Instrumenteringens klangfärg inom rörliga bilder erhåller en viktig funktionalitet då musikaliskt berättande oftast vilja återskapa känslor som speglar berättelsen främst. Det är därför som kandidatuppsatsen avser gå in närmare på området och detta för att bidra med mer kunskap. Gällande urvalet har denna gjorts på filmmusik komponerad av James Horner där en selektion varit på sammanlagt sex filmer med totalt tre regissörer. För att kunna utföra undersökningen därav besvara frågeställningarna har metoden varit innehållsanalys där resultat visar på likheter inom den instrumentation som används. Förutom detta finnas undantag, men att instrumenteringen då möjligtvis vara där för ett hastigt beslut. Bortsett från vad som benämnts behandlar uppsatsens teori samt tidigare forskning musikvetenskap, men även kompositionslära samt musikpsykologi.

Particle accelerators are indispensable tools for probing matter at the smallest scales and the improvements of such tools depend on the progress and understanding of accelerator physics. The Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) is a proposed, linear electron–­positron collider on the TeV-scale, based at CERN. In such a large accelerator complex, diagnostics and alignment of the beam are crucial in order to maintain beam quality and luminosity. In this thesis we have utilized the nonlinear fields from the octupole component of the radio-frequency fields in the CLIC accelerating structures for beam-based diagnostics. We have investigated methods where the nonlinear position shifts of the beam are used to measure the strength of the octupole component and can also be used for alignment. Furthermore, from the changes in transverse beam profile, due to the nonlinear octupole field, we determine the full transverse beam matrix, which characterizes the transverse distribution of the beam. In circular accelerators, nonlinear fields result in nonlinear beam dynamics, which often becomes the limiting factor for long-term stability. In theoretical studies and simulations we investigate optimum configurations for octupole magnets that compensate amplitude-dependent tune-shifts but avoid driving fourth-order resonances and setups of sextupole magnets to control individual resonance driving terms in an optimal way.

The Eu-XFEL, a 3.4 km long free electron laser situated in Hamburg, Germany was commissioned in 2017, and has since been at the forefront of cutting edge technologies. The short laser-like X-ray pulses produced within the facility can be used to film ultrafast phenomena such as the formation or breakup of chemical bonds, research the composition and structure of complex biomolecules on the atomic scale, and can even be used to study matter under extreme conditions. Since its commissioning, a concern has been raised regarding the demagnetization of the permanent magnets present in the undulator system as a result of stray radiation. To monitor this, Gafchromic EBT-3 films along with other dosimetric tools have been installed at various points along the beamline to monitor radiation induced damages and predict the lifetime of the undulator system. This work focuses on optimizing the calibration of Gafchromic EBT-3 films for accurate estimations of the unwanted dose absorbed in the magnetic material, and was achieved by increasing the amount of calibration measurements and segmenting the measurements, in turn performing the calibration in parts. The results show that calibrating the EBT-3 films according to the proposed method can accurately estimate unknown doses up to 52 Gy.

The European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser facility (XFEL) provides ultra-short x-ray pulsesof high peak brilliance that are used in research to analyse atomic or molecular structures.The facility accelerates electrons and moves them through an undulator system consistingof several undulator cells containing permanent magnet poles supplying an alternatingmagnetic field, which causes the electrons to emit x-ray pulses. A concern is raised overthe deterioration of the permanent magnets due to radiation damage originating from strayradiation in the undulator system. The stray radiation is believed to be released by the highenergy electrons interacting with the beam pipe wall. In this study particle simulations aremade using the Monte Carlo particle transport code FLUKA to compare to previous sim-ulations and measurements performed at XFEL. A beam line model was made in FLUKA,simulating electron beams interacting with the vacuum pipe at several points. The sim-ulated energy deposition distribution along the undulator segment surface was fitted tomeasurement data of the dose over the magnets in different undulator cells at XFEL. Thisway the probability of the stray radiation originating from different electron beam interac-tion points could be studied. For the undulator cells that were studied the radiation wasfound to originate from interactions mainly in the gap between undulator segments. Forcell 4 and 12 it was found that radiation also originates from electron interactions with thebeam pipe inside the undulator segments. It was concluded that improvements can bemade in the simulation technique by simulating electron beam interactions at more posi-tions along the vacuum pipe’s longitudinal axis and around its lateral cross section. Furtherresearch is needed to find the impact of the alternating magnetic field over the undulatorsegments as well as to find which particles contribute to the radiation damage at XFEL. Asthe undulator cells had different relative contributions to the damaging dose from differentelectron beam interaction points it could be of interest to use the same method for fittingsimulated dose distributions to measurements of other undulator cells at XFEL.

The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) injection system plays a fundamental role to preserve the quality of injected high-brightness beams for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) physics program and to maintain the maximum storable intensity. The present system is the result of years of upgrades and patches of a system not conceived for such intensities and beam qualities. In this study, we first investigate the effect of emittance growth due to amplitude-dependent tune shifts for erroneously injected beams. As a next step, we propose the design of a completely new injection system for the SPS using multi-level numerical optimisation, including realistic hardware assumptions. Methods and pseudo-algorithms of how this hierarchical optimisation framework can be adapted to other situations for optimal accelerator system design are shown. In addition, we explore the benefits of a numerical optimisation framework for the current SPS injection kicker timing system to minimise residual injection oscillations for maximised delivered beam intensity. We also demonstrate how a simple neural network based upon recorded data can approximate the injection system as a surrogate model, allowing for further studies of different optimisation algorithms even without beam time.

The European XFEL is an X-ray free electron laser research facility that generates ultrashort, high intensity flashes. Three SASE undulator systems are made of undulator segments and intersection components. Permanent magnets that form the segments, may potentially suffer demagnetization due to the stray radiation that comes from the interaction between electrons and the beam pipe. A gamma spectrometer (GR1-A, developed by Kromek) is planned to be placed at the entrance of one of the undulator segments of SASE1. Monte Carlo simulations, using Geant4, have been performed to study gamma radiation flux at possible measurement areas. The results show that in some cells the expected flux is larger than the maximum throughput, while for two segments there are areas which satisfy the limitations of the detector. An improvement of the geometry of the Geant4 code has also been done to make simulations more in line with the real systems. A comparison between dose results from the new and the former code shows that components placed at the intersections have a significant impact on dose distributions, especially quadrupole magnets.

For a long time voltage spikes has been seen in measurement data from accelerator magnets during current ramps. These has been believed to be caused by movements, but has never before been studied in depth. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to prove, or disprove, that these events are caused by movements and to analyse what kind of displacements that actually occur. Measurement data from coil voltage, magnetic pick-up coils and current during transients has been acquired and analysed for the Nb3Sn-dipole magnets FRESCA2 and 11T models—named MBHSP107 and MBHSP109. The measurement data is compared to movement simulations that was done with the ROXIE-program, which is used to calculate mutual inductance change for a number of different movement types. The study strongly suggests that the transients are caused by movements, and also indicates that the maximal length of a single slip-stick motion can be up to around 10 micrometers, mostly in the direction of the magnet’s internal forces. The study has proven that transients in measurement data occur due to coil movements, and that these can be quantified—a discovery that can possibly affect future construction and design of accelerator magnets.

The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) injection system plays a fundamental role to preserve the quality of injected high-brightness beams for the LHC physics program and to maintain the maximum storable intensity. The present set-up is the result of years of upgrades and patches of a system that was not conceived for such intensities and beam qualities. In this study, we propose the design of a completely new injection system based on multi-level numerical optimisation of the different constraints, including realistic hardware assumptions. We present the different algorithms and procedures applied in the optimisation process, and we also outline how this generic optimisation framework can be adapted to other situations for optimal accelerator system design.

In this thesis the linearity of the ATLAS track-counting luminosity measurement is studied using two different sets Monte Carlo simulated crossings of proton-proton bunches. A primary high-momentum, or hard, interaction must be chosen for the Monte Carlo simulation. The first of the two sets is simulated using Z→µµ as primary hard scatter in the bunch crossings while the second set is simulated with a single neutrino particle gun as the primary hard scatter. The luminosity can be determined by track counting from the relationship between the number of reconstructed charged particle tracks and the number of proton-proton interactions per bunch crossing in the ATLAS detector. The relationship between the two is theoretically linear but is affected by non-linear effects from the presence of fake tracks and the reduced tracking efficiency at large µ.  The linearity is studied and compared for eight different sets of track selection criteria called working points. Four of the working points were used during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider and four are introduced for Run 3.  It is found that the use of the physical hard scatter, Z→µµ, in the Monte Carlo generation results in the appearance of tracks at all interaction rates, to a degree that does not agree with experiment. The use of the single neutrino particle gun for the simulation of hard scatter interactions is found to be more suitable for the track counting studies. Two of the working points introduced for Run 3, called TightModHighPtStrictLumi and TightModFullEtaHighPtStrictLumi, are found to outperform the rest of the working points. / I denna uppsats studeras linjäriteten av en luminositet-mätningsmetod kallad track-counting som används vid ATLAS-detektorn. Linjäriteten studeras för två olika uppsättningar av simulerade proton-protonkollisioner. Kollisionerna produceras med hjälp av Monte Carlo-simuleringar. Den första uppsättningen simuleras användandes Z→µµ som mest högenergetisk interaktion i alla event medan den andra uppsättningen istället simuleras användandes en högenergetisk neutrinopartikel i alla event. Med hjälp av track-counting bestäms luminositeten genom förhållandet mellan antalet rekonstruerade laddade partikelspår och antalet proton-protoninteraktioner per "bunch crossing" i ATLAS-detektorn. I teorin är relationen mellan de två linjär, men track-counting metoden påverkas av icke-linjära effekter såsom falskt rekonstruerade partikelspår och minskad effektivitet vid stora µ-värden. Linjäriteten studeras och jämförs för åtta olika uppsättningar av kriterier som appliceras på partikelspåren. Linjäriteten jämförs for åtta olika uppsättningar av spårkriterier som kallas "Working points". Fyra Working points har tidigare använts under den andra körningen av "the Large Hadron Collider" medan fyra Working points är introducerade inför den tredje körningen.   Användningen av uppsättningen kollisioner som simuleras med Z→µµ som mest högenergetisk interaktion resulterar i spår vid alla µ-värden till en grad som inte överensstämmer med förväntningar. Användningen av neutrinopartikeln som mest högenergetsik interaktion vid simulering av event visar sig vara mer lämplig för studier som berör track-counting. Två av de Working points som introducerades inför den tredje körningen av "The Large Hadron Collider" visar sig prestera bättre än de andra. Dessa Working points har namnen TightModHighPtStrictLumi och TightModFullEtaHighPtStrictLumi.

In this report, the effects of adding 11B4C as interlayers into Fe/Si multilayers is studied. Fe/Si multilayers are commonly used for neutron polarization at large research facilities, and improving the polarizing properties would improve their efficiency. To study this, DC magnetron sputtering was used to make different sets of samples varying interlayer thicknesses, period thicknesses, number of periods, layer thickness ratios and also testing it with steel instead of iron in the multilayers. The samples were then studied using a series of characterization techniques to study how different growth parameters affected the sample’s properties. X-ray diffraction(XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (ED) were used for studying the crystal structure of the samples. X-ray reflectometry (XRR) was used to for fitting layer thicknesses and interface widths, and also to compare reflectivities. Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) was used to study the compositions changes of the samples. Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) gave information about how the magnetization changed between samples. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) visualized the structure of the samples. Finally, polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR) was done at Institute Laue Langevin (ILL), revealing the actual polarization of the samples. The results of the measurements concluded that for a sample with 40 periods, a period thickness of approximately 16 Å and a thickness ratio of around 0.5 for iron and silicon, using 1 Å thick 11B4C interlayers improved the polarization between the Bragg peaks by 60 %, and at the angle of the spin up peak by 130 %. The results also indicate improved polarization for samples with more or thicker periods. Using low carbon steel instead of iron showed poor results for thin layers, however showed promise for thicker layers due to good reflectivity results, but further testing is required.