In this master thesis the influence from process parameters within the Chemical vapour deposition process for a Zirconium Carbon-Nitride coating was investigated regarding growth rate, microstructure and texture. The interest in utilizing Zirconium Carbon-Nitride (Zr(C,N)) is due to its low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) relative the currently commonly used wear resistant coatings of Titanium-Carbon-Nitride (Ti(C,N)). The process parameters studied in this work is the ratio of the partial pressures of Zirconium tetrachloride over Acetonitrile (ZrCl4/CH3CN), addition of Nitrogen respectively hydrochloric acid, partial pressures of the precursors, reactor temperature and total gas flow. By controlling these process parameters one can control the grain size, growth rate within the reactor and texture of the Zr(C,N) coating deposited.

Urban stormwater is today recognized as a significant source of pollution that has contributed to the deterioration of water quality in lakes and streams. Of the pollutants, metals are commonly occurring in stormwater and can cause major damage when released into the receiving waters. A promising treatment method for removing these metals before it reaches the receiving waters is to filter the water in various filter technologies such as catch basin inserts. In this study, the potential of five materials to remove dissolved copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) from stormwater was investigated. The study was initiated with batch equilibrium tests to assess the sorption capacity of the materials at different metal concentrations relevant for stormwater. This was done in both single and binary batches to investigate whether or not any competitive sorption occurred between the metals. Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips isotherm models were adapted to the obtained data. Through geochemical modelling, it was also possible to investigate whether precipitation of metals was likely. Finally, kinetic studies were conducted to investigate whether the reaction rate of Cu and Zn was relevant in the context of catch basin inserts. The results showed that the biochar had the highest sorption capacity followed by peat, bark, milkweed, and polypropylene. It could also be noted that Cu competed with Zn binding sites at high concentrations and that the sorption capacity of biochar, peat and bark, at concentrations between 50-100 μg/l Cu and 50-500 μg/l Zn, was sufficient to meet the limits set for stormwater emissions. For these sorbents, the reaction rate was also significant. Kinetics tests showed that at an initial concentration of 1,000 μg/l, 83% of the metals were sorbed after 5 minutes and after 10 minutes this number was 93%. Bark and peat also showed low effluent pH and leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The Langmuir and pseudo-second order equation could be well adapted to the data while geochemical modelling showed that precipitation of metals was unlikely. This suggests that chemical adsorption may be the mechanism that largely accounted for the removal of Cu and Zn. The results of this study can hardly be used to estimate the field performance of stormwater filters, but can be used as a basis for comparing and selecting sorbents for subsequent column tests. / I denna studie undersöktes potentialen för fem material att avskilja löst koppar (Cu) och zink (Zn) från dagvatten. Studien inleddes med skaktest för att testa sorptionsförmågan hos materialen vid olika metallkoncentrationer relevant för dagvatten. Detta gjordes i både singel och binära test för att undersöka om någon konkurrerande sorption skedde mellan metallerna. Langmuirs, Freundlichs och Sips isotermmodeller anpassades även till resultatet. Genom geokemisk modellering var det även möjlig att undersöka om utfällning av metaller var sannolik. Till sist gjordes kinetiska studier för att undersöka om reaktionshastigheten för sorption av Cu och Zn till filtermaterialen var relevanta i ett brunnsfiltersammanhang. Resultaten visar att biokol hade den största sorptionsförmågan följt av torv, bark, sidenört och polypropylen. Det kunde även konstateras att koppar konkurrerade om sorptionsplatser för zink vid högre koncentrationer och att sorptionskapaciteten för biokol, torv och bark, vid koncentrationer mellan 50-100 µg/l Cu och 50-500 µg/l Zn, är tillräckligt hög för att uppfylla gränsvärdena för utsläpp av dagvatten. För dessa sorbenter var reaktionshastigheten betydande. Kinetiktesten visade att vid en initial koncentration på 1,000 µg/L var 83% av metallerna sorberade efter 5 minuter och efter 10 minuter var denna siffra uppe i 93%. Bark and torv uppvisade även ett lågt uppmätt pH och lakade löst organisk kol (DOC). Langmuir och pseudo-andra ordningens ekvation kunde anpassas väl till datat samtidigt som den geokemiska modelleringen visade att utfällning av metaller var osannolikt. Detta antyder att kemisk adsorption kan vara den mekanism som till störst del stod för avskiljningen av Cu och Zn. Studien kan inte fastställa något om filtermaterialens fältprestanda, men kan användas som underlag för att jämföra och att välja sorbenter för efterföljande kolumntester. / Formas project 2016-75

O Brasil, no mercado mundial, ocupa lugar de destaque na extração e comercialização das rochas ornamentais e de revestimento, demonstrado pela produção mensal de chapas que é da ordem de 4 milhões de metros quadrados. Dentre suas as diversas formas de aplicações na construção civil, observa-se um incremento do uso em revestimentos de fachadas de edifícios, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos. A forma de fixação das placas nas fachadas dos edifícios é feita com o auxílio de inserts metálicos, técnica desenvolvida na Alemanha e nos Estados Unidos. O presente trabalho trata da especificação e normatização das rochas ornamentais e, no caso específico dos revestimentos de fachadas, são apresentados diversos aspectos da seleção das placas de rocha e dos inserts metálicos e também o cálculo estrutural de um sistema de revestimento / Brazil procedures more than 4 million 'M POT.2'/month of dimension stones panels. Façades applications increases in last years. The stone façades cladding is accomplished with the use of metallic anchor, that was developed in German and U.S.A. The present work presents the requirements for selection of the stones and the anchor system, a methodology for the calculation of the stone and the anchor and main aspects of standardization regarding dimension stone

A presente dissertação trata de um estudo teórico-experimental sobre escoamento monofásico e bifásico no interior de tubos com fitas retorcidas. Esta técnica tem sido utilizada há várias décadas para a intensificação de troca de calor para escoamento monofásico e evaporação convectiva no interior de tubos. No entanto, com sua utilização, o aumento do coeficiente de troca de calor é acompanhado pelo incremento da perda de pressão. Portanto a compreensão dos fenômenos relacionados aos incrementos da perda de pressão e troca de calor são fundamentais para engenheiros projetistas. Neste estudo, inicialmente, é apresentada uma extensa revisão bibliográfica sobre padrões de escoamento, modelos para estimativa de fração de vazio e metodologias para previsão da perda de pressão em tubos com e sem fitas retorcidas para escoamentos bifásicos e monofásicos. Foram realizados experimentos em bancada experimental utilizando seção de testes com diâmetro interno de 15,9 mm e dois metros de comprimento com fitas apresentando razões de retorcimento de 3, 4, 9, 14 e , a última correspondente ao tubo sem inserto. Os experimentos foram executados para o refrigerante R134a, velocidades mássicas entre 75 e 250 kg/m²s, e títulos de vapor entre 5 e 95% no caso de escoamentos bifásicos. Resultados foram levantados para velocidades mássicas entre 100 e 450 kg/m²s para escoamentos monofásicos. Durante os ensaios foram levantados resultados de perda de pressão e identificados subjetivamente os respectivos padrões de escoamento. Como resultado final deste estudo é proposta uma correlação para previsão da perda de pressão durante o escoamento no interior de tubos com fitas retorcidas. / A theoretical and experimental study on single and two-phase flow inside tubes with twisted tapes inserts is presented. Twisted tape inserts have been used for decades as a technique of heat transfer enhancement. However, their heat transfer enhancement is accompanied by an increase of the pressure drop. Therefore, understanding the pressure drop and heat transfer mechanisms is fundamental for heat exchanger designers in order to optimize these devices when using twisted-tape inserts. Based on these aspects the present study concerns single and two-phase flows inside tubes with twisted tapes. Experiments were performed in an experimental apparatus for a 15.9 mm ID and twisted tape with twist ratios of 3, 4, 9, 14 and , the last one corresponding to a plain tube without tape. For two-phase flow, experiments were conducted for R134a, mass velocities from 75 to 250 kg/m²s and vapor qualities from 5 to 95%. In case of single-phase flow, experiments were performed for mass velocities from 100 to 450 kg/m²s. The experimental campaign was focused on pressure drop and flow pattern subjective identification. Additionally an extensive literature review on flow patterns, superficial void fraction, and methodologies for prediction of the pressure drop in plain tubes with and without twisted-tape inserts during single and two-phase flow is presented. As final result, a correlation for prediction of pressure drop during flow inside tubes with twisted tape inserts is proposed.

O Brasil, no mercado mundial, ocupa lugar de destaque na extração e comercialização das rochas ornamentais e de revestimento, demonstrado pela produção mensal de chapas que é da ordem de 4 milhões de metros quadrados. Dentre suas as diversas formas de aplicações na construção civil, observa-se um incremento do uso em revestimentos de fachadas de edifícios, principalmente nos grandes centros urbanos. A forma de fixação das placas nas fachadas dos edifícios é feita com o auxílio de inserts metálicos, técnica desenvolvida na Alemanha e nos Estados Unidos. O presente trabalho trata da especificação e normatização das rochas ornamentais e, no caso específico dos revestimentos de fachadas, são apresentados diversos aspectos da seleção das placas de rocha e dos inserts metálicos e também o cálculo estrutural de um sistema de revestimento / Brazil procedures more than 4 million 'M POT.2'/month of dimension stones panels. Façades applications increases in last years. The stone façades cladding is accomplished with the use of metallic anchor, that was developed in German and U.S.A. The present work presents the requirements for selection of the stones and the anchor system, a methodology for the calculation of the stone and the anchor and main aspects of standardization regarding dimension stone

A presente dissertação trata de um estudo teórico-experimental sobre escoamento monofásico e bifásico no interior de tubos com fitas retorcidas. Esta técnica tem sido utilizada há várias décadas para a intensificação de troca de calor para escoamento monofásico e evaporação convectiva no interior de tubos. No entanto, com sua utilização, o aumento do coeficiente de troca de calor é acompanhado pelo incremento da perda de pressão. Portanto a compreensão dos fenômenos relacionados aos incrementos da perda de pressão e troca de calor são fundamentais para engenheiros projetistas. Neste estudo, inicialmente, é apresentada uma extensa revisão bibliográfica sobre padrões de escoamento, modelos para estimativa de fração de vazio e metodologias para previsão da perda de pressão em tubos com e sem fitas retorcidas para escoamentos bifásicos e monofásicos. Foram realizados experimentos em bancada experimental utilizando seção de testes com diâmetro interno de 15,9 mm e dois metros de comprimento com fitas apresentando razões de retorcimento de 3, 4, 9, 14 e , a última correspondente ao tubo sem inserto. Os experimentos foram executados para o refrigerante R134a, velocidades mássicas entre 75 e 250 kg/m²s, e títulos de vapor entre 5 e 95% no caso de escoamentos bifásicos. Resultados foram levantados para velocidades mássicas entre 100 e 450 kg/m²s para escoamentos monofásicos. Durante os ensaios foram levantados resultados de perda de pressão e identificados subjetivamente os respectivos padrões de escoamento. Como resultado final deste estudo é proposta uma correlação para previsão da perda de pressão durante o escoamento no interior de tubos com fitas retorcidas. / A theoretical and experimental study on single and two-phase flow inside tubes with twisted tapes inserts is presented. Twisted tape inserts have been used for decades as a technique of heat transfer enhancement. However, their heat transfer enhancement is accompanied by an increase of the pressure drop. Therefore, understanding the pressure drop and heat transfer mechanisms is fundamental for heat exchanger designers in order to optimize these devices when using twisted-tape inserts. Based on these aspects the present study concerns single and two-phase flows inside tubes with twisted tapes. Experiments were performed in an experimental apparatus for a 15.9 mm ID and twisted tape with twist ratios of 3, 4, 9, 14 and , the last one corresponding to a plain tube without tape. For two-phase flow, experiments were conducted for R134a, mass velocities from 75 to 250 kg/m²s and vapor qualities from 5 to 95%. In case of single-phase flow, experiments were performed for mass velocities from 100 to 450 kg/m²s. The experimental campaign was focused on pressure drop and flow pattern subjective identification. Additionally an extensive literature review on flow patterns, superficial void fraction, and methodologies for prediction of the pressure drop in plain tubes with and without twisted-tape inserts during single and two-phase flow is presented. As final result, a correlation for prediction of pressure drop during flow inside tubes with twisted tape inserts is proposed.

This diploma thesis evaluates two competitive cutting inserts for machining of disk-shaped blanks. The first part summarizes theoretical knowledge of turning, wear of cutting inserts and cost analysis of the cutting process. In the second part, the wear of two inserts from a different manufacturer is observed in two different cutting speeds. Wear is evaluated by electron microscope images. In the end, there is an economic evaluation of both VBD in different cutting speeds for serial production.

This thesis compares the force load of two kinds of cutting tool inserts while milling. The thesis is devided into two main parts – research and experiment. The research part is focused on the theory of the force load measuring, cutting tools and cutting tool inserts and their coating. 14 grooves were made with each cutting insert while the force load was measured. Constant cutting conditions were applied. The experiment was repeated four times for each kind of cutting insert. The aim of the thesis is to determine if both kinds of inserts mill with the same force load. The results reveal that one kind of cutting tool inserts mill with the force load higher up to 85 %.

In the first part of this diploma thesis there are discribed basic findings about cutting ceramics (sorts, notation, structure, physical-mechanical properties, using, production) and it evaluates this tool material from the aspect of cutting power. The second part focuses on complex data processing about assortment of ceramics cutting materials of significant tool materials producers and comparison of service conditions (kind of mechanided materials, cutting conditions), which are recommend for effective turning by producers.

The purpose of this study was to describe experiences and perceptions of ongoing work with health promotion cultural inserts in four different associations in Gavle municipallity for asylum seekers and newly arrived children and adolescents. The method used was a descriptive empirical qualitative interview with a phenomenological research effort. Five interviews were conducted with four women and one man, from four associations in Gavle municipality. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed with a thematic analysis. The result showed that the staff's perceptions about their work were that the work being conducted was a good method of promoting well-being and contributing to a sense of context for remedying mental ill health. Cooperation with community actors was also a key in their work and made it possible to reach the children and adolescents who were the target group for health-promoting cultural activities. The difficulties perceived were lack of economics, information and structural changes, which made it difficult to implement, follow up and continue their work. The conclusion was that the work with health promoting activities was perceived as a method of integration as well as promoting health. There was also a consensus that the work performed had a good effect in bringing children and young people's families closer to the Swedish society. The obstacles discovered were structural changes, lack of information and too little of economy. One key to success was the cooperation in the local community which made it possible to reach the group. / Studiens syfte var att beskriva erfarenheter och uppfattningar av pågående arbete med hälsofrämjande kulturinsatser i fyra olika föreningar i Gävle kommun för målgruppen asylsökande och nyanlända barn och ungdomar. Metoden i denna studie var en beskrivande empirisk kvalitativ intervjustudie med en fenomenografisk forskningsansats. Fem intervjuer genomfördes med fyra kvinnor och en man, från fyra föreningar i Gävle kommun. Intervjuerna transkriberades ordagrant och analyserades med en tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att personalens uppfattningar kring arbetet med kulturinsatser för asylsökande och nyanlända barn och ungdomar var att arbetet som bedrivs var en bra metod för att främja välbefinnande och även bidra till en känsla av sammanhang för att motverka psykisk ohälsa. Samarbete med aktörer i lokalsamhället var dessutom en nyckel i deras arbeten och möjliggjorde att nå ut till de barn och ungdomar som var målgruppen för de hälsofrämjande kulturaktiviteterna. De svårigheter som uppfattades i arbetet var brist på ekonomi, information och strukturella förändringar vilket försvårade att genomföra, följa upp och fortsätta med arbetet. Slutsatsen av denna studie var att arbetet som bedrivs kring hälsofrämjande kulturinsatser uppfattas vara både en metod för integration och för att främja hälsa och förebygga ohälsa för målgruppen asylsökande och nyanlända barn och ungdomar. Arbetet uppfattades även ha en god effekt på barnens och ungdomarnas familjer för att komma närmare det svenska samhället. De hinder som upptäcktes var strukturella förändringar, brist på information och för lite ekonomiska medel. Avslutningsvis var samverkan i lokalsamhället en nyckel för framgång som möjliggjorde att nå ut till målgruppen.