Durante los últimos años, el sector automotriz ha tenido muchas falencias especialmente con el incremento de la informalidad en el mercado de autopartes, generando mucha desconfianza por parte de los usuarios y promoviendo el mercado negro en el Perú, obteniendo un rechazo por parte de los inversionistas por incursionar e incrementar las ventas de autopartes en nuestro país. Lo que buscamos con este proyecto es poder hacer atractivo el modelo de negocio formal de autopartes en el Perú por medio de una sofisticada integración de red de proveedores a nivel nacional para satisfacer las necesidades de una demanda mal atendida. Cars&Parts es una plataforma digital que se puede utilizar desde un Smartphone o una computadora, en donde podrás buscar el autoparte o repuesto de la marca que necesites. Ayudamos a los usuarios a ahorrar tiempo y dinero, brindando productos de calidad con el mejor servicio especializado en el rubro automotriz. Nuestros clientes podrán navegar y buscar sus repuestos en nuestras 10 categorías o por las tiendas oficiales que se encuentran en nuestro Marketplace. La conclusión de nuestro trabajo de investigación es que el modelo de negocio Cars&Parts es sostenible y especialmente rentable, todo esto se comprueba a lo largo este proyecto. / During the last years, the automotive sector has had many shortcomings, especially with the increase in informality in the autoparts market, generating a lot of distrust on the part of users and promoting the black market in Peru, obtaining a rejection from investors. for entering and increasing auto parts sales in our country. What we are looking for with this project is to be able to make the formal auto parts business model in Peru attractive by means of a sophisticated integration of the supplier network at the national level to satisfy the needs of a poorly attended demand. Cars & Parts is a digital platform that can be used from a smartphone or a computer, where you can search for the auto part or replacement of the brand you need. We help users save time and money, providing quality products with the best specialized service in the automotive field. Our customers can browse and search for their parts in our 10 categories or through the official stores found in our marketplace. The conclusion of our research work is that the Cars&Parts business model is sustainable and especially profitable, all this is verified throughout this project. / Trabajo de investigación

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Housing affordability is an enduring issue globally. Disproportionately affected by this trend are renters: those households who do not own their primary dwelling. Rather than being a transitionary phase – a stepping stone to homeownership – as in decades past; renting is becoming a permanent, and often financially draining, state for many households. Housing affordability is significant to the lives of renters, as renters overwhelmingly spend more of their income, as a proportion, on housing than homeowners do. In Canada, renters are not eligible for many wealth subsidies that homeowners enjoy (i.e., the exclusion of capital gains tax on the sale of primary residence), have less autonomy over their living space, and less security of tenure. These concerns, combined with aging multi-unit rental stock, disinvestment of governments from social housing funding, and a funneling of private funds towards condominium developments, has left those in the rental market with increasingly fewer housing options. This dissertation seeks to explore how households renting in the low-cost segment of the housing market gain access to housing and why they move. Special emphasis is placed on the nom-purpose built market, and a tool for better enumerating otherwise undocumented housing units is proposed. Findings suggest that previously undocumented, secondary units play a significant role in local housing markets, particularly within dense 19th century neighbourhoods with good access to amenities and transit. The dissertation also suggests that the social milieu of participants’ lives, including relationships with landlords and property managers, highly influences decisions to move. Lastly, the research finds that informal agreements, as well as units, characterizes entry and habitation of many units within the low-cost segment of the housing market. This dissertation contributes to the field of knowledge on residential mobility and housing geographies by exploring two primarily unexamined areas of local housing markets: informal units and informal agreements. / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy / This dissertation examines the role of the private sector in housing individuals living in the low-cost segment of the rental market. Emphasis is placed on non-purpose built rentals and how they contribute to the larger function of local housing provision. Hamilton, Ontario is used as a case-study in all three papers that comprise the thesis. Findings are largely derived from a novel field enumeration technique and qualitative interviews with tenants. Taken together, results from the three papers indicate that the non-purpose built market plays a non-negligible role in providing affordable housing options to tenant households. The presented findings also suggest that amateur landlords and informal rental arrangements highly influence the form and function of low-cost rental units. Lastly, the papers suggest that highly mobile tenant populations are considerably affected by social milieu in the selection of housing units and intra-urban mobility decisions.

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Syftet med denna uppsats är att granska två podcaster, en med enbart män och en med enbart kvinnor. Genom en kritisk textanalys på C/O Hannah och Amanda, samt Alex och Sigges podcast, ser vi hur femininitet och maskulinitet manifesteras i respektive podcast. Parallellt med våra observationer i språket jämför vi med tidigare populärkulturell forskning på medier, samt forskning kring femininitet och maskulinitet. Vårt hopp med detta är att kunna se huruvida podcasten, som är hyllat som ett fritt medium, är en plattform för nytänkande eller bakåtsträvande ideal. I vår analys visar vi bland annat hur programledarna använder sitt kön som ett uppträdande. Vi visar exempel på hur de producerar nya, men också bryter, genusmönster, samt lyfter fram hur de i språket visar en medvetenhet som de inte alltid agerar utefter. Vi problematiserar hur språkbruket i podcasten kan ligga till grund för ideal och normer som mottagaren anammar, samt återkopplar till vårt teoretiska ramverk. / The purpose of this paper is to study two podcasts, one with only men, and one with only women. By doing a critical text analysis of C/O Hannah and Amanda, and Alex’s and Sigge’s podcast, we study how femininity and masculinity are manifested in the podcasts. Parallel to our observations of the language, we compare our results to earlier research of popular cultural studies of media. We aim to see how the podcast, acclaimed to be a free medium, is a possible platform for new thinking or retrogressive values. In our analysis, we give examples of how the podcast hosts use their gender as a performance. We give examples of how they produce new, but also break, habits of gender patterns, and how they seem to be conscious about their choice of words, but not always implement this knowledge in their language. We problematize how the podcast language may make ground for values and norms for the receiver to adopt, and resubmit to our theoretical framework.

Située dans les Andes sud-centrales du Pérou, la ville d’Ayacucho a connu une expansion urbaine accélérée à partir des années 1950, nourrie par l’arrivée massive de migrants andins originaires des districts ruraux de la région. Aujourd’hui peuplée de plus de 151.000 habitants, elle apparaît comme un ensemble de quartiers agglomérés autour du centre historique colonial. La très grande majorité de ces quartiers est le résultat d’une invasion collective de terrains organisée par les migrants. Ce travail analyse les processus de formation et les modalités du fonctionnement quotidien de ces quartiers. Il montre comment, pour les fonder et assurer leur pérennité, les migrants ont reproduit les structures et les mécanismes sociaux andins traditionnels en les accommodant au milieu urbain. L’objectif de cette étude est de montrer comment ces migrants ont ainsi inventé une culture andine urbaine. Ces quartiers qu’ils ont construits constituent en effet une transposition en milieu urbain de la « comunidad » andine, généralement considérée comme une institution rurale. / Located in the south-central Andes of Peru, the city of Ayacucho underwent an accelerated urbanization process from the 1950’s, nourished by the massive arrival of immigrants from the Andean rural districts of the area. Peopled today with more than 151.000 inhabitants, it appears like a conglomerate of settlements gathered around the historical colonial centre of the city. A large majority of these settlements is the result of collective lands invasions organized by the immigrants. This work analyses the formation process and daily functioning of these settlements. It shows how, to found them and ensure their permanence, the immigrants reproduced the traditional Andean social structures and mechanisms, adapting them to the urban context. The objective of this study is to show that, by doing so, these immigrants invented an urban Andean culture. Those settlements they built are indeed a transposition in the urban environment of the Andean “comunidad”, generally considered a rural institution.

Over the last decade, and particularly the last five years, state officials in Ghana’s capital city, Accra, have intensified their resolve to ‘modernize’ the city and make it a competitive destination for global investments. In the same period, exercises by city authorities to remove or at least suppress practices of ordinary residents in the informal sector have become more frequent and intensified. Groups such as street hawkers, market women, and slum dwellers have become the main target of periodic ‘decongestion exercises’. In this dissertation I investigate how the policies and practices associated with the ‘globalizing’ and ‘modernizing’ ambition of the state intersect with the interests of the majority of urban residents whose everyday social and economic practices are concentrated in the informal sector, a sector deemed to be deleterious to the desired image for the city. I argue that contemporary city-making in Ghana is driven mainly by a combination of economic, nationalist and individual interests. In examining how cultural and social locations such as gender and ethnicity mediate the relationship between the state and residents, I demonstrate how contemporary forms of neoliberal urban governance shape, and are being shaped by, the unique historical, cultural and developmental dynamics of African cities. / Thesis (Ph.D, Geography) -- Queen's University, 2013-11-06 15:09:39.653

In this thesis I explore three topics in labour economics, using micro data from South Africa and Tanzania. South Africa suffers from extremely high income inequality, in part as a result of comprehensive Apartheid-era racial discrimination. The first topic explores possible explanations for the extremely large earnings differences across different types of employment for black South Africans, using the KwaZulu-Natal Income Dynamics Study data. I analyse the relative importance of individual ability and institutions, including public sector wage setting and trade unions, in determining earnings. My results suggest that human capital explains much of the earnings differentials within the private sector, including union premiums, but cannot explain the large premiums for public sector workers. Self-employment is very common in urban Tanzania but, unlike South Africa, survey data show that there are large overlaps in the distribution of earnings in private wage employment and self-employment. This suggests that self-employment represents a viable alternative to wage employment in small, low productivity firms for the majority of urban Tanzanians. In chapter three I build an equilibrium search model of the urban Tanzanian labour market to explain the choice of wage and self-employment and the variation in earnings across and within these sectors. In the final topic I explore the effect of education on earnings in Tanzania. Estimating the returns to education has stimulated much recent work in applied econometrics as researchers advance their understanding of the effect of individual heterogeneity on the possibility of estimating the returns to education. In my attempt to purge estimates of the return to education of the influence of individual heterogeneity, I use an education reform in Tanzania as a natural experiment that provides exogenous variation in education. When using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) I find high and strongly convex, increasing returns to education. My best attempt at separating out the effect of individual heterogeneity suggests that returns are still high but that they may actually be concave.

Este trabajo de investigación tiene como título “Impacto de la informalidad del sector comercial del Damero A en el Emporio de Gamarra en la recaudación tributaria peruana respecto al impuesto a la renta de 2017”. Esta investigación pretende identificar cuál es el impacto de la informalidad en la recaudación tributaria respecto a impuesto a la renta en Gamarra. La informalidad es uno de los muchos factores que causa la disminución tributaria por ello se eligió el emporio Gamarra. El Emporio Gamarra es conocido por su alto grado de comercialización y por su nivel de informalidad. En cuanto a recaudación tributaria, esta se divide en lo que son impuestos, contribuciones y tasas. Entre todos los impuestos los más recaudados por Sunat son: el Impuesto a la renta (IR) y el Impuesto General a la ventas (IGV). Sin embargo, en el 2017 el IR tendió a disminuir. La metodología de este trabajo es mixta, puesto que se han realizado análisis cuantitativos y cualitativos. Para la investigación cualitativa se utilizó la recolección y análisis de datos, por ello se realizaron entrevistas a expertos tributarios de las auditoras y estudio de abogados más importantes del país. Asimismo, se entrevistaron a expertos del sector, específicamente,a representantes del Gremio “La coordinadora de Empresarios de Gamarra” uno de los más importantes del emporio. Con ello se pudo obtener una visión más completa y clara de cómo se manejan los negocios, informalidad y recaudación.Para la investigación cualitativa se realizaron encuestas a empresas del sector comercial del Damero A de Gamarra. / This research work have as tittle “Impact of the informal sector of the commercial sector of Damero A in the Emporium of Gamarra in the Peruvian tax collection with respect to the income tax of 2017”. This research aims to identify which is the impact of the informality in the tax collection with respect to income tax in Gamarra. The informality is one of the many factors that cause the tax decrease for which the Gamarra emporium was chosen. The Gamarra emporium it’s known for its high grade of commercialization and informality level. Regarding tax collection, this is divided into what are taxes, contributions and fees. Between taxes, the most collected for Sunat are the income tax(IR/IT) and the General tax for sells(IGV/GTS). However, in 2017 the IR tended to decrease. The methodology of this work is mixed, the quantitative and qualitative analysis has been carried out. For the qualitative investigation it was used the collection and analysis of data, for that reason we made the interview to tax experts from the audit and study of lawyers most important of the country. Likewise, they interview to the expert of the sector, specifically, the representants of the guild “The business coordinator of Gamarra” one of the most important of the emporium. With this, it was possible to obtain a vision more complex and clear of how do they manage the business there doing them also questions about the informality and collection. For the investigation qualitative we made interviews to companies of the commercial sector of the Damero A of Gamarra. / Tesis