual), que possibilita o processo de indexação de vídeos com a intermediação de um usuário que assiste ao vídeo e define as palavras-chaves que irão compor o índice. Posteriormente, poderá se navegar no interior desses vídeos permitindo ter uma visão rápida do que o vídeo trata. Foram acrescentados 49 vídeos da História do Brasil e disponibilizados para os professores de História do 3º Ciclo das Escolas da Rede Municipal de Porto Alegre participantes da pesquisa. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas. A partir das perguntas norteadoras da pesquisa e da investigação realizada, são definidas categorias de análise para as reflexões e as conclusões desta tese. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o uso dos vídeos indexados pode modificar o planejamento pedagógico do professor. / The present investigation intends to understand in a qualitative way if the indexed videos can modify the teacher's pedagogical planning of a public school in Porto Alegre. We searched for a theoretical Piagetian approach, in order to achieve this purpose, turned to the construction of knowledge and its several possibilities, besides the theories related to the points of the video and computer in the educational process, starting from its involvement as a pedagogical support guided in the pedagogy of projects. Inserted in this context, SACCA (Automatic System of Cataloguing of Audiovisual Content) is proposed, which makes the process of indexation of videos possible, with the user's intermediation who sees the video and defines the key-words, which will compose the index. Later, one can navigate in the interior of these videos allowing a fast vision of what the video deals with. 49 videos of the Brazilian History were added and available for the History teachers of the 3rd Cycle of the Public Schools in Porto Alegre, participants in the research. The data were collected through interviews. Starting from the directed questions of the research and of the accomplished investigation, analysis categories for the reflections and the conclusions of this theory are defined. The obtained results indicate that the use of the indexed videos can modify the teacher's pedagogical planning.

A presente investigação pretende, de forma qualitativa, compreender se os vídeos indexados podem modificar o planejamento pedagógico do professor de escola municipal de Porto Alegre. Para atingir esse objetivo, buscamos embasamento em uma fundamentação teórica de fundo piagetiano, voltada para a construção do conhecimento e suas diversas possibilidades, além das teorias relativas às questões do vídeo e do computador no processo educativo, a partir do seu envolvimento como suporte pedagógico orientado na pedagogia de projetos. Inserido nesse contexto, propõe-se o SACCA (Sistema Automático de Catalogação de Conteúdo Audiovisual), que possibilita o processo de indexação de vídeos com a intermediação de um usuário que assiste ao vídeo e define as palavras-chaves que irão compor o índice. Posteriormente, poderá se navegar no interior desses vídeos permitindo ter uma visão rápida do que o vídeo trata. Foram acrescentados 49 vídeos da História do Brasil e disponibilizados para os professores de História do 3º Ciclo das Escolas da Rede Municipal de Porto Alegre participantes da pesquisa. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas. A partir das perguntas norteadoras da pesquisa e da investigação realizada, são definidas categorias de análise para as reflexões e as conclusões desta tese. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o uso dos vídeos indexados pode modificar o planejamento pedagógico do professor. / The present investigation intends to understand in a qualitative way if the indexed videos can modify the teacher's pedagogical planning of a public school in Porto Alegre. We searched for a theoretical Piagetian approach, in order to achieve this purpose, turned to the construction of knowledge and its several possibilities, besides the theories related to the points of the video and computer in the educational process, starting from its involvement as a pedagogical support guided in the pedagogy of projects. Inserted in this context, SACCA (Automatic System of Cataloguing of Audiovisual Content) is proposed, which makes the process of indexation of videos possible, with the user's intermediation who sees the video and defines the key-words, which will compose the index. Later, one can navigate in the interior of these videos allowing a fast vision of what the video deals with. 49 videos of the Brazilian History were added and available for the History teachers of the 3rd Cycle of the Public Schools in Porto Alegre, participants in the research. The data were collected through interviews. Starting from the directed questions of the research and of the accomplished investigation, analysis categories for the reflections and the conclusions of this theory are defined. The obtained results indicate that the use of the indexed videos can modify the teacher's pedagogical planning.

In this study we analyse relationship between classical approach to valuation of linear interest rate derivatives and post-crisis approach when the valuation better reflects credit and liquidity risk and economic costs of the transaction on top of the risk-free rate. We discuss the method of collateralization to diminish counterparty credit risk, its impact on derivatives pricing, and how overnight indexed swap (OIS) rates became market standard for discounting future derivatives' cash flows. We show that using one yield curve to both estimating the forward rates and discounting the expected future cash flows is no longer possible in arbitrage free market. We review in detail three fundamental interest rate derivatives (interest rate swap, basis swap and cross-currency swap) and we derive discount factors used for calculating the present value of expected future cash flows that are consistent with market quotes. We also investigate drivers behind basis spreads, in particular, credit and liquidity risk, and supply and demand forces, and show how they impact valuation of derivatives. We analyse Czech swap rates and propose an estimation of CZK OIS curve and approximate discount rates in case of cross-currency swaps. Finally, we discuss inflation markets and consistent valuation of inflation swaps.