Bewegungsmangel und seine Folgen bilden derzeit einen Forschungsschwerpunkt im Kontext sportwissenschaftlicher Fragestellungen. Der Fokus liegt dabei zumeist auf Berufsgruppen mit sitzender Tätigkeit und bestehendem Übergewicht. Unbe-rücksichtigt bleiben jedoch Zielgruppen mit intensiver berufsbedingter körperlicher Aktivität. Resultierend aus der Diskrepanz zwischen hoher körperlicher Aktivität im Beruf und gleichzeitigem Übergewicht bildet die Frage nach der Energiebilanz bei Forstwirten die Grundlage der vorliegenden Studie. Hierzu wird die Energieauf-nahme dem Energieumsatz gegenübergestellt, um Schlussfolgerungen aus der hohen körperlichen Aktivität und dem gleichzeitig bestehenden Übergewicht der Forstwirte ziehen zu können. Die Ermittlung des Energieumsatzes wurde mit Aktivitätsprotokollen und mit indi-rekter Kalorimetrie bei typischen beruflichen Tätigkeiten umgesetzt. Darüber hin-aus wurden Ernährungsprotokolle zur Bestimmung der Energieaufnahme und Er-hebungen zu äußeren Bedingungen und zur Körperkomposition durchgeführt. Die Messungen wurden über einen Messzeitraum von sieben Tagen zu drei Messzeit-punkten (t1=Winter, t2=Frühjahr, t3=Sommer) durchgeführt, um das saisonale Be-lastungsprofil der Forstwirte und die damit einhergehenden unterschiedlichen be-ruflichen Tätigkeiten zu berücksichtigen. Bei der Energieaufnahme konnte in t1 der höchste Wert verzeichnet werden (3135 kcal pro Tag). Bei allen drei Messzeitpunkten deckte die Energieaufnahme den Energiebedarf eines Mittelschwerarbeiters. Die Energieumsätze während der einzelnen beruflichen Tätigkeiten lagen zwischen 6,6 kcal/min beim Wegebau und 9,4 kcal/min bei der Holzernte und entsprechen einem Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) von 5-7, welche in den Bereich der Schwerstarbeit einzuordnen war. In allen drei Messzeitpunkten konnte eine negative Energiebilanz festgestellt wer-den, die im Gegensatz zur Entwicklung der Körperkomposition (t3=20,81%) und der steigenden BMI-Werte stand (t3=27,3). Es lässt sich ein Belastungsprofil ver-muten, das in verschiedene Phasen eingeteilt ist, welche in ihrer Belastungsinten-sität variieren und über einen mehrtägigen Zeitraum andauern.

Introdução: O gasto energético (GE) dos indivíduos pode ser determinado por diversos métodos, dentre os quais estão a calorimetria indireta (CI) e as equações de predição. Objetivo: Comparar o gasto energético de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) medido através da CI com o estimado pela equação de Harris-Benedict (HB). Métodos: Estudo transversal incluindo 30 indivíduos com diagnóstico médico de DPOC, segundo critérios GOLD, atendidos no Centro de Reabilitação Pulmonar do Pavilhão Pereira Filho e do ambulatório de Pneumologia, ambos do Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, no período de fevereiro à setembro de 2010. O gasto energético foi mensurado pela CI usando monitor específico, assim como predito pela equação de HB. Os participantes também foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, através dos parâmetros de peso, altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC), dobra cutânea tricipital (DCT), circunferência do braço (CB) e circunferência muscular do braço (CMB), além de aplicação da avaliação nutricional subjetiva global (ANSG), bem como verificação do consumo alimentar. Os valores encontrados foram analisados através do teste t de Student, do teste qui-quadrado de McNemar e pelo método de Bland-Altman, e expressos pela média ± desvio-padrão, com nível de significância estatística p 0,05. Resultados: Do total de 30 portadores de DPOC, 70% eram do sexo masculino com idades de 62,5 ± 11,5 anos e IMC médio de 24,2 ± 4,2kg/m². O gasto energético em repouso (GER) medido pela CI foi de 1.568 ± 234,8kcal e o estimado pela equação de HB foi de 1.312 ± 120,5kcal, com diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os dois métodos (p<0,001). Quanto ao gasto energético total (GET), o valor medido pela CI foi de 2.038 ± 305,23kcal e o predito pela equação de HB foi de 2.047 ± 188kcal, sem apresentar diferença estatística significativa (p=0,853) e demonstrando uma concordância de 96,7% entre os dois métodos. Relativo ao diagnóstico nutricional, ao considerarmos apenas o IMC, 3,3% dos participantes apresentavam desnutrição, 63,3% eutrofia, 23,3% sobrepeso e 10% obesidade enquanto que pelo agrupamento de parâmetros (IMC, DCT, CB, CMB e ANSG), 53,3% dos pacientes apresentaram desnutrição, 33,3% eutrofia, 10% sobrepeso e 3,3% obesidade. Conclusão: O GER foi subestimado pela equação de HB, não apresentando boa concordância com o medido pela CI. Quanto ao GET, os resultados foram significativamente semelhantes demonstrando boa concordância entre os dois métodos. Em relação ao estado nutricional, talvez o IMC não seja suficiente para avaliar a real condição de pacientes com DPOC. / Introduction: The energy expenditure (EE) of individuals can be determined by various methods, among which are the indirect calorimetry (IC) and the prediction equations. Objective: To compare the energy expenditure of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) measured by the IC estimate by the Harris-Benedict equation (HB). Methods: Cross sectional study including 30 individuals diagnosed with COPD according to GOLD criteria, seen in the Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center of the Pereira Filho and outpatient pulmonology, both of Santa Casa Hospital Complex of Porto Alegre in the period from February to September 2010. Energy expenditure was measured by IC using a specific monitor, as predicted by the HB equation. Participants also underwent anthropometric assessment, through the parameters of weight, height, body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), mid-arm circumference (MAC) and mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), and application subjective global nutritional assessment (SGA) and to determine food consumption. The values were analyzed using the Student t test, chi-square, McNemar and the Bland-Altman and expressed as mean + standart deviation, with statistical significance level p 0.05. Results: Of 30 patients with COPD, 70% were male, aged 62.5 ± 11.5 years and average BMI of 24.2 ± 4.2kg/m². The resting energy expenditure (REE) measured by IC was 1568 ± 234.8kcal and estimated by the HB equation was 1312 ± 120.5kcal, with a statistically significant difference between the two methods (p<0.001). As for the total energy expenditure (TEE), the value measured by ICwo methods (p <0.001). As for the total energy expenditure (TEE), the value measured by IC was 2038 ± 305.23kcal and foretold the HB equation was 2047 ± 188kcal, no statistical significant difference (p=0.853) and showed a concordance of 96,7% between the two methods. Concerning the nutritional diagnosis, we consider only the BMI, 3.3% of participants had malnutrition, 63.3% were eutrophic, 23.3% overweight and 10% were obese while the grouping of parameters (BMI, TSF, CB, CMB and SGA), 53.3% of patients suffered from malnutrion, 33.3% were eutrophic, 10% overweight and 3.3% obese. Conclusion: REE was underestimated by the HB equation, not a good agreement with that measured by IC. As for the GET, the results were significantly similar showing good agreement between the two methods. In relation to nutritional status, BMI may not be sufficient to evaluate the actual condition of patients with COPD.

Introdução: O gasto energético (GE) dos indivíduos pode ser determinado por diversos métodos, dentre os quais estão a calorimetria indireta (CI) e as equações de predição. Objetivo: Comparar o gasto energético de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) medido através da CI com o estimado pela equação de Harris-Benedict (HB). Métodos: Estudo transversal incluindo 30 indivíduos com diagnóstico médico de DPOC, segundo critérios GOLD, atendidos no Centro de Reabilitação Pulmonar do Pavilhão Pereira Filho e do ambulatório de Pneumologia, ambos do Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, no período de fevereiro à setembro de 2010. O gasto energético foi mensurado pela CI usando monitor específico, assim como predito pela equação de HB. Os participantes também foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, através dos parâmetros de peso, altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC), dobra cutânea tricipital (DCT), circunferência do braço (CB) e circunferência muscular do braço (CMB), além de aplicação da avaliação nutricional subjetiva global (ANSG), bem como verificação do consumo alimentar. Os valores encontrados foram analisados através do teste t de Student, do teste qui-quadrado de McNemar e pelo método de Bland-Altman, e expressos pela média ± desvio-padrão, com nível de significância estatística p 0,05. Resultados: Do total de 30 portadores de DPOC, 70% eram do sexo masculino com idades de 62,5 ± 11,5 anos e IMC médio de 24,2 ± 4,2kg/m². O gasto energético em repouso (GER) medido pela CI foi de 1.568 ± 234,8kcal e o estimado pela equação de HB foi de 1.312 ± 120,5kcal, com diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os dois métodos (p<0,001). Quanto ao gasto energético total (GET), o valor medido pela CI foi de 2.038 ± 305,23kcal e o predito pela equação de HB foi de 2.047 ± 188kcal, sem apresentar diferença estatística significativa (p=0,853) e demonstrando uma concordância de 96,7% entre os dois métodos. Relativo ao diagnóstico nutricional, ao considerarmos apenas o IMC, 3,3% dos participantes apresentavam desnutrição, 63,3% eutrofia, 23,3% sobrepeso e 10% obesidade enquanto que pelo agrupamento de parâmetros (IMC, DCT, CB, CMB e ANSG), 53,3% dos pacientes apresentaram desnutrição, 33,3% eutrofia, 10% sobrepeso e 3,3% obesidade. Conclusão: O GER foi subestimado pela equação de HB, não apresentando boa concordância com o medido pela CI. Quanto ao GET, os resultados foram significativamente semelhantes demonstrando boa concordância entre os dois métodos. Em relação ao estado nutricional, talvez o IMC não seja suficiente para avaliar a real condição de pacientes com DPOC. / Introduction: The energy expenditure (EE) of individuals can be determined by various methods, among which are the indirect calorimetry (IC) and the prediction equations. Objective: To compare the energy expenditure of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) measured by the IC estimate by the Harris-Benedict equation (HB). Methods: Cross sectional study including 30 individuals diagnosed with COPD according to GOLD criteria, seen in the Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center of the Pereira Filho and outpatient pulmonology, both of Santa Casa Hospital Complex of Porto Alegre in the period from February to September 2010. Energy expenditure was measured by IC using a specific monitor, as predicted by the HB equation. Participants also underwent anthropometric assessment, through the parameters of weight, height, body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), mid-arm circumference (MAC) and mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), and application subjective global nutritional assessment (SGA) and to determine food consumption. The values were analyzed using the Student t test, chi-square, McNemar and the Bland-Altman and expressed as mean + standart deviation, with statistical significance level p 0.05. Results: Of 30 patients with COPD, 70% were male, aged 62.5 ± 11.5 years and average BMI of 24.2 ± 4.2kg/m². The resting energy expenditure (REE) measured by IC was 1568 ± 234.8kcal and estimated by the HB equation was 1312 ± 120.5kcal, with a statistically significant difference between the two methods (p<0.001). As for the total energy expenditure (TEE), the value measured by ICwo methods (p <0.001). As for the total energy expenditure (TEE), the value measured by IC was 2038 ± 305.23kcal and foretold the HB equation was 2047 ± 188kcal, no statistical significant difference (p=0.853) and showed a concordance of 96,7% between the two methods. Concerning the nutritional diagnosis, we consider only the BMI, 3.3% of participants had malnutrition, 63.3% were eutrophic, 23.3% overweight and 10% were obese while the grouping of parameters (BMI, TSF, CB, CMB and SGA), 53.3% of patients suffered from malnutrion, 33.3% were eutrophic, 10% overweight and 3.3% obese. Conclusion: REE was underestimated by the HB equation, not a good agreement with that measured by IC. As for the GET, the results were significantly similar showing good agreement between the two methods. In relation to nutritional status, BMI may not be sufficient to evaluate the actual condition of patients with COPD.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rogerio Santos de Oliveira Cruz.pdf: 891626 bytes, checksum: 8f132132abe4c34477a9871250e9fdb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A group of recreationally trained cyclists (26 ± 5 years, 176 ± 5 cm, 78 ± 8 kg, n = 15) took part in this repeated measures design, which aimed to evaluate the effects of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) on physiological, metabolic and performance variables during the 1-min cycling time-trial. The subjects attended to the Human Performance Research Laboratory on six separate occasions within a two week period, with at least 48 h separating each test session. After an incremental test and a familiarization visit (sessions 1 and 2), subjects were randomly submitted in sessions 3 and 4 to a performance protocol preceded by either intermittent bilateral cuff inflation to 220 mm Hg (i.e., RIPC) or to 20 mm Hg (i.e., control). To increase data reliability, each intervention was replicated in visits 5 and 6, also in a random manner. In addition to cycling performance (mean power), the pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2) and blood lactate responses were analyzed during the 1-min time trial and throughout 45-min of passive recovery to estimate the absolute and relative energy contribution from the three energy systems, as well as the total energy provision during performance. There was a substantial enhancement in performance after RIPC (1.9%, 90%CL of ±0.8%, n = 14), which was accompanied by improvements in the anaerobic glycolytic metabolism, even though it was insufficient to account alone for the observed change in performance. Our calculations therefore suggest that about 65% of the improvement after RIPC could be associated to an unnoticed higher lactic ATP turnover in the active muscles, while a supposed ATP sparing effect would be responsible for the remaining 35%. / Um grupo de ciclistas recreacionais treinados (26 ± 5 anos, 176 ± 5 cm, 78 ± 8 kg, n = 15) participou deste delineamento de medidas repetidas, o qual teve como objetivo principal avaliar os efeitos do pré-condicionamento isquêmico remoto (RIPC) sobre variáveis fisiológicas, metabólicas e de desempenho durante o teste de 1-min contra-o-relógio (1-min CR) no ciclismo. Os sujeitos compareceram ao Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano da UDESC em seis ocasiões distintas dentro de um período de duas semanas, com intervalos mínimos de 48 h entre cada sessão. Após um teste incremental e uma visita de familiarização com o teste de 1-min CR (visitas 1 e 2), os ciclistas foram submetidos randomicamente a um protocolo precedido ou não por restrição intermitente de fluxo sanguíneo (visitas 3 e 4). Para aumentar a confiabilidade dos dados, cada intervenção (RIPC ou controle) foi replicada nas visitas 5 e 6, também de maneira aleatória. Além do desempenho (potência média gerada), foram analisadas as respostas do consumo de oxigênio a nível pulmonar (VO2) durante o desempenho e ao longo dos 45-min de recuperação, juntamente com o comportamento da concentração de lactato no sangue arterializado. A partir destas variáveis, foram estimadas a contribuição relativa e absoluta dos três sistemas energéticos e a quantidade total de energia fornecida pelo organismo durante o desempenho. Houve uma melhora substancial no desempenho após a aplicação do RIPC (1,9%, LC90% de ±0,8%, n = 14), acompanhada por prováveis aprimoramentos nas variáveis associadas ao metabolismo glicolítico. Nossos cálculos sugerem que aproximadamente 65% da melhora no rendimento pode ser atribuída à maior capacidade muscular de ressíntese lática de ATP, enquanto uma suposta economia de ATP seria responsável pelos 35% restantes.

Introdução: O gasto energético (GE) dos indivíduos pode ser determinado por diversos métodos, dentre os quais estão a calorimetria indireta (CI) e as equações de predição. Objetivo: Comparar o gasto energético de pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) medido através da CI com o estimado pela equação de Harris-Benedict (HB). Métodos: Estudo transversal incluindo 30 indivíduos com diagnóstico médico de DPOC, segundo critérios GOLD, atendidos no Centro de Reabilitação Pulmonar do Pavilhão Pereira Filho e do ambulatório de Pneumologia, ambos do Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, no período de fevereiro à setembro de 2010. O gasto energético foi mensurado pela CI usando monitor específico, assim como predito pela equação de HB. Os participantes também foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, através dos parâmetros de peso, altura, índice de massa corporal (IMC), dobra cutânea tricipital (DCT), circunferência do braço (CB) e circunferência muscular do braço (CMB), além de aplicação da avaliação nutricional subjetiva global (ANSG), bem como verificação do consumo alimentar. Os valores encontrados foram analisados através do teste t de Student, do teste qui-quadrado de McNemar e pelo método de Bland-Altman, e expressos pela média ± desvio-padrão, com nível de significância estatística p 0,05. Resultados: Do total de 30 portadores de DPOC, 70% eram do sexo masculino com idades de 62,5 ± 11,5 anos e IMC médio de 24,2 ± 4,2kg/m². O gasto energético em repouso (GER) medido pela CI foi de 1.568 ± 234,8kcal e o estimado pela equação de HB foi de 1.312 ± 120,5kcal, com diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os dois métodos (p<0,001). Quanto ao gasto energético total (GET), o valor medido pela CI foi de 2.038 ± 305,23kcal e o predito pela equação de HB foi de 2.047 ± 188kcal, sem apresentar diferença estatística significativa (p=0,853) e demonstrando uma concordância de 96,7% entre os dois métodos. Relativo ao diagnóstico nutricional, ao considerarmos apenas o IMC, 3,3% dos participantes apresentavam desnutrição, 63,3% eutrofia, 23,3% sobrepeso e 10% obesidade enquanto que pelo agrupamento de parâmetros (IMC, DCT, CB, CMB e ANSG), 53,3% dos pacientes apresentaram desnutrição, 33,3% eutrofia, 10% sobrepeso e 3,3% obesidade. Conclusão: O GER foi subestimado pela equação de HB, não apresentando boa concordância com o medido pela CI. Quanto ao GET, os resultados foram significativamente semelhantes demonstrando boa concordância entre os dois métodos. Em relação ao estado nutricional, talvez o IMC não seja suficiente para avaliar a real condição de pacientes com DPOC. / Introduction: The energy expenditure (EE) of individuals can be determined by various methods, among which are the indirect calorimetry (IC) and the prediction equations. Objective: To compare the energy expenditure of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) measured by the IC estimate by the Harris-Benedict equation (HB). Methods: Cross sectional study including 30 individuals diagnosed with COPD according to GOLD criteria, seen in the Pulmonary Rehabilitation Center of the Pereira Filho and outpatient pulmonology, both of Santa Casa Hospital Complex of Porto Alegre in the period from February to September 2010. Energy expenditure was measured by IC using a specific monitor, as predicted by the HB equation. Participants also underwent anthropometric assessment, through the parameters of weight, height, body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), mid-arm circumference (MAC) and mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), and application subjective global nutritional assessment (SGA) and to determine food consumption. The values were analyzed using the Student t test, chi-square, McNemar and the Bland-Altman and expressed as mean + standart deviation, with statistical significance level p 0.05. Results: Of 30 patients with COPD, 70% were male, aged 62.5 ± 11.5 years and average BMI of 24.2 ± 4.2kg/m². The resting energy expenditure (REE) measured by IC was 1568 ± 234.8kcal and estimated by the HB equation was 1312 ± 120.5kcal, with a statistically significant difference between the two methods (p<0.001). As for the total energy expenditure (TEE), the value measured by ICwo methods (p <0.001). As for the total energy expenditure (TEE), the value measured by IC was 2038 ± 305.23kcal and foretold the HB equation was 2047 ± 188kcal, no statistical significant difference (p=0.853) and showed a concordance of 96,7% between the two methods. Concerning the nutritional diagnosis, we consider only the BMI, 3.3% of participants had malnutrition, 63.3% were eutrophic, 23.3% overweight and 10% were obese while the grouping of parameters (BMI, TSF, CB, CMB and SGA), 53.3% of patients suffered from malnutrion, 33.3% were eutrophic, 10% overweight and 3.3% obese. Conclusion: REE was underestimated by the HB equation, not a good agreement with that measured by IC. As for the GET, the results were significantly similar showing good agreement between the two methods. In relation to nutritional status, BMI may not be sufficient to evaluate the actual condition of patients with COPD.

Introdução: O desmame ventilatório é definido como o processo de liberação do suporte ventilatório e como avaliação dessa fase é conduzido o Teste de Respiração Espontânea (TRE). Um dos mais utilizados modos de TRE é a Pressão Positiva Contínua em Vias Aéreas (CPAP), a qual se aplica uma pressão positiva contínua tanto na inspiração quanto na expiração. Contudo, junto com os modos ventilatórios pode ser utilizado a Compensação Automática do Tubo (ATC) cujo objetivo é compensar a resistência imposta pelo tubo endotraqueal. Objetivos: O principal objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o Consumo de Oxigênio (VO2) a o Gasto Energético (GE) pela calorimetria indireta (CI) durante o TRE em CPAP com e sem a ATC. Métodos: O estudo foi randomizado, controlado tipo cross-over com quarenta pacientes em nove leitos de um Centro de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital terciário universitário (Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil). Os participantes foram alocados aleatoriamente no grupo 1, no qual era iniciado o TRE em CPAP em uso da ATC e posteriormente em CPAP sem o uso da ATC, ou no grupo 2, no qual era iniciado o TRE em CPAP sem a ATC e em seguida CPAP com a utilização da ATC. Resultados: Cinco pacientes foram excluídos depois da randomização por falha durante o TRE. Dos trinta e cinco restantes a maioria foi do sexo masculino (51%). A média de idade foi de 61,4 ± 16,1 anos. A diferença de VO2 entre os TREs com ATC e sem ATC foi de -1,6 mL.Kg-1.min-1; p=0,23 e intervalo de confiança de 95%: (-4,36; 1,07). Em relação ao GE a diferença foi de -5,4 kcal/d-1; p=0,5 e intervalo de confiança de 95%: (-21,67; 10,79) durante a comparação dos TREs em CPAP com e sem ATC. Conclusão: Não foram observadas diferenças quando se comparou os valores relacionados ao VO2 e GE durante o TRE com e sem ATC. / Introduction: Weaning from mechanical ventilation is defined as the process of release of ventilatory support and how the evaluation of this phase is conducted in the spontaneous breathing test (SBT). One of the most used modes of SBT is the Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)which applies a continuous positive pressure in both inspiration and expiration. However, together with the mechanical ventilation modes it can be used the Automatic Tube Compensation (ATC) which compensates the resistance imposed by the endotracheal tube. Objectives: The main goal of this study was to compare the Oxygen Consumption (VO2) and Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry (IC) during the SBT in CPAP with and without ATC. Methods: The study was a prospective randomized, controlled crossover trial, that enrolled 40 patients, in a 9-bed Intensive Care Unit of a tertiary University Hospital. (Clinics Hospital of Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil). Participants were randomly allocated in Group 1, in which it was started the SBT in CPAP with ATC and later on CPAP without ATC, or in Group 2, which was started the SBT on CPAP without ATC and then CPAP with ATC.Results: Five patients were excluded after randomization for failure of the SBT. The thirty-five remaining patients were most male (51%). The mean age of the sample was 61.4 ± 16.1 years. The difference of VO2 between the SBT with ATC and no ATC obtained a value of -1.6 mL.Kg-1.min-1; p = 0.23 and 95% confidence interval: (-4.36; 1.07). To analyze the difference of REE between the SBT with ATC and no ATC, it was obtained an estimated value of -5.4 kcal/d-1, p = 0.5 and 95% and confidence interval (-21.67; 10.79). Conclusions: There were no differences in the comparison of VO2 and REE during the SBT with and without ATC.

This paper summarizes the problems of human thermoregulation and its measurement, with a focus on the method of indirect calorimetry in resting conditions at different ambient temperatures and during physical activity. It also introduces the issue of human thermal comfort and the methodology of its monitoring using thermal manikin. It describes PowerCube Ergo (Ganshorn, Germany) and Cardiovit AT-104 (Schiller, Switzerland), the diagnostic devices used to spiro-ergometry measurements. It introduces the options to export data. The work proposes the protocol for measuring the thermoregulation of the small group of volunteers, which is realized by the practical part. According to the same protocol is monitored thermal comfort of the thermal manikin. In MATLAB is created the application, allowing clear analysis of measurement records. The data are evaluated and discussed.

Title: Comparison of individual methods of basal metabolism determination Objectives: The aim of the work is to compare the individual methods of basal metabolism. These values were measured by indirect calorimetry, plethysmography, bioelectric impedance and predictive equations. Methods: The research was attended by 31 people, including eight men and twenty-three women. All participants of my research were aged 21-30 years. None of the participants was a professional athlete, they were all healthy and none of the women were pregnant or had menstruation. The indirect calorimetry, bioelectronics impedance device Tanita MC - 980 and BOD POD were used to collect the data. Basal metabolic rates were calculated from the prediction equations by Harris & Benedict, Fleisch's equation and Schofield's equation using measured anthropometric values. Results: The results of the methods that have been used for this group of people vary, but the difference is not significant. If we choose as a reference method indirect calorimetry, we can't replace it by any other method. The results for other methods are not significantly different, so we can replace one method with another, except indirect calorimetry. From calculations, we also found out that fat free mass greatly influences the results of basal metabolic rate...

Background: Diet may play an important role in the management of patients with short bowel syndrome who have colon in continuity. However, macronutrient absorption has not been well characterized, and the most appropriate dietary constituents have not been well defined. Objective: To define carbohydrate absorption characteristics in patients with short bowel syndrome and determine the potential role of pectin as a dietary substrate. Methods: The authors studied the effect of a custom pectin-based supplement in 6 subjects (3 male/3 female) aged 29-67 years with jejunocolonic anastomosis, 4 of whom required long-term parental nutrition. Small intestinal absorption capacity, macronutrient and fluid balance, gastrointestinal transit time, and energy consumption were measured. Results: Data showed that 53% nitrogen, 50% fat, and 32% total energy were malabsorbed. In contrast, the majority (92%) of total carbohydrate was utilized. Fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were increased, an indication of increased fermentation. Although only 4% of starch was recovered in stool, it is indicative of considerable starch malabsorption, thus providing the main carbohydrate substrate, for colonic bacterial fermentation. In contrast, non-starch polysaccharide was a relatively minor fermentation substrate with only 49% utilized. Eighty percent of the pectin was fermented. Supplementation was associated with increased total SCFAs, acetate, and propionate excretion. There was a trend observed toward greater fluid absorption (-5.9% ± 25.2%) following pectin supplementation. Nonsignificant increases in gastric emptying time and orocolonic transit time were observed. Conclusion : Despite malabsorption, starch is the primary carbohydrate substrate for colonic bacterial fermentation in patients with short bowel syndrome, although soluble fiber intake also enhances colonic SCFA production.