Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:57:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JAqueline_E_S_S_Santos.pdf: 6944561 bytes, checksum: 9d7bfbab5bae010487c7f90b801b357b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The conflicts in the conventional bus transport, as in the informal, regulated and supervised by the municipal government conceptualizes the geopolitics of transport. This research aims comprehend the geopolitical characteristics of public transport in Manaus in the 1990 - 2010 period, as well as recognize the geo-history of public transport considering urban sprawl, population growth and the need for movement that influenced the rise of informal transport. Thus, we sought to evaluate the government relationship with agents using the public transport system. Were analyzed historical aspects of public transport, where is permitted the entry of informality (the bus role) as the arrangements in the regionalization of the system. The results point to the tangled webs that makes public transportation due to the constant conflicts, because the modalities seek rely the government, with the regularization of the moto-taxi that creates uncertainty for the loss of passengers and taxi drivers. The impasse and the abidance of the executive transport, the dubious quality of the services offered by this transport alternative and the growth of the illegal buses and tricycles through the streets who claim their regularization forcing the government to accept. In conclusion, the conventional transport experiences a pressure point where the transport is increasingly informal with failures of the public transport system. Still, the fare increase is justified by "investments" in the purchase of new buses, but people wonder: Where is the new buses? No noticeable improvement proclaimed by the government leaves more and more complicated the condition of the people that depends on public transportation. However, the current situation allows us to look for other solutions that integrate with alternative transportation, such as the creation of bike paths and the use of river transport. Thus, with the same problems faced earlier, the public transport of Manaus assumes the responsibility to prepare itself for the World Cup Soccer in 2014 (Manaus is one of the cities who host the event), and devise a plan in "macro scale" for Manaus Metropolitan Region. / Os conflitos entre os agentes participantes do transporte convencional, permissionário e informal, regularizados e fiscalizados pelo poder público municipal configuram a geopolítica dos transportes. Esta pesquisa buscou compreender as características da geopolítica do transporte de passageiros em Manaus entre os anos de 1990 a 2010, bem como reconhecer a geohistória do transporte coletivo considerando a expansão urbana, o crescimento populacional e a necessidade de circulação que influenciaram para o recrudescimento do transporte informal. Assim, procurou-se avaliar a relação do poder público com os agentes desse tipo de transporte dentro do sistema. Para isso foram analisados aspectos históricos do transporte coletivo que facilitaram a entrada da informalidade (o papel do ônibus) e seus elementos que caracterizam suas modalidades na regionalização do sistema. Como resultados apontam-se o emaranhado de teias que formam o transporte coletivo devido os constantes conflitos entre seus agentes, pois as modalidades buscam prevalecer no sistema, com a regularização dos mototaxistas que gera insegurança pela perda de passageiros com os taxistas. O impasse a permanência dos Executivos, a duvidosa qualidade dos serviços oferecidos pelos Alternativos e o aparecimento/crescimento da atuação dos ônibus piratas e triciclos pelas ruas da cidade fazendo emergir do transporte informal essas categorias que reivindicam suas regularizações forçando o poder público a acatar. Concluindo, o transporte convencional vivencia um momento de pressão, onde o transporte informal está mais conectado as falhas do sistema de transporte. Ainda, o aumento da tarifa é justificado por investimentos na compra de novos ônibus, mas a população se pergunta: Cadê os novos ônibus? Não perceptível a melhoria proclamada pelo poder público com essa ação deixando cada vez mais complicado a condição das pessoas que dependem do transporte coletivo. No entanto, a atual situação permite procurar por outras soluções, alternativas que se integrem ao transporte coletivo, como a criação de ciclovias e a utilização do transporte fluvial. Assim, com os mesmos problemas enfrentados anteriormente, o transporte coletivo de Manaus ainda assume a responsabilidade de preparar o sistema para a Copa do Mundo de Futebol de 2014 (Manaus será uma das subsedes), além de idealizar um planejamento em escala macro por participar da Região Metropolitana.

The mobility of Palestinian residents of Jerusalem is usually understood in terms of exclusion, reflecting their lack of access to urban services more broadly as well as the restrictive mobility regime at work across the Palestinian territories. Yet after fifty years of Israeli occupation, a more complex and contradictory situation has emerged in the city. This dissertation uses mobility as a vehicle to arrive at a more integrated understanding of the paradoxical manner in which Palestinian Jerusalemites are simultaneously excluded from and incorporated into the city and to analyse how they negotiate their interstitial and often contradictory position. The thesis approaches the question of Palestinian quotidian movement by engaging with theoretical work on mobility and embodied movement as well as from empirical study including eight months of on-site research. In its three core sections, the work examines in detail several manifestations of the restriction, facilitation, and contested nature of mobility. In the first section, a discussion of Palestinian exclaves and enclaves of the city shows the continuities of mobility’s exclusionary effects on both sides of the Separation Wall. This limitation of movement leads to a restriction of spatio-political possibilities – but at the same time, Palestinians expand the horizon of what is possible through everyday and leisure practices. The second section employs two case studies of recent public transport developments in East Jerusalem to examine how incorporation is operationalised through everyday movements across urban space. The third section analyses the paradoxical role of mobility as the result of a tension between the settler colonial and the neoliberal logics concurrently at work in the city. On the one hand, the restriction of movement gradually renders the Palestinians as external to their city. On the other, the facilitation and regulation of mobility in East Jerusalem also serves to normalise Israeli rule and constitute Palestinians as incorporated urban residents, thereby undermining long-term aspirations for autonomy in the east of the city. The examination of the manner in which mobilities are contested in Jerusalem shows that movement, although often associated with freedom and independence, is essential for negotiating the terms of interdependence in the city.

Les transports artisanaux servent souvent à combler un vide laissé par les transports publics (organisés par l’État) dans les pays du Sud global. En prenant le cas de Hanoi (Vietnam), ce mémoire aborde le rôle de la mototaxi dans les habitudes de mobilité, ainsi que son potentiel à agir comme complément modal au transport public actuel et à venir. Cette recherche met en exergue la relation entre transport public et mototaxi, basée sur des observations directes, des entretiens et une enquête auprès d’usagers du transport public. On y découvre que les usagers du transport public ne les intègrent que sporadiquement à leurs pratiques intermodales et multimodales, en raison de prix trop élevés et de manquement à la sécurité. Parallèlement, des compagnies de mototaxi, récemment fondées et qui promettent des services plus sécuritaires et une tarification claire (grâce à l’utilisation de compteurs), prospèrent à Hanoi, alors que les mototaxis indépendantes voient leur clientèle diminuer. Ces compagnies doivent leur succès à leur capacité à offrir des services bien adaptés aux conditions locales (rues étroites, circulation dense, etc.) et aux besoins des hanoiens (en terme de sécurité, notamment) et ouvrent de nouvelles opportunités dans les pratiques intermodales et multimodales. / Informal transport often fill a gap left unfilled by formal transport in many cities of the Global South. Using the case of Hanoi (Vietnam), this thesis explores the role played by mototaxis in the urban mobility behaviors as well as its potential to complement formal public transit. This research sheds light on the relationship between public transit (formal) and mototaxi (informal), based on direct observations, interviews and a transit user survey. We find that public transit users only sporadically integrate them in intermodal and multimodal journeys. This is due to negative perceptions regarding safety and cost of mototaxi services and feelings of being swindled on the price. We further find that as freelance mototaxi drivers are seeing their market decrease, newly established mototaxi companies (promising safer services and using meters) thrive in Hanoi. These companies’ success (with both transit and non-transit users) is due to their ability to offer a service well adapted to local conditions (narrow streets, traffic jams, etc.) and to users’ needs with regard to mobility and safety. This innovation in informal transport calls for greater attention from planners and policy makers as is opens new opportunities to encourage intermodal and multimodal behaviours.

Dans le contexte actuel d'urgence environnementale, la consommation de carburant dans le secteur du transport routier, vu son impact négatif sur l'environnement et son rôle socioéconomique, doit évoluer dans une logique de durabilité. Nous initions notre travail de thèse par une approche comparative de 90 pays quant à leur intensité énergétique et leur intensité de CO2 dans le transport routier durant la période 1980-2010. En calculant le coefficient de Theil, nos résultats empiriques mettent en évidence l'existence d'une disparité spatiale et temporelle. En 2010, la Tunisie occupe le 48ème rang et le 38ème rang, respectivement en terme d'efficiences énergétique et environnementale. Elle a une performance énergétique moyenne tout en occupant le 34ème rang selon l'indice général de performance énergétique. Dans une deuxième partie, nous adoptions la démarche de modélisation conceptuelle dont l'objectif est la construction des indicateurs du transport routier énergétique durable. La définition d'un tel indicateur économique est confronté au problème de mesure de la valeur ajoutée réelle de ce secteur du transport. Par l'intermédiaire de l'approche de filtre de Kalman, nous pouvons conclure que la valeur ajoutée de transport informel est d'environ 61% de total de valeur ajoutée de secteur de transport durant la période 1980-2010 en Tunisie. Enfin, nous procédons à une modélisation économétrique des interactions entre les indicateurs de transport routier énergétiquement durable en Tunisie. L'étude de la dynamique des relations causales entre la consommation du carburant dans le transport routier, les émissions de CO2 dus au secteur de transport, la valeur ajoutée réelle de secteur du transport, le prix moyen du carburant, la longueur de l'infrastructure routière et le taux de motorisation se base sur la technique de cointégration de Johansen et le modèle de la Courbe Environnementale de Kuznets (CEK). Les résultats empiriques confirment, d'une part, l'hypothèse de neutralité entre la consommation de carburant et la valeur ajoutée réelle de secteur de transport et, d'autre part, l'hypothèse de CEK stipulant une relation en U-inversée entre les émissions de CO2 et la croissance économique du secteur du transport. Aussi, nous mettons en exergue une relation de causalité unidirectionnelle au sens de Granger allant de prix de carburant vers la consommation du carburant à court terme. Dans ce sens, en utilisant la technique de décomposition de prix, les résultats infirment l'hypothèse d'asymétrie de l'effet de prix sur la consommation de carburant. Avec la prise en compte de facteur technologique, nous estimons l'effet de rebond à l'ordre de 18% à court terme et 51% à long terme. En termes d'implications politiques, ce travail de thèse montre l'importance d'adopter des politiques publiques transversales où la question énergétique du transport routier est résolue en adéquation avec l'offre infrastructurel, la politique de prix de carburant, le droit à la mobilité individuelle et la protection de l'environnement. Une combinaison optimale entre divers instruments fiscal, économique et de régulation parait la meilleure stratégie pour atteindre un tel objectif. Le rôle de la gouvernance énergétique est central pour concevoir et opérationnaliser toute politique de transport routier énergétiquement durable. / As global concern about climate increases, road transport energy consumption, given its impact on the environment and its socio-economic role, must evolve to sustainability logic. First, the present work provides an international comparison of the energy intensity and the CO2 intensity in road transport for a group of 90 countries oer the period 1980-2010. Through the calculated Theil coefficient, our empirical findings highlight the existence of spatial and temporal disparities between coustries. In 2010, Tunisia occupies the 48th and the 38th rank respectively in terms of energy and environmental efficiency.Based on a general index of energy performance in the road transport sector, it is deemed to have a medium energy performance by occupying the 34th rank. Secondly, through the adoption of conceptual modeling approach, several indicators for sustainable energy development in road transport sector are constructed. To measure the real transport value added, we used filter Kalman approach. We denote that the informal transport value added is about 61% during the period 1980-2010.Finally, this thesis studies causal mechanisms between indicators for sustainable energy development related to energy consumption from Tunisian road transport sector. The investigation is made using the Johansen cointegration technique and the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) approach. It examines the nexus between real transport value added , road transport-related energy consumption, road infrastructure, fuel price, rate of motorization and CO2 emissions from Tunisian transport sector during the same period. Empirical results support the hypothesis of neutrality between energy and income for Tunisian road transport sector, and the hypothesis of an inverted U-shaped EKC for transport CO2 emissions. Also, there is a unidirectional Granger causality running from fuel price to road transport-related energy consumption with no feedback in the short run. In this sense, using price decomposition technique, we refute asymmetric fuel price effect hypothesis. By the introducing of the technological factor, the rebound effect is about 18% in the short run and 51% in the long run. The study shows the importance if enhancing a number of policies for the road transport system through the joint improvement of the fuel price policy, of the road infrastructure policy and of the road vehicles policy. The optimal combination of fiscal, economic and regulatory instruments is the main strategy to achieve these objectives. The energetic governance is necessary in order to maintain sustainable energy road transport.