Depuis quelques années, les diodes électroluminescentes organiques (OLEDs) connaissent un véritable essor se traduisant par leur intégration progressive au sein d'appareils électroniques « grand public » : téléphones portables, téléviseurs, etc. En dépit d'avantages indéniables, des obstacles — notamment des coûts de fabrication élevés et des durées de vie insuffisantes — freinent encore l'adoption massive de cette technologie. Le remplacement de la couche émissive organique par des quantum dots pourrait résoudre tout ou partie de ces problèmes, tout en améliorant les performances des dispositifs « QD-LEDs » ainsi constitués.L'objectif de cette thèse consiste à élaborer, par voie colloïdale, des nanocristaux semi-conducteurs non toxiques et présentant toutes les caractéristiques requises pour leur intégration dans des QD-LEDs.Un protocole de synthèse de nanoparticules d'antimoniure d'indium (InSb) reposant sur l'injection du précurseur d'antimoine en phase gazeuse a tout d'abord été mis au point. Suite à l'optimisation des différents paramètres de réaction, les nanocristaux obtenus par cette voie présentent un certain nombre de qualités : bonne cristallinité, faible dispersion en taille et excellente stabilité en solution. En revanche, l'absence de photoluminescence — attribuée à la présence d'une coquille amorphe autour du cœur des particules — ne permet pas à l'heure actuelle d'exploiter pleinement ces nanocristaux dans des applications optiques.L'étude a ensuite été dirigée vers la production de quantum dots à base de phosphure d'indium (InP), afin de permettre la réalisation ultérieure d'un dispositif QD-LED fonctionnel. Grâce à l'élaboration de structures à gradient de composition, des nanocristaux dotés d'un fort rendement quantique de photoluminescence ainsi que d'une excellente stabilité en milieu oxydant ont pu être élaborés.Enfin, des essais préliminaires portant sur l'intégration des nanocristaux à base de phosphure d'indium dans des diodes électroluminescentes ont été menés. Le dépôt des quantum dots a été réalisé selon la technique dite de « LANGMUIR-SCHAEFFER stamping » tandis que les autres couches présentes dans l'empilement — à base de petites molécules — ont été élaborées par évaporation. En dépit de performances encore modestes, l'émission des QD-LEDs ainsi produites présente toutefois une nette contribution provenant de la couche de nanocristaux Ces résultats ouvrent ainsi la voie à de nouveaux développements très prometteurs. / During the past few years, organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) gradually appeared in consumer electronics such as smartphones and television sets. Unfortunately, the OLED market is still curbed by some drawbacks of this technology — namely high manufacturing costs and limited lifetime. By replacing the organic emitting layer by quantum dots, one could expect to partially solve these problems and further improve the performances of the so-called QD-LED devices.The aim of this study is to produce semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots which are non-toxic and exhibit all the required features for their successful integration inside QD-LED structures.A new approach for the synthesis of colloidal indium antimonide (InSb) nanocrystals relying on the use of a gaseous antimony precursor was firstly developed. Thanks to the optimization of several reaction parameters, the nanocrystals obtained by this pathway exhibit a good crystallinity, a reduced size dispersion, and are highly stable in solution. Unfortunately, no photoluminescence signal was recorded — probably because of an amorphous shell surrounding the particle cores — so these nanocrystals cannot be used for optical applications.Then, we investigated the chemical synthesis of indium phosphide (InP) based quantum dots likely to yield a working QD-LED prototype. Owing to composition gradient shells, we produced nanocrystals exhibiting a high photoluminescence quantum yield and a good stability in oxygen-rich medium.Finally, we made several preliminary attempts in order to integrate indium phosphide based nanocrystals in light-emitting diodes. The quantum dot films were deposited by the “Langmuir-Schaeffer stamping” technique while the other layers made of small molecules were evaporated. Despite its still modest performances, the emission of the elaborated QD-LEDs shows a neat contribution from the embedded quantum dots. These results open the way for future developments.

The effects of optical heating via infrared free carrier absorption on the electron magneto-transport properties of n-InSb at helium temperatures have been studied for the first time. Oscillatory photoconductivity (OPC) type structure is seen in the photon energy dependence of the transport properties. A C0₂ laser (hω = 115 to 135 meV) was used as the optical source. Concentrations between 1 x 10¹⁵ cm⁻³ and 2 x 10¹⁶ cm⁻³ were studied. The conclusions of this study are that the energy relaxation of high energy photoexcited electrons, generated by free carrier absorption of C0₂ laser radiation in degenerate n-InSb at liquid helium temperatures, is by emission of a maximum number of optical phonons, and that this relaxation mechanism produces OPC type structure in the photon energy dependence of the electron temperature of the conduction band electron gas. This structure is seen, therefore, in the transport properties of the sample, including the Shubnikovde Haas effect, the effective absorption coefficient, and the photoconductivity (mobility) response (lower concentrations only). In addition, the highest concentration studied, nₑ = ~2 x 10¹⁶ cm⁻³, sets an experimental lower limit on the concentration at which electron-electron scattering will become the dominant energy relaxation mechanism for the photoexcited electrons, since OPC effects were present in this sample.

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This dissertation presents thermal and thermoelectric measurements of nanostructures. Because the characteristic size of these nanostructures is comparable to and even smaller than the mean free paths or wavelengths of electrons and phonons, the classical constitutive laws such as the Fourier’s law cannot be applied. Three types of nanostructures have been investigated, including nanoscale constrictions patterned in a sub-100 nm thick silicon film, monatomic thick graphene ribbons supported on a silicon dioxide (SiO₂) beam, and indium antimonide (InSb) nanowires. A suspended measurement device has been developed to measure the thermal resistance of 48-174 nm wide constrictions etched in 35-65 nm thick suspended silicon membranes. The measured thermal resistance is more than ten times larger than the diffusive thermal resistance calculated from the Fourier’s law. The discrepancy is attributed to the ballistic thermal resistance component as a result of the smaller constriction width than the phonon-phonon scattering mean free path. Because of diffuse phonon scattering by the side walls of the constriction with a finite length, the phonon transmission coefficient is 0.015 and 0.2 for two constrictions of 35 nm x 174 nm x220 nm and 65 nm x 48 nm x 50 nm size. Another suspended device has been developed for measuring the thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene ribbons supported on a suspended SiO₂ beam. The obtained room-temperature thermal conductivity of the supported graphene is about 600 W/m-K, which is about three times smaller than the basal plane values of high-quality pyrolytic graphite because of phonon-substrate scattering, but still considerably higher than for common thin film electronic materials. The measured thermal conductivity is in agreement with a theoretical result based on quantum mechanical calculation of the threephonon scattering processes in graphene, which finds a large contribution to the thermal conductivity from the flexural vibration modes. A device has been developed to measure the Seebeck coefficients (S) and electrical conductivities ([sigma]) of InSb nanowires grown by a vapor-liquid-solid process. The obtained Seebeck coefficient is considerably lower than the literature values for bulk InSb crystals. It was further found that decreasing the base pressure during the VLS growth results in an increase in the Seebeck coefficient and a decrease in the electrical conductivity, except for a nanowire with the smallest diameter of 15 nm. This trend is attributed to preferential oxidation of indium by residual oxygen in the growth environment, which could cause increased n-type Sb doping of the nanowires with increasing base pressure. The deviation in the smallest diameter nanowire from this trend indicates a large contribution from the surface charge states in the nanowire. The results suggest that better control of the chemical composition and surface states is required for improving the power factor of InSb nanowires. On approach is to use Indium-rich source materials for the growth to compensate for the loss of indium due to oxidation by residual oxygen. / text

This dissertation work is a study of the growth kinematics, synthesis strategies and intrinsic properties of InSb nanowires (NWs). The highlights of this work include a study of the effect of the growth parameters on the composition and crystallinity of NWs. A change in the temperature ramp-up rate as the substrate was heated to reach the NW growth temperature resulted in NWs that were either crystalline or amorphous. The as-grown NWs were found to have very different optical and electrical properties. The growth mechanism for crystalline NWs is the standard vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism. This work proposes two possible growth mechanisms for amorphous NWs. The amorphous InSb NWs were found to be very sensitive to laser radiation and to heat treatment. Raman spectroscopy measurements on these NWs showed that intense laser light induced localized crystallization, most likely due to radiation induced annealing of defects in the region hit by the laser beam. Electron transport measurements revealed non-linear current-voltage characteristics that could not be explained by a Schottky diode behavior. Analysis of the experimental data showed that electrical conduction in this material is governed by space charge limited current (SCLC) in the high bias-field region and by Ohm's law in the low bias region. Temperature dependent conductivity measurements on these NWs revealed that conduction follows Mott variable range hopping mechanism at low temperatures and near neighbor hopping mechanism at high temperature. Low-temperature annealing of the amorphous NWs in an inert environment was found to induce a phase transformation of the NWs, causing their crystallinity to be enhanced. This thesis also proposes a new and low-cost strategy to grow p-type InSb NWs on InSb films grown on glass substrate. The high quality polycrystalline InSb film was used as the host on which the NWs were grown. The NWs with an average diameter of 150 nm and length of 20 μm were shown to have hole concentration of about 1017 cm-3 and mobility of about 1000 cm2V-1s-1. This thesis also proposes a strategy for the fabrication of metal-semiconductor nanocomposites. InSb NWs grown by electrochemical deposition were decorated with nanometer sized Au and Ag nanoparticles to form the nanocomposite.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are able to activate elements that are insoluble in common solvents. Here, the synthesis of binary antimony compounds directly from elements was explored. The 12 elements Ti-Cu, Al, Ga, In, and Te, known to form binary compounds with Sb, were reacted with Sb in [P₆₆₆₁₄]Cl under inert conditions in a closed glass flask with vigorous stirring for 16 h at 200 °C. This was immediately successful in four cases and resulted in the formation of NiSb, InSb, Cu₂Sb and Sb₂Te3. The applied reaction temperature is several hundred degrees below the temperatures required for solvent-free conversions. Compared to reactions based on diffusion in the solid state, reaction times are much shorter. The IL is not consumed and can be recycled. Since the reaction with Cu showed almost complete conversion, the influences of reaction time, temperature and medium were further investigated. Among the tested imidazolium ILs ([BMIm]Cl, [BMIm][OAc], [BDMIm]Cl) and phosphonium ILs ([P₆₆₆₁₄]X, X=Cl⁻, [DCA]⁻, [OAc]⁻, [NTf₂]⁻), those with chloride anion yielded the best results. In a diffusion experiment, Cu₂Sb formed on the copper, which indicates that antimony forms mobile species in these ILs. Supplemental crystal structure data of (As₃S₄)[AlCl₄], which was ionothermally synthesized from As and S, are reported.

<div>Self-assembled templates allow the creation of many complex arrays of nanostructures, which would be extremely difficult and expensive, if not impossible, to realize using any of the other available fabrication techniques. The complexity of these advanced nanostructures, synthesized using the various template assisted electrodeposition techniques, can be controlled to nanometer scale range by tuning the structural properties of the template, which is achieved by adjusting its various growth parameters during the self-assembly process.</div><div>Electrodeposition allows the creation of arrays of various metallic and semiconducting nanostructures. Monitoring the electrodeposition conditions permit the creation of single crystalline nanostructures of a particular material, or the formation of heterostructures using multiple electrodeposition steps. This work demonstrates the template assisted electrodeposition of vertically aligned nanowire arrays, both straight and branched, of metals, and a direct bandgap, III-V semiconductor, indium antimonide (InSb), which has one of the smallest known bandgap of any material. The template assisted electrodeposition of metallic, and InSb inverse opal (IO) structures is also shown, and the fabrication of a novel zipper shaped nanostructure by laser photomodification of a Ni IO structure is reported.</div><div>The optical characterization of the various nanostructures realized in this work have been examined. The results from this work confirm the ability to tune the optical spectra of nanostructures of the same material with similar volume fill fractions by structural modulation, where the different optical responses can be attributed to the structural differences of the actual structure as opposed to the material properties of the solid.</div>