Objetivo: O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi estabelecer modelo farmacocinéticofarmacodinâmico (modelo PK/PD) para descrever o perfil temporal do efeito bactericida do levofloxacino e do gatifloxacino contra Streptococcus pneumoniae. Método: Para alcançar este objetivo as seguintes etapas foram realizadas: i) foram validadas metodologias analíticas de SPE-HPLC para o gatifloxacino e HPLC para o levofloxacino e o gatifloxacino para quantificação destes em amostras de plasma, microdialisado tecidual e caldo de cultura; ii) foi avaliada a farmacocinética do gatifloxacino em roedores nas doses de 6 e 12 mg/kg via oral e 6 mg/kg via intravenosa (i.v.) e a biodisponibilidade oral foi determinada; iii) foram estabelecidas as condições ideais para microdiálise do gatifloxacino e as taxas de recuperação in vitro, por diálise (EE), retrodiálise (RD) e fluxo líquido zero (NNF) e in vivo, em tecido pulmonar e muscular, por retrodiálise e fluxo líquido zero. Essas recuperações foram utilizadas para determinar a penetração pulmonar do gatifloxacino após a administração i.v. bolus de 6 mg/kg a ratos Wistar sadios; iv) foram simuladas as concentrações livres pulmonares esperadas para humanos após tratamento com diferentes regimes de dosagem para o levofloxacino e o gatifloxacino em modelo de infecção in vitro frente a Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC® 49619. Simulações de concentrações constantes múltiplas do MIC de cada fármaco também foram realizadas. As curvas de morte bacteriana por tempo obtidas foram modeladas com modelo PK/PD de Emax modificado, com auxílio do programa Scientist® v 2.01. Resultados e Conclusões: i) Os métodos analíticos por SPE-HPLC e HPLC para quantificação do gatifloxacino e do levofloxacino foram validados. As curvas foram lineares na faixa de 20 a 600 ng/mL para plasma e microdialisado tecidual de gatifloxacino e na faixa de 250 a 6000 ng/mL para caldo de cultura para ambos os fármacos, com r > 0,99, independente do método desenvolvido. Em plasma e microdialisado, a exatidão foi ≥ 94,3 %. A recuperação do gatifloxacino dos cartuchos de extração em fase sólida variou entre 95,6 e 99,7 %. A precisão não excedeu 5,8 % do CV. Em caldo de cultura, a exatidão foi ≥ 92,0 % e 93,4 % para o gatifloxacino e o levofloxacino, respectivamente. A precisão não excedeu 3,2 % e 4,2 % do CV para o levofloxacino e o gatifloxacino, respectivamente; ii) A avaliação farmacocinética demonstrou que os modelos abertos de dois compartimentos e de um compartimento com absorção de primeira ordem descreveram adequadamente os perfis plasmáticos após administração do gatifloxacino pelas vias i.v. e oral nas doses de 6 e 12 mg/kg, com CL de 0,9 ± 0,2 e 1,0 ± 0,3 L/h/kg, t½ de 3,3 ± 0,8 e 3,7 ± 0,3 h e Vd de 2,8 ± 0,4 e 3,1 ± 1,0 L/kg, respectivamente. Os parâmetros determinados por abordagem compartimental e não compartimental não diferiram significativamente para as duas vias investigadas (α = 0,05). A ASC0-∞ foi de 4,1 ± 1,6 e 6,6 ± 1,3 μg.h/mL após administração oral e i.v. das doses de 12 e 6 mg/kg, respectivamente, levando a uma biodisponibilidade de 31%. A constante de velocidade de absorção foi alta (5,0 ± 1,8 h-1) e a farmacocinética mostrou-se linear na faixa de doses investigada; iii) A recuperação das sondas de microdiálise in vitro por EE e RD para 80, 160 e 400 ng/mL de gatifloxacino foi de 33,5 ± 1,3%, 33,1 ± 1,2%, 31,8 ± 2,7% e 31,4 ± 2,6%, 33,1 ± 2,2%, 30,6 ± 3,3%, respectivamente. In vivo a recuperação por RD no músculo esquelético e pulmão de ratos Wistar foi de 29,1 ± 1,0% e 30,7 ± 1,4%, respectivamente. A recuperação por NNF in vitro e in vivo foi de 30,9 ± 2,9% e 29,0 ± 0,8%, respectivamente. Desse modo, concluiu-se que a recuperação foi constante e independente do método ou meio utilizado. Os perfis de concentração livre no músculo, pulmão e plasma de ratos Wistar foram virtualmente superpostos após dose de 6 mg/kg i.v., resultando em ASC similares de 3888 ± 734 ng.h/mL, 4138 ± 1071 ng.h/mL e 3805 ± 577 ng.h/mL, respectivamente (α = 0,05). O fator de distribuição tecidual foi de 1,02 e 1,08 para músculo e pulmão, respectivamente; iv) O modelo PK/PD empregado foi capaz de descrever o efeito do levofloxacino e do gatifloxacino contra o Streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro para todas as simulações investigadas. O EC50 médio para o levofloxacino (3,57 ± 2,16 mg/L) foi significativamente maior que o do gatifloxacino (0,95 ± 0,56 mg/L) quando regimes de doses múltiplas foram simulados. O mesmo foi observado para concentrações constantes, sendo o EC50,levofloxacino = 2,75 ± 0,45 mg/L e EC50,gatifloxacino = 1,03 ± 0,52 mg/L. O kmax foi estatisticamente semelhante para ambos os fármacos independente se foram simuladas concentrações flutuantes (kmax,levofloxacino = 0,40 ± 0,19 h-1; kmax,gatifloxacino = 0,48 ± 0,15 h-1) ou concentrações constantes (kmax,levofloxacino = 0,34 ± 0,06 h-1; kmax,gatifloxacino = 0,39 ± 0,23 h-1). Nenhum dos índices PK/PD foi capaz de prever o desfecho da infecção para todas as situações investigadas. O modelo PK/PD desenvolvido permitiu a comparação entre as duas fluorquinolonas e de diferentes posologias para cada fármaco, podendo ser utilizado para simular o efeito temporal de regimes de dosagem alternativos bem como para otimização da posologia desses fármacos para o tratamento da pneumonia adquirida na comunidade. / Objective: The aim of this work was to establish a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model (PK/PD model) to describe the profile of bactericidal effect over time of levofloxacin and gatifloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Method: To achieve this goal the following steps were carried out: i) an analytical method of SPE-HPLC to quantify gatifloxacin in plasma and tissue microdialysates, and an HPLC method for measuring levofloxacin and gatifloxacin in culture broth samples were developed and validated; ii) the pharmacokinetics of gatifloxacin in rodents after intravenous (6 mg/kg) and oral (6 and 12 mg/kg) administration was assessed as well as the oral bioavailability of the drug was determined; iii) microdialysis conditions for gatifloxacin were established and the recovery rates in vitro by dialysis (EE), retrodialysis (RD) and no-net-flux (NNF), and in vivo in lung and skeletal muscle tissue by RD and NNF were determined. Gatifloxacin tissue penetration in lung after intravenous administration (6 mg/kg) to healthy Wistar rats was determined; iv) levofloxacin and gatifloxacin free lung concentrations expected in humans following different dosing regimens of the drugs were simulated using Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC® 49619 in vitro model of infection. The effect of constant concentrations multiples of MIC were also investigated. The time-kill curves obtained were modeled using an Emax modified model using Scientist® v. 2.01 software. Results and Conclusions: i) The analytical methods by SPE-HPLC and HPLC for quantifying gatifloxacin and levofloxacin were validated. Calibration curves were linear between 20-600 ng/mL for gatifloxacin in plasma and tissue microdialysate samples and between 250-6000 ng/mL for broth media for both drugs, with r > 0.99 independently of the method considered. The accuracy was ≥ 94.3 % for plasma and microdialysate. Gatifloxacin recovery from the solid phase extraction cartridges ranged from 95.6 to 99.7%. The precision did not exceed 5.8% of the CV. In broth media the accuracy was ≥ 92.0% and 94.3% for gatifloxacin and levofloxacin, respectively. The precision did not exceed 3.2% and 4.2% of the CV for levofloxacin and gatifloxacin, respectively; ii) Gatifloxacin experimental plasma profiles in rats were adequately fitted to a two-compartment model after intravenous and to a one compartment model with first order absorption after oral dosing. The total clearance (0.9 ± 0.2 and 1.0 ± 0.3 L/h/kg), the terminal half-life (3.3 ± 0.8 and 3.7 ± 0.3 h) and the apparent volume of distribution (2.8 ± 0.4 and 3.1 ± 1.0 L/kg) were statistically similar (α = 0.05) after i.v. and oral administration, by both model independent and compartmental approaches. The area under the curve was reduced after oral dosing (4.1 ± 1.6 μg.h/mL) in comparison to i.v. dosing (6.6 ± 1.3 μg.h/mL) leading to an oral bioavailability of 31%. The absorption was fast, with a constant rate of 5.0 ± 1.8 h-1. The results evidenced the linear pharmacokinetics of gatifloxacin in rodents in the dose range investigated; iii) Microdialysis recoveries determined in vitro by EE and RD at 80, 160 and 400 ng/mL resulted in 33.5 ± 1.3%, 33.1 ± 1.2%, 31.8 ± 2.7% and 31.4 ± 2.6%, 33.1 ± 2.2%, 30.6 ± 3.3%, respectively. In vivo recovery by RD in Wistar rat’s skeletal muscle and lung were 29.1 ± 1.0% and 30.7 ± 1.4%, respectively. Recoveries by no-net-flux in vitro and in vivo resulted in recoveries of 30.9 ± 2.9% and 29.0 ± 0.8%, respectively. In this way, it was shown that gatifloxacin recovery was constant and independent of the method or media used. Free skeletal muscle, lung and plasma profiles were virtually superimposed after i.v. administration of gatifloxacin 6 mg/kg dose resulting in similar area under the curve of 3888 ± 734 ng.h/mL, 4138 ± 1071 ng.h/mL and 3805 ± 577 ng.h/mL, respectively (α = 0.05). The tissue distribution factors were determined to be 1.02 and 1.08 for muscle and lung, respectively; iv) The PK/PD model used was able to describe the effect of levofloxacin and gatifloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro for all the regimens investigated. Levofloxacin EC50 (3.57 ± 2.16 mg/L) was higher than gatifloxacin (0.95 ± 0.56 mg/L) when multiple dosing regimens where simulated. Using constant concentrations, levofloxacin EC50 was also higher than gatifloxacin (EC50,levofloxacin = 2.75 ± 0.45 mg/L; EC50,gatifloxacin = 1.03 ± 0.52 mg/L). The kmax was statistically similar for both drugs independent of whether fluctuating (kmax,levofloxacin = 0.40 ± 0.19 h-1; kmax,gatifloxacin = 0.48 ± 0.15 h-1) or constant concentrations (kmax,levofloxacin = 0.34 ± 0.06 h-1; kmax,gatifloxacin = 0.39 ± 0.23 h-1) were simulated. None of the PK/PD indices was capable of predicting the infection outcome for all the situations investigated. The PK/PD model developed allowed not only the comparison between the fluoroquinolones effect but also the comparison of different dosing regimes for the same drug and can be used for simulating alternative regimens and optimizing therapy of these drugs to treat community-acquired pneumonia.

Objetivo: O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi estabelecer modelo farmacocinéticofarmacodinâmico (modelo PK/PD) para descrever o perfil temporal do efeito bactericida do levofloxacino e do gatifloxacino contra Streptococcus pneumoniae. Método: Para alcançar este objetivo as seguintes etapas foram realizadas: i) foram validadas metodologias analíticas de SPE-HPLC para o gatifloxacino e HPLC para o levofloxacino e o gatifloxacino para quantificação destes em amostras de plasma, microdialisado tecidual e caldo de cultura; ii) foi avaliada a farmacocinética do gatifloxacino em roedores nas doses de 6 e 12 mg/kg via oral e 6 mg/kg via intravenosa (i.v.) e a biodisponibilidade oral foi determinada; iii) foram estabelecidas as condições ideais para microdiálise do gatifloxacino e as taxas de recuperação in vitro, por diálise (EE), retrodiálise (RD) e fluxo líquido zero (NNF) e in vivo, em tecido pulmonar e muscular, por retrodiálise e fluxo líquido zero. Essas recuperações foram utilizadas para determinar a penetração pulmonar do gatifloxacino após a administração i.v. bolus de 6 mg/kg a ratos Wistar sadios; iv) foram simuladas as concentrações livres pulmonares esperadas para humanos após tratamento com diferentes regimes de dosagem para o levofloxacino e o gatifloxacino em modelo de infecção in vitro frente a Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC® 49619. Simulações de concentrações constantes múltiplas do MIC de cada fármaco também foram realizadas. As curvas de morte bacteriana por tempo obtidas foram modeladas com modelo PK/PD de Emax modificado, com auxílio do programa Scientist® v 2.01. Resultados e Conclusões: i) Os métodos analíticos por SPE-HPLC e HPLC para quantificação do gatifloxacino e do levofloxacino foram validados. As curvas foram lineares na faixa de 20 a 600 ng/mL para plasma e microdialisado tecidual de gatifloxacino e na faixa de 250 a 6000 ng/mL para caldo de cultura para ambos os fármacos, com r > 0,99, independente do método desenvolvido. Em plasma e microdialisado, a exatidão foi ≥ 94,3 %. A recuperação do gatifloxacino dos cartuchos de extração em fase sólida variou entre 95,6 e 99,7 %. A precisão não excedeu 5,8 % do CV. Em caldo de cultura, a exatidão foi ≥ 92,0 % e 93,4 % para o gatifloxacino e o levofloxacino, respectivamente. A precisão não excedeu 3,2 % e 4,2 % do CV para o levofloxacino e o gatifloxacino, respectivamente; ii) A avaliação farmacocinética demonstrou que os modelos abertos de dois compartimentos e de um compartimento com absorção de primeira ordem descreveram adequadamente os perfis plasmáticos após administração do gatifloxacino pelas vias i.v. e oral nas doses de 6 e 12 mg/kg, com CL de 0,9 ± 0,2 e 1,0 ± 0,3 L/h/kg, t½ de 3,3 ± 0,8 e 3,7 ± 0,3 h e Vd de 2,8 ± 0,4 e 3,1 ± 1,0 L/kg, respectivamente. Os parâmetros determinados por abordagem compartimental e não compartimental não diferiram significativamente para as duas vias investigadas (α = 0,05). A ASC0-∞ foi de 4,1 ± 1,6 e 6,6 ± 1,3 μg.h/mL após administração oral e i.v. das doses de 12 e 6 mg/kg, respectivamente, levando a uma biodisponibilidade de 31%. A constante de velocidade de absorção foi alta (5,0 ± 1,8 h-1) e a farmacocinética mostrou-se linear na faixa de doses investigada; iii) A recuperação das sondas de microdiálise in vitro por EE e RD para 80, 160 e 400 ng/mL de gatifloxacino foi de 33,5 ± 1,3%, 33,1 ± 1,2%, 31,8 ± 2,7% e 31,4 ± 2,6%, 33,1 ± 2,2%, 30,6 ± 3,3%, respectivamente. In vivo a recuperação por RD no músculo esquelético e pulmão de ratos Wistar foi de 29,1 ± 1,0% e 30,7 ± 1,4%, respectivamente. A recuperação por NNF in vitro e in vivo foi de 30,9 ± 2,9% e 29,0 ± 0,8%, respectivamente. Desse modo, concluiu-se que a recuperação foi constante e independente do método ou meio utilizado. Os perfis de concentração livre no músculo, pulmão e plasma de ratos Wistar foram virtualmente superpostos após dose de 6 mg/kg i.v., resultando em ASC similares de 3888 ± 734 ng.h/mL, 4138 ± 1071 ng.h/mL e 3805 ± 577 ng.h/mL, respectivamente (α = 0,05). O fator de distribuição tecidual foi de 1,02 e 1,08 para músculo e pulmão, respectivamente; iv) O modelo PK/PD empregado foi capaz de descrever o efeito do levofloxacino e do gatifloxacino contra o Streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro para todas as simulações investigadas. O EC50 médio para o levofloxacino (3,57 ± 2,16 mg/L) foi significativamente maior que o do gatifloxacino (0,95 ± 0,56 mg/L) quando regimes de doses múltiplas foram simulados. O mesmo foi observado para concentrações constantes, sendo o EC50,levofloxacino = 2,75 ± 0,45 mg/L e EC50,gatifloxacino = 1,03 ± 0,52 mg/L. O kmax foi estatisticamente semelhante para ambos os fármacos independente se foram simuladas concentrações flutuantes (kmax,levofloxacino = 0,40 ± 0,19 h-1; kmax,gatifloxacino = 0,48 ± 0,15 h-1) ou concentrações constantes (kmax,levofloxacino = 0,34 ± 0,06 h-1; kmax,gatifloxacino = 0,39 ± 0,23 h-1). Nenhum dos índices PK/PD foi capaz de prever o desfecho da infecção para todas as situações investigadas. O modelo PK/PD desenvolvido permitiu a comparação entre as duas fluorquinolonas e de diferentes posologias para cada fármaco, podendo ser utilizado para simular o efeito temporal de regimes de dosagem alternativos bem como para otimização da posologia desses fármacos para o tratamento da pneumonia adquirida na comunidade. / Objective: The aim of this work was to establish a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model (PK/PD model) to describe the profile of bactericidal effect over time of levofloxacin and gatifloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Method: To achieve this goal the following steps were carried out: i) an analytical method of SPE-HPLC to quantify gatifloxacin in plasma and tissue microdialysates, and an HPLC method for measuring levofloxacin and gatifloxacin in culture broth samples were developed and validated; ii) the pharmacokinetics of gatifloxacin in rodents after intravenous (6 mg/kg) and oral (6 and 12 mg/kg) administration was assessed as well as the oral bioavailability of the drug was determined; iii) microdialysis conditions for gatifloxacin were established and the recovery rates in vitro by dialysis (EE), retrodialysis (RD) and no-net-flux (NNF), and in vivo in lung and skeletal muscle tissue by RD and NNF were determined. Gatifloxacin tissue penetration in lung after intravenous administration (6 mg/kg) to healthy Wistar rats was determined; iv) levofloxacin and gatifloxacin free lung concentrations expected in humans following different dosing regimens of the drugs were simulated using Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC® 49619 in vitro model of infection. The effect of constant concentrations multiples of MIC were also investigated. The time-kill curves obtained were modeled using an Emax modified model using Scientist® v. 2.01 software. Results and Conclusions: i) The analytical methods by SPE-HPLC and HPLC for quantifying gatifloxacin and levofloxacin were validated. Calibration curves were linear between 20-600 ng/mL for gatifloxacin in plasma and tissue microdialysate samples and between 250-6000 ng/mL for broth media for both drugs, with r > 0.99 independently of the method considered. The accuracy was ≥ 94.3 % for plasma and microdialysate. Gatifloxacin recovery from the solid phase extraction cartridges ranged from 95.6 to 99.7%. The precision did not exceed 5.8% of the CV. In broth media the accuracy was ≥ 92.0% and 94.3% for gatifloxacin and levofloxacin, respectively. The precision did not exceed 3.2% and 4.2% of the CV for levofloxacin and gatifloxacin, respectively; ii) Gatifloxacin experimental plasma profiles in rats were adequately fitted to a two-compartment model after intravenous and to a one compartment model with first order absorption after oral dosing. The total clearance (0.9 ± 0.2 and 1.0 ± 0.3 L/h/kg), the terminal half-life (3.3 ± 0.8 and 3.7 ± 0.3 h) and the apparent volume of distribution (2.8 ± 0.4 and 3.1 ± 1.0 L/kg) were statistically similar (α = 0.05) after i.v. and oral administration, by both model independent and compartmental approaches. The area under the curve was reduced after oral dosing (4.1 ± 1.6 μg.h/mL) in comparison to i.v. dosing (6.6 ± 1.3 μg.h/mL) leading to an oral bioavailability of 31%. The absorption was fast, with a constant rate of 5.0 ± 1.8 h-1. The results evidenced the linear pharmacokinetics of gatifloxacin in rodents in the dose range investigated; iii) Microdialysis recoveries determined in vitro by EE and RD at 80, 160 and 400 ng/mL resulted in 33.5 ± 1.3%, 33.1 ± 1.2%, 31.8 ± 2.7% and 31.4 ± 2.6%, 33.1 ± 2.2%, 30.6 ± 3.3%, respectively. In vivo recovery by RD in Wistar rat’s skeletal muscle and lung were 29.1 ± 1.0% and 30.7 ± 1.4%, respectively. Recoveries by no-net-flux in vitro and in vivo resulted in recoveries of 30.9 ± 2.9% and 29.0 ± 0.8%, respectively. In this way, it was shown that gatifloxacin recovery was constant and independent of the method or media used. Free skeletal muscle, lung and plasma profiles were virtually superimposed after i.v. administration of gatifloxacin 6 mg/kg dose resulting in similar area under the curve of 3888 ± 734 ng.h/mL, 4138 ± 1071 ng.h/mL and 3805 ± 577 ng.h/mL, respectively (α = 0.05). The tissue distribution factors were determined to be 1.02 and 1.08 for muscle and lung, respectively; iv) The PK/PD model used was able to describe the effect of levofloxacin and gatifloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro for all the regimens investigated. Levofloxacin EC50 (3.57 ± 2.16 mg/L) was higher than gatifloxacin (0.95 ± 0.56 mg/L) when multiple dosing regimens where simulated. Using constant concentrations, levofloxacin EC50 was also higher than gatifloxacin (EC50,levofloxacin = 2.75 ± 0.45 mg/L; EC50,gatifloxacin = 1.03 ± 0.52 mg/L). The kmax was statistically similar for both drugs independent of whether fluctuating (kmax,levofloxacin = 0.40 ± 0.19 h-1; kmax,gatifloxacin = 0.48 ± 0.15 h-1) or constant concentrations (kmax,levofloxacin = 0.34 ± 0.06 h-1; kmax,gatifloxacin = 0.39 ± 0.23 h-1) were simulated. None of the PK/PD indices was capable of predicting the infection outcome for all the situations investigated. The PK/PD model developed allowed not only the comparison between the fluoroquinolones effect but also the comparison of different dosing regimes for the same drug and can be used for simulating alternative regimens and optimizing therapy of these drugs to treat community-acquired pneumonia.

No description available.

In den vorliegenden Studien wurde die Eimeria zuernii – Kokzidiose im Hinblick auf den klinischen Verlauf, die Pathophysiologie, die Pathologie und einen metaphylaktischen Behandlungsansatz charakterisiert. Hierfür wurden experimentelle Infektionen an Kälbern durchgeführt, zusätzlich wurden natürlich infizierte Tiere in die Prüfung der Wirksamkeit der Behandlung einbezogen. Die parasitologischen und pathophysiologischen Untersuchungen wurden im Infektionsmodell an insgesamt 41 Kälbern durchgeführt, die in drei Gruppen eingeteilt wurden: eine uninfizierte Kontrollgruppe 1 (n=14), die moderat infizierte Gruppe 2 (150.000 sporulierte E. zuernii – Oozysten pro Kalb, n=11) und die hochdosiert infizierte Gruppe 3 (250.000 sporulierte E. zuernii – Oozysten pro Kalb, n=16). Die Tiere wurden regelmäßig klinisch und ihre Kotproben auf Konsistenz und Parasitenaussscheidung untersucht. Es wurden regelmäßig Blutproben zur Bestimmung hämatologischer und klinisch-chemischer Parameter sowie des Säure-Basen-Status entnommen, und die Tiere wurden wöchentlich gewogen. Die Infektion mit E. zuernii löste bei allen Tieren der Gruppen 2 und 3 nach einer variablen Präpatenzdauer eine Ausscheidung von E. zuernii-Oozysten aus. Im Gegensatz zur uninfizierten Kontrollgruppe entwickelten alle infizierten Tiere Durchfall mit teils hämorrhagischem Charakter, wobei eine deutliche Korrelation zwischen der Oozystenausscheidung und dem Auftreten von Diarrhoe nachgewiesen werden konnte. Klinische Erkrankungen traten häufiger in der hochdosiert infizierten als in der moderat infizierten Gruppe auf. Hierbei standen Exsikkosen und ein vermindertes Allgemeinbefinden im Vordergrund. Ein Tier der hochinfizierten Gruppe erkrankte aufgrund der Kokzidiose infaust. Die Gewichtszunahmen waren in beiden infizierten Gruppen, bezogen auf die Kontrollgruppe 1, signifikant erniedrigt, in der hochdosiert infizierten Gruppe 3 stärker als in der moderat infizierten Gruppe 2. Die Veränderungen bei den untersuchten Blutparametern traten im Allgemeinen dosisabhängig auf. In Gruppe 3 wurden stärkere Abweichungen von den Blutwerten der Kontrollkälber beobachtet als in Gruppe 2. Initial kam es während der Patenz zu einer Leukopenie, welche anschließend in eine Leukozytose überging. Im Zuge der enteralen Blut- und Wasserverluste bildeten sich eine Hämokonzentration sowie eine Retikulozytose heraus, was als Hinweis auf eine regenerative Anämie gewertet wird. Während der Patenz fand eine Umstellung des Organismus auf einen katabolen Stoffwechsel statt, was sich in einer Lipolyse und einem gesteigerten Proteinabbau niederschlug. Außerdem kam es zu einer Störung der Homoiostase. Es lagen Elektrolytverluste über den geschädigten Darm vor, und es entwickelte sich eine respiratorisch kompensierte metabolische Azidose. Die pathologischen Untersuchungen wurden an sechs weiteren moderat infizierten Kälbern (150.000 sporulierte E. zuernii – Oozysten pro Kalb) durchgeführt. In der späten Präpatenz (16 Tage p.i.) zeigten sich nur geringe Läsionen durch die Schizogoniestadien vom kaudalen Jejunum bis zum mittleren Kolon. Zum Höhepunkt der Patenz hin (21 Tage p.i.) wiesen die beiden untersuchten Tiere akute, teils nekrotisierende Enteritiden auf, vor allem im proximalen Kolon sowie im Zäkum. Offenbar verursacht die Gamogonie, welche zu diesem Zeitpunkt vorherrscht, die stärksten Schleimhautschäden und ist damit als Auslöser der Durchfallerscheinungen zu betrachten. Gegen Ende der Patenz, am 26. Tag p.i., lagen noch entzündliche Infiltrationen der Schleimhautabschnitte vom terminalen Ileum bis zum Kolon vor, parallel fanden regenerative und hyperplastische Prozesse statt. Im Infektionsmodell und anschließend unter Feldbedingungen wurde die Effektivität einer einmaligen oralen metaphylaktischen Toltrazurilbehandlung (15 mg pro kg Körpergewicht, Baycox® 5% Suspension) etwa 14 Tage nach der Infektion getestet. Für die Prüfung unter experimentellen Bedingungen wurden 23 Kälber mit einer Dosis von 150.000 sporulierten E. zuernii – Oozysten infiziert. Die Anwendung des Toltrazurils im Feld wurde im Rahmen einer multizentrischen Studie mit fünf Studienbetrieben und insgesamt 208 Kälbern getestet. Es lagen in allen Betrieben Mischinfektionen mit den Pathogenen E. zuernii und E. bovis vor. In jedem der beiden GCP-Versuche wurde etwa die Hälfte der Tiere behandelt, während die andere Hälfte als Negativkontrolle unbehandelt blieb. Durch den Einsatz des Antikokzidiums konnten im Experiment sowie unter Feldbedingungen die Durchfalldauer und –schwere ebenso wie die Dauer und Höhe der Oozystenausscheidung im Vergleich zur unbehandelten Kontrolle signifikant gesenkt werden. Die Gewichtszunahme war in der toltrazurilbehandelten Gruppe unter experimentellen Bedingungen signifikant höher als in der Kontrollgruppe, im Feld ließ sich dieser Effekt nicht zeigen. Damit konnte die E. zuernii – Infektion im zeitlichen Verlauf und im Einfluss auf das Zielorgan Darm und den Gesamtorganismus unter den standardisierten Bedingungen einer experimentellen Infektion dargestellt werden. Es konnte eine Behandlungsmöglichkeit als hochwirksam eingestuft werden, welche durch die frühe, metaphylaktische Anwendung eines Kokzidiostatikums die zu erwartenden Darmläsionen während der späten Schizogonie und der Gamogonie unterbindet.

Aviäre pathogene E. coli (APEC) sind extraintestinale Pathogene, die beim Huhn systemische Infektionskrankheiten hervorrufen. Zur Identifizierung Gene, die an der Kolonisierung des Wirtes beteiligt sind, wurde ein Lungen-Infektionsmodell in 5 Wochen alten SPF Hühnern etabliert. In dem Modell wurden 1.800 mittels Signature-tagged-Mutagenese (STM) hergestellten Mutanten des APEC Stamms IMT5155 (O2:K1:H5; ST-Komplex 95) auf ihre Fähigkeit zur Kolonisierung getestet. Die Untersuchung führte zur Identifizierung Gene, einschließlich Adhäsin-, LPS- und Kapsel-bildenden Genen, sowie Genen mit putativer Funktion. Die STM-Analyse erlaubte zudem die Identifizierung eines zuvor nicht charakterisierten putativen Fimbrien-bildenden Adhäsins (Yqi). Das Genprodukt wurde vorläufig als ExPEC Adhäsin I (EA/I) bezeichnet. Eine Deletion des EA/I-Gens führte zu einer Reduzierung der Adhäsionsfähigkeit des Stammes IMT5155 in vitro und in vivo. Eine Komplementierung des EA/I-Gens in trans resultierte in einer Wiederherstellung des Adhäsions¬vermögens in vitro. Das EA/I-Protein (~39 kDa) wurde als Fusionsprotein in vitro exprimiert, und mittels SDS-PAGE und Western Blot nachgewiesen. Durch Überexpression des EA/I-Operons in dem Fimbrien-negativen E. coli-Stamm AAEC189 konnten mittels elektronenmikroskopischer Aufnahmen Fimbrien-bildende Strukturen auf der äußeren Membran dargestellt werden. Das Vorkommen des yqi in den untersuchten extraintestinal pathogenen E. coli (ExPEC), bei gleichzeitigem Fehlen in allen untersuchten intestinal pathogenen E. coli bestätigt die Bezeichnung ExPEC Adhäsin I. Die Prävalenz des EA/I-Gens war am stärksten assoziiert mit Stämmen der B2-Phylogenetische-Gruppe und des ST95-Komplexes des Multi-Lokus-Sequenz-Typisierungs (MLST)-Schemas. Sequenzanalysen ergaben zudem erste Hinweise auf eine positive Selektion des EA/I-Gens innerhalb dieses Komplexes. In der vorliegenden Arbeit gelang somit die Identifizierung und Charakterisierung des neuen ExPEC Adhäsin I. / The extraintestinal pathogen, avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), known to cause systemic infections in chickens, is responsible for large economic losses in the poultry industry. To identify genes, involved adhesion and colonization, a lung colonization model of infection was established in 5-week old specific-pathogen free (SPF) chickens, and Signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) was applied to this model by generating and screening a total of 1,800 mutants of an APEC strain IMT5155 (O2:K1:H5; ST complex 95). This led to the identification of new genes of interest, including adhesins, genes involved in capsule and LPS formation, and genes of putative function. Among the many genes identified was one coding for a novel APEC fimbrial adhesin (Yqi) not described for its role in APEC pathogenesis. Its gene product was temporarily designated ExPEC Adhesin I (EA/I). Deletion of the ExPEC adhesin I gene resulted in reduced colonization ability by APEC strain IMT5155 both in vitro and in vivo. Complementation of the adhesin gene restored its ability to colonize epithelial cells in vitro. The ExPEC adhesin I protein (~ 39 kDa) was expressed as a fusion protein in vitro as shown by SDS-PAGE and western blotting. Electron microscopy of an afimbriate strain E. coli AAEC189 over-expressed with the putative EA/I gene cluster revealed short fimbrial like appendages protruding out of the bacterial outer membrane. We observed that the adhesin coding gene yqi is prevalent among extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) isolates and absent in all of the intestinal pathogenic E. coli strains tested, thereby validating the designation of the adhesin as ExPEC Adhesin I. In addition, prevalence of EA/I was most frequently associated with the E. coli phylogenetic group B2 and ST95 complex of the multi locus sequence typing (MLST) scheme, with evidence of a positive selection within this complex. This is the first report of the newly identified and functionally characterized ExPEC adhesin I.

No description available.