Vários estudos tem enfatizado a importância de uma efetiva gestão do conhecimento na geração de inovações especialmente em se tratando de empresas de alta tecnologia. Mas poucos estudos levam em consideração que a gestão do conhecimento pode ser igualmente efetiva sem adequar-se a um só padrão, ou seja existem vários estilos de gestão do conhecimento que podem estar associados a diferentes níveis de inovatividade. Esta tese tem como principal objetivo investigar a relação entre estilos de gestão do conhecimento e inovatidade em empresas de média e baixa tecnologia. Na construção de um referencial para atender a este objetivo considerou-se a descrição predominante na literatura sobre quatro etapas do processo de gestão do conhecimento: criação, armazenamento, distribuição e aplicação do conhecimento. Para definição dos estilos de gestão do conhecimento partiu-se da tipologia de Choi e Lee (2003) que consideraram a orientação para o conhecimento tácito ou explícito dando origem a quatro estilos: passivo, sistêmico, humano e dinâmico. Uma das contribuições desta tese foi desenvolver um conjunto de indicadores que permitem classificar não só o estilo da gestão de conhecimento como um todo mas também em cada uma das suas etapas. Para determinar o nível de inovatidade das empresas foram considerados dez indicadores sendo na sua maioria de carater qualitativo. As proposições eram de que empresas de estilo passivo estariam associadas a baixo nível de inovatividade, empresas de estilo dinâmico, associadas a alto nível de inovatividade, enquanto que empresas com estilo de gestão do conhecimento de orientação humana ou sistêmica estariam associadas a médios níveis de inovatividade. O método consistiu no estudo de casos de oito empresas, cada uma de um segmento distinto, classificadas pelos critérios da OCDE como de media-alta, média-baixa e baixa tecnologia, e que fazem parte do meio e do final da cadeia produtiva. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de entrevistas e dados secundários constantes de documentos e sites. Os resultados indicaram que apenas uma empresa classificada como de estilo passivo teve baixo nível de inovatividade enquanto que outra empresa também de estilo passivo teve nível médio de inovatividade. As duas empresas com mais alto nível de inovatividade tem estilos humano e sistêmico e não dinâmico como previsto. E as empresas de estilo sistêmico tem inovatividade variando de nível médio a alto. Concluiu-se, portanto, que as proposições não se confirmaram pois, não houve relação entre estilo de gestão do conhecimento e inovatividade em empresas de baixa e média tecnologia de diferentes segmentos e posição na cadeia produtiva. Isso indica que cada segmento, de indústrias de média e baixa tecnologia tem de encontrar um estilo de gestão do conhecimento que maximize a inovatividade, que não é necessariamente o estilo dinâmico. É possível que uma empresa tenha um estilo passivo com um nível de inovatividade compatível com as exigências do seu segmento industrial. Novos estudos poderão investigar o estilo de gestão do conhecimento e o nível de inovatividade mais efetivos para cada segmento industrial. / Several studies have emphasized the importance of effective knowledge management in the generation of innovations especially when it comes to high technology companies. But few studies take into account that knowledge management can be effective without adapting to a single standard, that is, there are several styles of knowledge management that may lead to different levels of innovativeness . The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between styles of knowledge management and innovativeness in medium and low technology enterprises. In building a framework to achieve this goal, we considered the predominant description in the literature which identifies four stages of knowledge management: creation, storage, distribution and application. The definition of the style of knowledge management began with the typology offered by Choi and Lee (2003) who considered that orientation towards explicit or tacit knowledge gave rise to four styles: passive, systemic, human and dynamic. One of the contributions of this thesis was to develop a set of indicators to classify not only the style of knowledge management as a whole but also each of the four stages involved. To determine the level of innovativeness of the firms, ten indicators were considered, most of which are of a qualitative character. The propositions were that passive style firms would be associated with a low level of innovativeness and dynamic style firms associated with the highest level of innovativeness, while firms with a human or systemic style of knowledge management would be associated with average levels of innovativeness. The method consisted of case studies in eight companies, each from a separate segment, classified by the OECD criteria as medium-high, medium-low and low technology, and placed the middle and the end of the productive chain. Data was collected through interviews and secondary data contained in documents and websites. The results indicated that only one firm was classified as a passive style and had low level of innovativeness while another company also had passive style and a medium level of innovativeness. The two firms with the highest levels of innovativeness had human and systemic styles and not dynamic had been as expected. And systemic style firms have innovativeness ranging from medium to high level. We therefore conclude that the propositions were not confirmed since there was no relationship between style of knowledge management and innovativeness in firms with low and medium technology from different segments and positions in the supply chain. This indicates that each segment of medium and low technology industries must find a method of knowledge management that maximizes innovativeness, which is not necessarily the dynamic style. Furthermore, it is possible for an enterprise to have a passive style of knowledge management with a level of innovativeness compatible with the requirements of its industry segment. Other studies may indicate for each industry which style of knowledge management may lead to higher performance in innovativeness.

Vários estudos tem enfatizado a importância de uma efetiva gestão do conhecimento na geração de inovações especialmente em se tratando de empresas de alta tecnologia. Mas poucos estudos levam em consideração que a gestão do conhecimento pode ser igualmente efetiva sem adequar-se a um só padrão, ou seja existem vários estilos de gestão do conhecimento que podem estar associados a diferentes níveis de inovatividade. Esta tese tem como principal objetivo investigar a relação entre estilos de gestão do conhecimento e inovatidade em empresas de média e baixa tecnologia. Na construção de um referencial para atender a este objetivo considerou-se a descrição predominante na literatura sobre quatro etapas do processo de gestão do conhecimento: criação, armazenamento, distribuição e aplicação do conhecimento. Para definição dos estilos de gestão do conhecimento partiu-se da tipologia de Choi e Lee (2003) que consideraram a orientação para o conhecimento tácito ou explícito dando origem a quatro estilos: passivo, sistêmico, humano e dinâmico. Uma das contribuições desta tese foi desenvolver um conjunto de indicadores que permitem classificar não só o estilo da gestão de conhecimento como um todo mas também em cada uma das suas etapas. Para determinar o nível de inovatidade das empresas foram considerados dez indicadores sendo na sua maioria de carater qualitativo. As proposições eram de que empresas de estilo passivo estariam associadas a baixo nível de inovatividade, empresas de estilo dinâmico, associadas a alto nível de inovatividade, enquanto que empresas com estilo de gestão do conhecimento de orientação humana ou sistêmica estariam associadas a médios níveis de inovatividade. O método consistiu no estudo de casos de oito empresas, cada uma de um segmento distinto, classificadas pelos critérios da OCDE como de media-alta, média-baixa e baixa tecnologia, e que fazem parte do meio e do final da cadeia produtiva. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de entrevistas e dados secundários constantes de documentos e sites. Os resultados indicaram que apenas uma empresa classificada como de estilo passivo teve baixo nível de inovatividade enquanto que outra empresa também de estilo passivo teve nível médio de inovatividade. As duas empresas com mais alto nível de inovatividade tem estilos humano e sistêmico e não dinâmico como previsto. E as empresas de estilo sistêmico tem inovatividade variando de nível médio a alto. Concluiu-se, portanto, que as proposições não se confirmaram pois, não houve relação entre estilo de gestão do conhecimento e inovatividade em empresas de baixa e média tecnologia de diferentes segmentos e posição na cadeia produtiva. Isso indica que cada segmento, de indústrias de média e baixa tecnologia tem de encontrar um estilo de gestão do conhecimento que maximize a inovatividade, que não é necessariamente o estilo dinâmico. É possível que uma empresa tenha um estilo passivo com um nível de inovatividade compatível com as exigências do seu segmento industrial. Novos estudos poderão investigar o estilo de gestão do conhecimento e o nível de inovatividade mais efetivos para cada segmento industrial. / Several studies have emphasized the importance of effective knowledge management in the generation of innovations especially when it comes to high technology companies. But few studies take into account that knowledge management can be effective without adapting to a single standard, that is, there are several styles of knowledge management that may lead to different levels of innovativeness . The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between styles of knowledge management and innovativeness in medium and low technology enterprises. In building a framework to achieve this goal, we considered the predominant description in the literature which identifies four stages of knowledge management: creation, storage, distribution and application. The definition of the style of knowledge management began with the typology offered by Choi and Lee (2003) who considered that orientation towards explicit or tacit knowledge gave rise to four styles: passive, systemic, human and dynamic. One of the contributions of this thesis was to develop a set of indicators to classify not only the style of knowledge management as a whole but also each of the four stages involved. To determine the level of innovativeness of the firms, ten indicators were considered, most of which are of a qualitative character. The propositions were that passive style firms would be associated with a low level of innovativeness and dynamic style firms associated with the highest level of innovativeness, while firms with a human or systemic style of knowledge management would be associated with average levels of innovativeness. The method consisted of case studies in eight companies, each from a separate segment, classified by the OECD criteria as medium-high, medium-low and low technology, and placed the middle and the end of the productive chain. Data was collected through interviews and secondary data contained in documents and websites. The results indicated that only one firm was classified as a passive style and had low level of innovativeness while another company also had passive style and a medium level of innovativeness. The two firms with the highest levels of innovativeness had human and systemic styles and not dynamic had been as expected. And systemic style firms have innovativeness ranging from medium to high level. We therefore conclude that the propositions were not confirmed since there was no relationship between style of knowledge management and innovativeness in firms with low and medium technology from different segments and positions in the supply chain. This indicates that each segment of medium and low technology industries must find a method of knowledge management that maximizes innovativeness, which is not necessarily the dynamic style. Furthermore, it is possible for an enterprise to have a passive style of knowledge management with a level of innovativeness compatible with the requirements of its industry segment. Other studies may indicate for each industry which style of knowledge management may lead to higher performance in innovativeness.

The remarkable growth of the video game industry has triggered an interest for the capabilities that video game companies need in order to seize opportunities in the market. Companies that continuously provide product innovations are arguably better equipped to succeed in the dynamic, digitized video game landscape. Market sensing capabilities have been brought forward as particularly useful in environments with these characteristics and research suggests that user communities could be critical sources of external knowledge for video game companies. Hence, the aim of this study is to provide a framework where these concepts are combined into a unified dynamic capability, Community Sensing Capability, and to quantitatively test its effect on product innovativeness. An interview-administered questionnaire was used to gather data, resulting in a sample of 72 observations. The capability builds on three different sub-processes; sensing, sensemaking and response. Reliable measurements were developed for Community Sensing Capability, sensing and response respectively. The regression analysis indicate that sensing and response are positively related to product innovativeness, while Community Sensing Capability is not significantly related. This study contributes to literature by shedding light on a new phenomenon and giving initial insights to how the Community Sensing Capability can be exploited in innovation processes.

Vários estudos tem enfatizado a importância de uma efetiva gestão do conhecimento na geração de inovações especialmente em se tratando de empresas de alta tecnologia. Mas poucos estudos levam em consideração que a gestão do conhecimento pode ser igualmente efetiva sem adequar-se a um só padrão, ou seja existem vários estilos de gestão do conhecimento que podem estar associados a diferentes níveis de inovatividade. Esta tese tem como principal objetivo investigar a relação entre estilos de gestão do conhecimento e inovatidade em empresas de média e baixa tecnologia. Na construção de um referencial para atender a este objetivo considerou-se a descrição predominante na literatura sobre quatro etapas do processo de gestão do conhecimento: criação, armazenamento, distribuição e aplicação do conhecimento. Para definição dos estilos de gestão do conhecimento partiu-se da tipologia de Choi e Lee (2003) que consideraram a orientação para o conhecimento tácito ou explícito dando origem a quatro estilos: passivo, sistêmico, humano e dinâmico. Uma das contribuições desta tese foi desenvolver um conjunto de indicadores que permitem classificar não só o estilo da gestão de conhecimento como um todo mas também em cada uma das suas etapas. Para determinar o nível de inovatidade das empresas foram considerados dez indicadores sendo na sua maioria de carater qualitativo. As proposições eram de que empresas de estilo passivo estariam associadas a baixo nível de inovatividade, empresas de estilo dinâmico, associadas a alto nível de inovatividade, enquanto que empresas com estilo de gestão do conhecimento de orientação humana ou sistêmica estariam associadas a médios níveis de inovatividade. O método consistiu no estudo de casos de oito empresas, cada uma de um segmento distinto, classificadas pelos critérios da OCDE como de media-alta, média-baixa e baixa tecnologia, e que fazem parte do meio e do final da cadeia produtiva. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de entrevistas e dados secundários constantes de documentos e sites. Os resultados indicaram que apenas uma empresa classificada como de estilo passivo teve baixo nível de inovatividade enquanto que outra empresa também de estilo passivo teve nível médio de inovatividade. As duas empresas com mais alto nível de inovatividade tem estilos humano e sistêmico e não dinâmico como previsto. E as empresas de estilo sistêmico tem inovatividade variando de nível médio a alto. Concluiu-se, portanto, que as proposições não se confirmaram pois, não houve relação entre estilo de gestão do conhecimento e inovatividade em empresas de baixa e média tecnologia de diferentes segmentos e posição na cadeia produtiva. Isso indica que cada segmento, de indústrias de média e baixa tecnologia tem de encontrar um estilo de gestão do conhecimento que maximize a inovatividade, que não é necessariamente o estilo dinâmico. É possível que uma empresa tenha um estilo passivo com um nível de inovatividade compatível com as exigências do seu segmento industrial. Novos estudos poderão investigar o estilo de gestão do conhecimento e o nível de inovatividade mais efetivos para cada segmento industrial. / Several studies have emphasized the importance of effective knowledge management in the generation of innovations especially when it comes to high technology companies. But few studies take into account that knowledge management can be effective without adapting to a single standard, that is, there are several styles of knowledge management that may lead to different levels of innovativeness . The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the relationship between styles of knowledge management and innovativeness in medium and low technology enterprises. In building a framework to achieve this goal, we considered the predominant description in the literature which identifies four stages of knowledge management: creation, storage, distribution and application. The definition of the style of knowledge management began with the typology offered by Choi and Lee (2003) who considered that orientation towards explicit or tacit knowledge gave rise to four styles: passive, systemic, human and dynamic. One of the contributions of this thesis was to develop a set of indicators to classify not only the style of knowledge management as a whole but also each of the four stages involved. To determine the level of innovativeness of the firms, ten indicators were considered, most of which are of a qualitative character. The propositions were that passive style firms would be associated with a low level of innovativeness and dynamic style firms associated with the highest level of innovativeness, while firms with a human or systemic style of knowledge management would be associated with average levels of innovativeness. The method consisted of case studies in eight companies, each from a separate segment, classified by the OECD criteria as medium-high, medium-low and low technology, and placed the middle and the end of the productive chain. Data was collected through interviews and secondary data contained in documents and websites. The results indicated that only one firm was classified as a passive style and had low level of innovativeness while another company also had passive style and a medium level of innovativeness. The two firms with the highest levels of innovativeness had human and systemic styles and not dynamic had been as expected. And systemic style firms have innovativeness ranging from medium to high level. We therefore conclude that the propositions were not confirmed since there was no relationship between style of knowledge management and innovativeness in firms with low and medium technology from different segments and positions in the supply chain. This indicates that each segment of medium and low technology industries must find a method of knowledge management that maximizes innovativeness, which is not necessarily the dynamic style. Furthermore, it is possible for an enterprise to have a passive style of knowledge management with a level of innovativeness compatible with the requirements of its industry segment. Other studies may indicate for each industry which style of knowledge management may lead to higher performance in innovativeness.

In the present study, event sponsorship and event marketing are identified as two distinct event-related marketing communications tools. As a research field, sponsorship and event sponsorship has experienced continuous research interest for the last four decades. This in clear contrast to event marketing, which only within the last 10 years has attracted research interest from marketing scholars. However, little research has been carried out in the field of (event-) sponsorship from an organisational perspective. Thus, to the author s knowledge, the present study is the first of its kind investigating both event formats, event sponsorship and event marketing, from an organisational perspective in one study. A literature review that spans the domains of branding, signalling theory and hedonic consumption helped to differentiate between the two event formats, and to provide a theoretical grounding of the two event formats. The present study evaluates the impact of event sponsorship and event marketing on the brand and performance dimensions of brand awareness, brand attitude, brand performance and financial performance. Furthermore, brand orientation and organisational innovativeness moderate the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Moreover, this research study was undertaken from an organisational perspective. There is little evidence within the field of event sponsorship and event marketing as to how organisations evaluate the performance impact of event sponsorship and event marketing. Similarly, the more established sponsorship outcomes of brand awareness and brand attitude have yet to receive research attention within an organisational research setting. This research study follows a cross-sectional research design. A conceptual model is developed on the basis of the literature review, and is tested through confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. The data for this study was collected via an online survey which resulted in 226 responses. The findings indicate a negative relationship between event sponsorship and brand performance. Furthermore, organisational innovativeness was identified as moderating the event sponsorship brand performance relationship, whereas brand orientation is found to moderate the event marketing financial performance relationship.

The overall research objective is motivated by two simultaneous developments. On the one hand, due to globalization and fast changing markets, organizations face increasing pressure to stay competitive and to survive in these fast changing environments. To innovate, organizations rely on recruiting and developing their workforce. As the individual is the source of innovation, an ever increasing emphasis is placed upon individual innovativeness and in particular in the investigation of sources of individual innovativeness. Leaders are essential in the promotion of employees´ innovativeness and leadership is proposed as one of the most influential predictors of individual innovativeness. In the view of innovation pressure and demographic changes, it is important for organizations to shed light on their young professionals, especially on their young professionals’ innovativeness, as they are the future workforce. This is especially important for leaders who aim to support the innovativeness of their young professionals. Nevertheless, the importance of young professionals’ innovativeness in the retail industry is still underestimated. Hence, organizations and especially leaders may benefit greatly from being aware of their young professionals’ innovativeness as one possibility to face the challenges of innovation pressure.:I Part I: Introduction 1 Motivation and relevance 2 Overall resource-based perspective 3 Research gaps and questions 4 Overall structure of the dissertation II Part II: Foundations 1 Structure of part II 2 Individual innovativeness 3 Leadership supporting individual innovativeness 4 Summary of part II III Part III: Empirical studies 1 & 2 1 Structure of part III 2 Overall research context 3 Overall research design 4 Study 1: Individual innovativeness of yps 5 Study 2: Leadership supporting yps’ innovativeness IV Part IV: Discussion 1 Structure of part IV 2 Discussion of study 1: Individual innovativeness of yps 3 Discussion of study 2: Leadership supporting yps’ 4 Summary of overall empirical findings V Part V: Conclusion 1 Summary of parts 2 Implications for management 3 Limitations and avenues for further research 4 Conclusion References Annexes Annex A: Related to Part II: Individual innovativeness Annex B: Related to Part II: Leadership supporting individual innovativeness Annex C: Related to Part III: Empirical study 1&2

<p>U doktorskoj disertaciji predstavljena je problematika poslovanja motela kao ugostiteljskih objekata i prilagođavanje postojećih poslovnih modela potrebama tranzitnih turista. U teorijskom delu doktorske disertacije predstavljena su glavna teorijska ishodi&scaron;ta koja se bave problematikom definisanja motela kao ugostiteljskih<br />objekata, tranzitnih turista i tranzitnog turizma, elemenata poslovnog modela, inovativnosti u ugostiteljstvu. U empirijskom delu doktorske disertacije predstavljeni su rezultati istraživanja dobijenih pomoću sledećih istraživačkih metoda: analiza podataka<br />na Veb sajtovima motela, opažanje, strukturirani dubinski intervju i dva anketna istraživanja, s potencijalnim gostima i aktualnim gostima motela u Srbiji. U perspektivnom delu doktorske disertacije predstavljeni si konkretni saveti za unapređenje postojećih poslovnih modela i kreiranje novog poslovnog modela<br />prilagođenog potrebama tranzitnih turista.</p> / <p>In the PhD thesis motels as hospitality facilities and adapting existing business models for the needs of transit tourists are represented. In the theoreti cal part of this thesis the main theoretical sources which deal with the problem of defining a motel as catering facility, transit tourists and transit tourism, elements o f business model, innovation in hospitality industrzy are represented. In the empirical part of the thesis are represented the results of the research obtained using the following research methods: data analysis on motel websites, observation, structured in-depth interviews and two surveys,&nbsp; with potential guests and guests of the motel in&nbsp; Serbia. In the prospective part of the thesis are shown concrete advisory advices for existing business models and for creating a new business model baised on the needs of transit tourists.</p>

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Abstract  Title: Self-service technology and baby boomers: An empirical study of baby boomers’ acceptance towards self-service technologies in supermarkets. Authors: Casper Elheim, Eric Lindén &amp; Hannes Löfquist Institution: Linnaeus University, School of Business and Economics. Program: Detaljhandel and Service Management (180 hp)  Course: 21VT-2FE67E Supervisor: Christine Tidåsen  Examiner: Selcen Öztürkcan Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study the personal characteristics of baby boomers, and how these characteristics are affecting the perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of SSTs. Furthermore, how the perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, in turn, are affecting the attitudes towards actual system use.  Method: A qualitative interview study was conducted to collect the data required to address the research question and purpose of the degree project. The approach is inductive, with a few deductive elements.  Conclusions: The personal characteristics of an individual within the baby boomer generation did not have the expected impact on the perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of self-scanning. Decreases and increases in technology innovativeness caused changes in perceived usefulness, and self-efficacy and technology anxiety only affected each other.

市場上新奇的產品層出不窮，廠商想盡辦法要對產品添加新奇的屬性來達到差異化，但是真正能夠藉由添加新奇屬性在市場上找到利基的廠商卻是少之又少。問題是否出在消費者在面對與既有基模不一致的新產品時，無法理解和吸收資訊？上述現象引發了研究者的興趣。本研究藉由操弄不同類型的產品和新奇屬性，觀察其所產生的產品不一致性對於消費者的產品再認和產品態度有何影響；同時也探討消費者本身的人格特質-消費者創新性，會不會影響消費者對產品的態度。 以往研究均認為增加產品不一致性可以提高消費者對於產品的回憶和再認，但本研究卻發現，提高產品的不一致性並無法讓人留下較為深刻的印象，因此產品不一致性與再認之間的關係可能仍有待後續研究做進一步的釐清。另外，雖然產品類型和新奇屬性類型無法產生交互作用，並藉由提升產品不一致性來影響產品態度，但是「產品類型」在影響產品不一致性且進而提升產品態度上的確是扮演著重要的角色。其中「功能性商品」不管是搭配上何種類型的新奇屬性，產品態度都顯著高於「享樂性商品」與新奇屬性的搭配。由此可知，如果廠商想要在市場上推出新奇的產品，選擇功能性的商品來切入可能比較有利，而且在操弄產品不一致性時也必須要格外小心，雖然新奇的屬性可以提升消費者對產品的評價，但是新奇性同時也會增加產品的不一致性，一旦產品不一致性過高，反而會造成消費者對於產品的負面觀感。 / There are numerous novel products in the market; consequently marketers have been fighting their way to achieve product differentiation by adding novel attributes to the products, yet it is still rare to see marketers that can actually discover niche by adding novel attributes to products. Does the problem lies in how consumers percept and absorb the information of advertisements? The phenomenon above arouses my curiosity to delve into the relation between product incongruity and consumer evaluations. This study examines what influences product incongruity has on product recognition and product attitude by manipulating different types of products and novel attributes, and the moderating role of consumers’ personality is also examined to see whether consumer innovativeness have effects on product attitude or not. The past researches tend to believe that raising product incongruity is beneficial to enhancing product recall and product recognition. However, the result shows that raising product incongruity is of no help to leave deep impression in the products. Thus the relation between product incongruity and product recognition needs to be further clarified by future researches. Additionally, although product types and novel attributes do not interact to have effects on product incongruity and further boost product attitude, ‘product type’ indeed plays a crucial role on boosting product incongruity and enhancing product attitude. Not only product type leads to positive effects on the products, but consumers are apt to give more positive evaluations to utilitarian product than hedonic product, regardless of what novel attributes the products have. In that case, it seems to be more profitable to choose utilitarian products if marketers want to launch novel merchandise. In spite of the fact that adding novel attributes leads to positive product attitude, novelty also leads to more product incongruity that may undermine consumers’ attitude toward the product. The result seems to suggest that marketers have to be extraordinarily cautious when manipulating product incongruity.