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Nosocomial infections present an important health problem with morbidity, and high mortality, prolongation hospital days, and increased direct costs of patient care. This article was conducted in a general hospital in order to determine the cost of nosocomial infections and increased length of hospitalization of it. The conclusion was that the high economic expense which nosocomial infection represents justifies measures to control this entity. Nosocomial infections are a major part of the problem of reemerging pathogens causing infectious diseases, affecting 5% of hospitalized patients. Provided an enhanced, integrated infection control program, it could be assessed that the medical and economic effects on the overall nosocomial infection will lower of actual health care costs by ¢C28000NTD each case of the intervention.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:58:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 farias_rjm_me_arafo.pdf: 2603163 bytes, checksum: eae9bc73d5b2ac8f609dd5777386f26d (MD5) / Tendo em vista a importância e necessidade de esterilização dos instrumentos cortantes rotatórios usados em odontologia, associada à indispensável agilidade nos atendimentos e, considerando ainda, a escassez de publicações atuais voltadas para este tema, julgou-se válida a preocupação em estudar a efetividade do método de esterilização através da energia por microondas em pontas diamantadas. Para tal, oitenta e uma pontas diamantadas foram contaminadas em uma suspensão bacteriana formada por bactérias pertencentes ao meio bucal (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophillus, Actinomyces viscosus, Enterococcus faecalis e Bacillus subtilis), divididas em três diferentes grupos e submetidas à irradiação por microondas em forno de microondas doméstico na potência máxima (800 W). Os grupos foram diferenciados entre si conforme o método de acondicionamento dos corpos-de-prova (2) e o procedimento para esterilização (3). No Procedimento de esterilização P1, os corpos-de-prova foram limpos com esponja de aço em água corrente, acondicionados em placas de Petri contendo 40 mL de água e submetidos à irradiação por microondas nos períodos de 0, 1, 2 e 3 minutos. No Procedimento de esterilização P2, os corpos-de-prova foram envolvidos em folha de poliéster, acondicionados em envelopes para esterilização e expostos à energia por microondas nos períodos de 0, 2, 4, 5 e 6 minutos, sem sofrerem previamente o procedimento de limpeza. E no Procedimento de esterilização P3, os corpos-de-prova foram limpos com esponja de aço em água corrente, acondicionados e submetidos à irradiação conforme o método anterior. A esterilização foi obtida tanto no Procedimento P1, no período de um minuto, quanto no Procedimento P3, no período de 6 minutos. Portanto, pudemos concluir... / Concerning the importance and the need for sterilization of the rotary cutting instruments used in dentistry, associated to the indispensable agility in the appointments and, considering also the scarceness of updated publications in regard to this theme, the preoccupation in studying the effectiveness of the sterilization method by the energy of microwaves in diamond burs was judged valid. To perform such study, eighty-one diamond burs were contaminated in a bacterial suspension formed by bacteria which belong to the oral environment (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophillus, Actinomyces viscosus, Enterococcus faecalis e Bacillus subtilis), divided in three different groups and submitted to irradiation by microwaves in a domestic microwave oven on maximum power (800 W). The groups were discriminated according to the method of packing of the specimens (2) and the procedure for sterilization (3). In the procedure for sterilization 1, the specimens were cleaned with steel sponge in water, packed in Petri dishes containing 40 mL of water and submitted to irradiation by microwaves in the periods of 0, 1, 2 and 3 minutes. In the procedure for sterilization 2, the test specimens were wrapped in a polyester sheet, packed in envelopes for sterilization and exposed to energy by microwaves in the periods of 0, 2, 4, 5 and 6 minutes, without going through the cleaning procedure previously. Finally, in the procedure for sterilization 3, the test specimens were cleaned with steel sponge in water, packed and submitted to irradiation according to the anterior method. The sterilization was obtained both in procedure 1, in the period of 1 minute, and in procedure 3, in the period of 6 minutes. Therefore, we could conclude that ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Orientador: Regina Helena Barbosa Tavares da Silva / Banca: Alma Blásida Concepción Elizaur Benitez / Banca: Antonio Carlos Pizzolitto / Resumo: Tendo em vista a importância e necessidade de esterilização dos instrumentos cortantes rotatórios usados em odontologia, associada à indispensável agilidade nos atendimentos e, considerando ainda, a escassez de publicações atuais voltadas para este tema, julgou-se válida a preocupação em estudar a efetividade do método de esterilização através da energia por microondas em pontas diamantadas. Para tal, oitenta e uma pontas diamantadas foram contaminadas em uma suspensão bacteriana formada por bactérias pertencentes ao meio bucal (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophillus, Actinomyces viscosus, Enterococcus faecalis e Bacillus subtilis), divididas em três diferentes grupos e submetidas à irradiação por microondas em forno de microondas doméstico na potência máxima (800 W). Os grupos foram diferenciados entre si conforme o método de acondicionamento dos corpos-de-prova (2) e o procedimento para esterilização (3). No Procedimento de esterilização P1, os corpos-de-prova foram limpos com esponja de aço em água corrente, acondicionados em placas de Petri contendo 40 mL de água e submetidos à irradiação por microondas nos períodos de 0, 1, 2 e 3 minutos. No Procedimento de esterilização P2, os corpos-de-prova foram envolvidos em folha de poliéster, acondicionados em envelopes para esterilização e expostos à energia por microondas nos períodos de 0, 2, 4, 5 e 6 minutos, sem sofrerem previamente o procedimento de limpeza. E no Procedimento de esterilização P3, os corpos-de-prova foram limpos com esponja de aço em água corrente, acondicionados e submetidos à irradiação conforme o método anterior. A esterilização foi obtida tanto no Procedimento P1, no período de um minuto, quanto no Procedimento P3, no período de 6 minutos. Portanto, pudemos concluir...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Concerning the importance and the need for sterilization of the rotary cutting instruments used in dentistry, associated to the indispensable agility in the appointments and, considering also the scarceness of updated publications in regard to this theme, the preoccupation in studying the effectiveness of the sterilization method by the energy of microwaves in diamond burs was judged valid. To perform such study, eighty-one diamond burs were contaminated in a bacterial suspension formed by bacteria which belong to the oral environment (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophillus, Actinomyces viscosus, Enterococcus faecalis e Bacillus subtilis), divided in three different groups and submitted to irradiation by microwaves in a domestic microwave oven on maximum power (800 W). The groups were discriminated according to the method of packing of the specimens (2) and the procedure for sterilization (3). In the procedure for sterilization 1, the specimens were cleaned with steel sponge in water, packed in Petri dishes containing 40 mL of water and submitted to irradiation by microwaves in the periods of 0, 1, 2 and 3 minutes. In the procedure for sterilization 2, the test specimens were wrapped in a polyester sheet, packed in envelopes for sterilization and exposed to energy by microwaves in the periods of 0, 2, 4, 5 and 6 minutes, without going through the cleaning procedure previously. Finally, in the procedure for sterilization 3, the test specimens were cleaned with steel sponge in water, packed and submitted to irradiation according to the anterior method. The sterilization was obtained both in procedure 1, in the period of 1 minute, and in procedure 3, in the period of 6 minutes. Therefore, we could conclude that ...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Mestre

Les amibes appartenant au genre Acanthamoeba sont ubiquitaires et responsables de diverses infections, en particulier de kératite amibienne. Par ailleurs elles sont résistantes à de nombreux traitements de désinfection, aussi bien sous leur forme libre (trophozoite) que sous leur forme enkystée. La plupart des données d’efficacité disponibles ont évalué des biocides utilisés pour la désinfection de l’eau potable et/ou des lentilles de contact, mais peu de données sont disponibles concernant le traitement des surfaces ou des matériels médicaux. Ces amibes sont également capables de servir de réservoir à des bactéries pathogènes, notamment des nouvelles espèces de Chlamydia regroupées sous le terme « Chlamydia-like ». Il s’agit de bactéries découvertes récemment et potentiellement responsables d’infections respiratoires et d’avortements spontanés. Malgré leur importance, peu de données sont disponibles concernant la survie et la résistance aux biocides de ces bactéries. L’objectif de ce travail a été dans un premier temps d’évaluer la résistance des amibes aux traitements de désinfections, aussi bien pour les trophozoites que pour les kystes. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié la survie et la résistance des Chlamydia-like à la désinfection, ainsi que leurs interactions avec les amibes et avec différentes lignées cellulaires ; Chlamydia trachomatis a servi de contrôle dans cette deuxième série d’expérimentations. Les méthodes de culture et d’enkystement des trophozoites ainsi que le choix des souches testées se sont avérés critiques pour l’évaluation des biocides. Certains traitements de désinfection généralement réputés efficaces contre la plupart des micro-organismes ont montré une efficacité limitée vis-à-vis des kystes amibiens ainsi que des trophozoites (glutaraldehyde). Les Chlamydia-like se sont avérées capables de survivre dans l’environnement pendant de longues périodes mais sont globalement sensibles aux désinfectants. Certaines de ces bactéries sont également capables de survivre dans les kystes d’amibes, ce qui peut leur conférer une résistance accrue vis-à-vis des biocides. / Acanthamoebae are ubiquitous amoebae responsible for several infections, mostly amoebic keratitis. They are also resistant to numerous disinfection treatments, as well under their free shape (trophozoite ) as under their encysted shape. Most of the available data of efficiency estimated biocides used for the disinfection of the drinking water and\or the contact lenses, but few data are available concerning the treatment of surfaces or medical devices. These amoebae are also capable of serving as reservoir for pathogenic bacteria, in particular for new species of Chlamydia named " Chlamydia-like ". These new bacteria recently discovered are potentially responsible for respiratory infections and miscarriages. Despite their importance, only few data are available concerning the survival and the resistance to biocides. The objective of this work was at first time to evaluate the resistance of amoebae to disinfection treatments, as well for the trophozoites as for the cysts. Secondly, we studied the survival and the resistance of Chlamydia-like to disinfection, as well as their interactions with amoebae and with various cellular lineages; Chlamydia trachomatis served as control in this second series of experiments. The methods of culture and encystement of trophozoites as well as the choice of selected strains turned out critical for the evaluation of biocides. Some treatments generally considered as effective treatments of disinfection against most of the microorganisms showed an efficiency limited towards the amoebic cysts as well as the trophozoites ( glutaraldehyde ). Chlamydia-like turned out capable of surviving in the environment during long periods but are globally sensitive to disinfectants. Some of these bacteria are also capable to surve in amoebal cysts, what can confer them a resistance increased towards biocides.