Abstract The removal of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) from water supplies is crucial for the provision of clean, safe drinking water. Lab-scale experiments have been extensively utilized in water treatment facilities to optimize this process. The most used lab-scale method is known as jar test. However, with emerging membrane filtration, lab-scale inline coagulation has been recently utilized to mimic the inline coagulation over membrane filtration in water treatment plants (WTPs).     This study aims to compare the jar test with inline coagulation micro pilot methods from different aspects, including the NOM removal, time, and cost needed for each process. Three case studies were conducted using different water sources in Sweden: Katrineholm, Mälaren, and Mjörn.     In the experiments conducted to find the optimal NOM removal condition, the inline coagulation micro pilot method outperforms the jar test in terms of removal efficiency. In the Katrineholm case, the micro pilot method with a coagulant dosage of 4.5mg/l Al at pH 6.7 achieved removal efficiencies of 63% for fluorescent dissolved organic matter (fDOM), whereas the jar test showed 60% for fDOM but with a significantly higher coagulant dosage (7mg/l) . In the Mälaren case, the micro pilot method using a dosage of 2.5mg/l Al at pH 6.4 yielded removal efficiencies of 62% for UV254, absorbing organic matter and the jar test showed almost the same removal (64%) for UV254 but with a significantly higher coagulant dosage. Finally, in the Mjörn case, the micro pilot method with a coagulant dosage of 3.5mg/l Al at a pH of 6.6 resulted in removal efficiencies of 76% for UV254, the jar test also resulted in 76% for UV254 at the same pH level.     While the micro pilot method showed better removal efficiencies, it consumed more chemicals compared to the jar test. The micro pilot experiments required higher volumes of coagulant and additional chemical backwashing after each set of experiments. In contrast, the jar test method used lesser quantities of coagulant and chemicals due to the smaller scale of the experiments.     The findings of this study highlight the superiority of the inline coagulation micro pilot method over the jar test for optimizing NOM removal in water treatment processes. Despite the jar test being quicker and more cost-effective, it often required higher coagulant dosages to achieve comparable results. This was mainly because jar test demands heavy and large enough flocs to be removed from the water. Conversely, the micro pilot method, although more time-consuming and costly, provided more precise coagulant dosage control, resulted in higher removal efficiencies, and offered a more comprehensive understanding of the coagulation process. This is achieved by using a sensor called EXO sensor, which allows for immediate monitoring of the treatment results.

In dieser Arbeit werden Methoden für die Inline-Überwachung umgeformter Blechteile mittels 2D-Bildverarbeitung entwickelt und deren Sensitivität hinsichtlich der Erkennung von Bauteilfehlern sowie deren Robustheit gegenüber den im Presswerk vorherrschenden lage-, umgebungs- und prozessbedingten Störeinflüssen untersucht. Um ein breites Spektrum möglicher Störeinflüsse abdecken zu können, wird ein repräsentativer Bauteiltyp ausgewählt. Dabei handelt es sich um ein PKW-Türinnenblech. Zur flächendeckenden Erfassung des ausgewählten Bauteiltyps wird ein Versuchsstand in Form eines über dem Auslaufband befindlichen Mehrkamerasystems in eine Pressenstraße integriert. Unter Berücksichtigung von Störeinflüssen werden die Methoden der nachbarschafts- und intensitätsbasierten Detektion systematisch erarbeitet. Beide Methoden basieren auf dem Prinzip der Anomaliedetektion, um die Erkennung neu auftretender Fehlervarianten zu ermöglichen. Als Datenbasis für die Evaluierung der Methoden dienen die mittels Versuchsstand aufgezeichneten Bilder von Bauteilen des ausgewählten Typs aus verschiedenen Produktionschargen.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Formelzeichen 1 Einleitung 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Verfolgter Lösungsansatz und Eingrenzung der Arbeit 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit 2 Grundlagen und Stand der Technik 2.1 Grundlagen zur Klassifizierung von Qualitätsfehlern 2.2 Grundlagen zu Anforderungen an Inline-Überwachungssysteme 2.3 Bestehende Verfahren zur optischen Überwachung mittels 3D-Formerfassung 2.3.1 Lichtschnittverfahren 2.3.2 Streifenprojektion und andere Methoden der strukturierten Beleuchtung 2.4 Grundlagen zur optischen Überwachung mittels 2D-Bildverarbeitung 2.4.1 Rechnergestützte Repräsentation von Bildern 2.4.2 Geometrische Transformationen von Bildern und Bildähnlichkeit 2.4.3 Bildakquisition und Beschreibung von Kameras 2.4.4 Beleuchtungsanordnungen 2.4.5 Zusammenspiel von Beleuchtung und Bildverarbeitung 2.5 Bestehende Verfahren zur optischen Überwachung mittels 2D Bildverarbeitung 2.5.1 Systeme mit bewegter Kamera 2.5.2 Systeme mit stationären Kameras 2.5.3 Lösungsansätze für verwandte Problemstellungen 2.6 Bestehende Verfahren zur Inline-Überwachung basierend auf weiteren Prinzipien 2.7 Fazit 3 Zielstellung 4 Anforderungsanalyse und Konzeptentwicklung 4.1 Testumgebung und Bauteilauswahl 4.2 Anforderungsanalyse 4.2.1 Sensitivität der Detektion von Bauteilfehlern 4.2.2 Robustheit der Inline-Überwachung 4.2.3 Inline-Fähigkeit, Skalierbarkeit und Transparenz 4.3 Versuchsstand 4.4 Aufbau der Datenbasis 4.5 Konzept für die Inline-Überwachung 4.6 Zusammenfassung 5 Methoden zur Vorverarbeitung 5.1 Kompensation von Lageabweichungen 5.1.1 Definition Lagevariation und -abweichung 5.1.2 Bildverarbeitungstechnische Repräsentation der Soll-Lage 5.1.3 Vorüberlegungen zur Lagekompensation 5.1.4 Eignung von Bildregistrierungsverfahren 5.1.5 Evaluierung und Optimierung 5.2 Vordergrund-/Hintergrundtrennung 5.2.1 Herausforderungen bei der V/H-Trennung 5.2.2 Lösungsansatz für die V/H-Trennung 5.2.3 Evaluierung der eingeschränkten V/H-Trennung 5.2.4 Vollständige V/H-Trennung 5.3 Zusammenfassung 6 Fehlererkennung mittels Anomaliedetektion 6.1 Lernprinzip und Umsetzung als Online-Algorithmus 6.2 Intensitätsbasierte Detektion 6.2.1 Verfahrensbeschreibung 6.2.2 Analyse des Verfahrens 6.3 Nachbarschaftsbasierte Detektion 6.3.1 Verfahrensbeschreibung 6.3.2 Analyse des Verfahrens 6.4 Zusammenfassung 7 Evaluierung und Optimierung 7.1 Versuchsvorbereitung 7.2 Optimierung von Parametern 7.3 Statistische Auswertung 7.4 Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Literaturverzeichnis Anhang Anhang A Komponenten des Versuchsstandes und deren Interaktion Anhang B OpenCV-Methoden für die merkmalsbasierte Registrierung Anhang C Implementierung von ECC unter Nutzung von OpenCV Anhang D Parameter für die Evaluierung der Bildregistrierung Anhang E Beispielrechnung für mehrstufiges ECC-Verfahren Anhang F Algorithmen

In the first part of this dissertation, the phenomenon of self-sustained pressure os-cillations due to the flow past a circular, axisymmetric cavity, associated with inline gate valves, was investigated. In many engineering applications, such as flows through open gate valves, there exists potential for coupling between the vortex shedding from the up-stream edge of the cavity and a diametral mode of the acoustic pressure fluctuations. The effects of the internal pipe geometry immediately upstream and downstream of the shal-low cavity on the characteristics of partially trapped diametral acoustic modes were in-vestigated numerically and experimentally on a scaled model of a gate valve mounted in a pipeline that contained convergence-divergence sections in the vicinity of the valve. The resonant response of the system corresponded to the second acoustic diametral mode of the cavity. Excitation of the dominant acoustic mode was accompanied by pressure oscillations, and, in addition to that, as the angle of the converging-diverging section of the main pipeline in the vicinity of the cavity increased, the trapped behavior of the acoustic diametral modes diminished, and additional antinodes of the acoustic pressure wave were observed in the main pipeline. In addition to that, the effect of shallow chamfers, introduced at the upstream and/or downstream cavity edges, was investigated in the experimental system that con-tained a deep, circular, axisymmetric cavity. Through the measurements of unsteady pressure and associated acoustic mode shapes, which were calculated numerically for several representative cases of the internal cavity geometry, it was possible to identify the configuration that corresponded to the most efficient noise suppression. This arrangement also allowed calculation of the azimuthal orientation of the acoustic modes, which were classified as stationary, partially spinning or spinning. Introduction of shallow chamfers at the upstream and the downstream edges of the cavity resulted in changes of azimuthal orientation and spinning behaviour of the acoustic modes. In addition, introduction of splitter plates in the cavity led to pronounced change in the spatial orientation and the spinning behaviour of the acoustic modes. The short splitter plates changed the behaviour of the dominant acoustic modes from partially spinning to stationary, while the long split-ter plates enforced the stationary behaviour across all resonant acoustic modes. Finally, the evolution of fully turbulent, acoustically coupled shear layers that form across deep, axisymmetric cavities and the effects of geometric modifications of the cavity edges on the separated flow structure were investigated using digital particle image velocimetry (PIV). Instantaneous, time- and phase-averaged patterns of vorticity pro-vided insight into the flow physics during flow tone generation and noise suppression by the geometric modifications. In particular, the first mode of the shear layer oscillations was significantly affected by shallow chamfers located at the upstream and, to a lesser degree, the downstream edges of the cavity. In the second part of the dissertation, the performance of aortic heart valve pros-thesis was assessed in geometries of the aortic root associated with certain types of valve diseases, such as aortic valve stenosis and aortic valve insufficiency. The control case that corresponds to the aortic root of a patient without valve disease was used as a reference. By varying the aortic root geometry, it was possible to investigate corresponding changes in the levels of Reynolds shear stress and establish the possibility of platelet activation and, as a result of that, the formation of blood clots. / Graduate / 0541 / 0546 / 0548 / 0986 / alexbn024@gmail.com

In the first part of this dissertation, the phenomenon of self-sustained pressure os-cillations due to the flow past a circular, axisymmetric cavity, associated with inline gate valves, was investigated. In many engineering applications, such as flows through open gate valves, there exists potential for coupling between the vortex shedding from the up-stream edge of the cavity and a diametral mode of the acoustic pressure fluctuations. The effects of the internal pipe geometry immediately upstream and downstream of the shal-low cavity on the characteristics of partially trapped diametral acoustic modes were in-vestigated numerically and experimentally on a scaled model of a gate valve mounted in a pipeline that contained convergence-divergence sections in the vicinity of the valve. The resonant response of the system corresponded to the second acoustic diametral mode of the cavity. Excitation of the dominant acoustic mode was accompanied by pressure oscillations, and, in addition to that, as the angle of the converging-diverging section of the main pipeline in the vicinity of the cavity increased, the trapped behavior of the acoustic diametral modes diminished, and additional antinodes of the acoustic pressure wave were observed in the main pipeline. In addition to that, the effect of shallow chamfers, introduced at the upstream and/or downstream cavity edges, was investigated in the experimental system that con-tained a deep, circular, axisymmetric cavity. Through the measurements of unsteady pressure and associated acoustic mode shapes, which were calculated numerically for several representative cases of the internal cavity geometry, it was possible to identify the configuration that corresponded to the most efficient noise suppression. This arrangement also allowed calculation of the azimuthal orientation of the acoustic modes, which were classified as stationary, partially spinning or spinning. Introduction of shallow chamfers at the upstream and the downstream edges of the cavity resulted in changes of azimuthal orientation and spinning behaviour of the acoustic modes. In addition, introduction of splitter plates in the cavity led to pronounced change in the spatial orientation and the spinning behaviour of the acoustic modes. The short splitter plates changed the behaviour of the dominant acoustic modes from partially spinning to stationary, while the long split-ter plates enforced the stationary behaviour across all resonant acoustic modes. Finally, the evolution of fully turbulent, acoustically coupled shear layers that form across deep, axisymmetric cavities and the effects of geometric modifications of the cavity edges on the separated flow structure were investigated using digital particle image velocimetry (PIV). Instantaneous, time- and phase-averaged patterns of vorticity pro-vided insight into the flow physics during flow tone generation and noise suppression by the geometric modifications. In particular, the first mode of the shear layer oscillations was significantly affected by shallow chamfers located at the upstream and, to a lesser degree, the downstream edges of the cavity. In the second part of the dissertation, the performance of aortic heart valve pros-thesis was assessed in geometries of the aortic root associated with certain types of valve diseases, such as aortic valve stenosis and aortic valve insufficiency. The control case that corresponds to the aortic root of a patient without valve disease was used as a reference. By varying the aortic root geometry, it was possible to investigate corresponding changes in the levels of Reynolds shear stress and establish the possibility of platelet activation and, as a result of that, the formation of blood clots. / Graduate / 0541 / 0546 / 0548 / 0986 / alexbn024@gmail.com

In web forms, feedback can be provided to users at different points in time. This study investigates these three ways of providing feedback to find which results in the shortest completion time, which results in the lowest number of gaze revisits to input fields, and which type of feedback the users prefer. This was investigated through development of prototypes that were tested with 30 participants in a within-group design after which they were interviewed about their experiences. Providing feedback instantly or after form submission resulted in significantly shorter completion times than providing feedback after users left a field. Providing feedback instantly also resulted in significantly fewer revisits to input fields compared to providing feedback after leaving a field. Through a thematic analysis, users’ experiences were shown to be the most negative when given feedback after form submission, while the most positive experiences occurred when users were given feedback immediately. The results indicate that providing feedback immediately may be an equally good or better alternative to earlier research recommendations to provide feedback after form submission and that revisits to areas of interest may, with further research, be a measurement of optimal scanpath disruption.

The dissertation deals with non-motorized transport. Specifically, it focuses directly on the new non-motorized traffic sector, which is the riders of roller skates. Title of the dissertation The rules for designing roads for skaters were selected from the point of view of unresolved issues. The main goal of the dissertation is to enable the legislative inclusion of skaters as a separate group into the transport hierarchy so that they can gain space for their movement in the transport area. The result should be primarily a reduction in accidents and an increase in road safety for non-motorized vehicles. Other objectives of the thesis include the creation of design parameter tables for methodological instructions based on the analysis of the data obtained by measuring and determining the critical traffic intensity on existing roads. The dissertation summarizes the current issue of non-motorized transport, but especially the issue of skaters transport. It assesses the situation in the Czech Republic compared to the conditions abroad. It explains the physical patterns of the skater's movements, based on which the spatial demands on the used transport space are derived. The following is an overview of selected methods dealing with measurement and evaluation of transport speeds and intensities. Depending on the values found, rules are then created for designing the basic parameters of the skateboard trail network, which includes, for example, traffic sign design and construction requirements.

In those diploma thesis I engaged in design of mounting frame for mounting mtorcycle four-stroke inline combustion engine to dynamometric testing site. The goal is necessary mobility and versatility of the design. That mean the construction would be useful for other motorcycle engines.

Tato diplomová práce uvádí dynamiku klikového mechanismu šestiválcového řadového motoru za účelem návrhu klikového hřídele v CAD programu Pro/Engineer. Následuje popis vibrací klikového mechanismu a analytický výpočet jeho torzních vibrací. Hlavní část diplomové práce se pak zabývá konverzí hřídele do konečno-prvkového modelu v programu ANSYS a jeho importem do prostředí Adams/Engine. V tom je provedena modální analýza klikového ústrojí pro získání vlastních frekvencí a tvarů. Na konec práce je porovnán výstup z analytického řešení a výsledky z multi-body systému.

Manufacturing of precise structures in MEMS, semiconductors, optics and other fields requires high standards in manufacturing and quality control. Appropriate surface topography measurement technologies should therefore deliver nm accuracy in the axial dimension under typical industrial conditions. This work shows the characterization of a dispersion-encoded low-coherence interferometer for the purpose of fast and robust surface topography measurements. The key component of the interferometer is an element with known dispersion. This dispersive element delivers a controlled phase variation in relation to the surface height variation which can be detected in the spectral domain. A laboratory setup equipped with a broadband light source (200 - 1100 nm) was established. Experiments have been carried out on a silicon-based standard with height steps of 100 nm under different thermal conditions such as 293.15 K and 303.15 K. Additionally, the stability of the setup was studied over periods of 5 hours (with constant temperature) and 15 hours (with linear increasing temperature). The analyzed data showed that a height measurement of 97.99 ± 4:9nm for 293.15 K and of 101.43 ± 3:3nm for 303.15 K was possible. The time-resolved measurements revealed that the developed setup is highly stable against small thermal uctuations and shows a linear behaviour under increasing thermal load. Calibration data for the mathmatical corrections under different thermal conditions was obtained.

This work introduces a modified low-coherence interferometry approach for nanometer surface-profilometry. The key component of the interferometer is an element with known dispersion which defines the measurement range as well as the resolution. This dispersive element delivers a controlled phase variation which can be detected in the spectral domain and used to reconstruct height differences on a sample. In the chosen setup, both axial resolution and measurement range are tunable by the choice of the dispersive element. The basic working principle was demonstrated by a laboratory setup equipped with a supercontinuum light source (Δλ = 400 ̶ 1700 nm). Initial experiments were carried out to characterize steps of 101 nm on a silicon height standard. The results showed that the system delivers an accuracy of about 11.8 nm. These measurements also served as a calibration for the second set of measurements. The second experiment consisted of the measurement of the bevel of a silicon wafer. The modified low-coherence interferometer could be utilized to reproduce the slope on the edge within the previously estimated accuracy. The main advantage of the proposed measurement approach is the possibility to collect data without the need for mechanically moving parts.