With the construction of the European Spallation Source (ESS) steadily approaching the operational phase, an environmental monitoring program will soon be implemented with the purpose of monitoring emissions. With regard to radiation safety, it is highly important to monitor alpha emitting radionuclides in aerosol form. Thus, an experimental investigation of direct alpha spectroscopy methods was conducted in order to evaluate the current experimental setup at Medical Radiation Physics in Malmö. Direct alpha spectroscopy measurements of aerosols collected on filters collected during combustion of earth soil samples were performed. Additionally, the natural alpha background in aerosols was intended to be assessed from filter samples collected at Hyltemossa Research Station in northern Scania (Sweden). Furthermore, simulations of direct alpha spectroscopy measurements are conducted in order to anticipate a measured spectra during normal operation but also in the case of an emergency at the ESS, simulations used calculated data by the ESS together with a dispersion model in order to track emissions to ground level concentrations. Direct alpha spectroscopy for environmental samples, was able to detect the presence of 210Po with a low approximate activity level of 2.8 mBq per filter. The well-defined peaks resulted from the use of a multi stage impactor when sampling, which lead to a high surface deposition of the particles. The simulations illustrate this further by showing the effect of surface deposition and how it highly affects the quality of the attained spectrum for both the normal operation and the emergency scenario. Simulated spectrum for normal operation suggest the possible detection of 148Gd without any treatment of the filters. For the emergency scenario the activity level of 148Gd is much lower than from other radionuclides. Thus the simulated spectra instead show the possible need of chemical separation of the wanted radionuclide. / Den Europeiska spallationskällans (ESS) konstruktion fortgår precis vid utkanten av Lund och den börjar närma sig driftsfasen. I takt med det här kommer ett program för att säkerställa miljö, säkerhet och hälsa att startas, ett av målen kommer vara att övervaka utsläpp och säkerställa nivåer i förhållande till regelbestämda värden. Därav görs en experimentell undersökning av metoder för direkt alfaspektroskopi, som mål att utvärdera den nuvarande experimentuppställningen vid Medicinsk Strålningsfysik i Malmö. Mätningar av filter görs med direkt alfaspektroskopi, både filter med naturlig alfabakgrund och filter med innehåll uppsamlat under förbränningstest av jordprover. Filterinsamlingen av naturlig bakgrund görs vid Hyltemossa forskningsstation i nordöstra Skåne. Utöver den experimentella studien, simulering av förväntade spektrum vid mätning av uppsamlade filter görs, både vid normal drift för ESS och vid ett hypotetiskt olyckscenario där radioaktiva partiklar släpps ut. ESS egna beräkningar för utsläpp används som grund till de undersökta scenarierna. De resulterande mätningarna av jordprover gav goda resultat som styrker användandet av direkt alfaspektroskopi vid identifiering av miljöprover, närvaro av 210Po identifieras och uppskattas med beräkning till en låg aktivitetsnivå på 2.8 mBq per uppmätt filter. Grunden till den väldefinierade energitoppen för 210Po antas komma ifrån användandet av en kaskadimpaktor, vilket resulterade i en hög ytdeposition av partiklar vid insamling. Resulterande spektrum från simuleringarna för både normal operation och hypotetiskt olycksscenario fortsätter att illustrera den enormt positiva effekten av ytdeposition vid insamling. Slutsatsen från det simulerade spektrumet vid normal drift av ESS är att 148Gd kommer vara möjligt att upptäcka med den använda metoden för direkt alfaspektroskopi. För det simulerade olycksscenariot vid ESS är andelen utsläppt 148Gd i förhållande till andra radionuklider mycket lägre, vilket leder till en låg signal i spektrumet. Slutsatsen är därav att kemisk separation antagligen kommer behövas för att mäta nivåerna av 148Gd.

The High Luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), necessitates that the ATLAS experiment replace their current Inner Detector (ID) system. The new Inner Tracker (ITk) will be an all silicon detector, utilising both pixel and strip sensors, with the aim of performing as well, or better than the current system - but in a much more challenging environment. The ITk Strip detector will consist of 17888 modules, ∼ 700 of which will be produced in the Scandinavian ITk Cluster - a collaboration of Copenhagen, Lund, Oslo and Uppsala university and our industrial partner NOTE. This work encompasses the journey from individual components through industrial scale module assembly and on to performance evaluation studies at the DESY II testbeam facility. Optimisation studies were performed of the correlated multi-variable calibration necessary for a glue robot to precisely and reliably dispense the two component epoxy used in the bonding of front-end electronics to the silicon sensor. Procedures and tools were developed for integrating this process into an industrial workflow, and to account for future fundamental changes, such as a switch in the epoxy utilised. To demonstrate sufficient tracking performance of ITk strip modules, even at end-of-life, testbeam campaigns of pre-irradiated modules are conducted. These campaign serve as vi-tal feasibility studies for the ITk as a whole. Reconstruction of end-cap type modules have been historically tricky, due to their complex geometry. This work presents the full integration of semi-automated end-cap type module reconstruction in the Corryvreckan testbeam analysis framework. This represent a major improvement in turnover time from raw data to final result, making the previously impossible concept of live reconstruction during testbeam campaigns within reach.

I have in this thesis composed music for a concert using a string quartet and a jazz quartet combined, which for me is an entirely new group of instruments put together. This thesis follows my process writing the compositions from the beginning until the end. The purpose of the thesis has been to explore how to integrate a string quartet and a jazz quartet combined in my compositions.  I have, while composing, examined how the double bass relates to the instrumentation and how the bass could be used in melodies, voicings and bass lines. The goal has also been to perform these compositions during my graduation concert.   In the thesis I describe the different methods I have used to fulfil the purpose; “learning-by-doing”, inspirations and interviews, and I tell the reader about the experiences made and the knowledge I have acquired by using these. Furthermore, I give an account of the concert-material made and explain how I merged the instruments together in the compositions. Towards the end of my thesis, I share the insights and understandings that has arisen along the composing process. I ascertain that I by doing the project have developed as a composer as well as a double bass player.  This thesis could be interesting for anyone who is involved or interested in music, composing, double bass or the creative process. / <p><strong>Repertoar under konsert:</strong></p><p>Kompositör: Ingrid Schyborger,</p><p>Titel: Interlude</p><p>Kompositör: Ingrid Schyborger,</p><p>Titel: Patience</p><p>Kompositör: Ingrid Schyborger,</p><p>Titel: Intro to Loyalty</p><p>Kompositör: Ingrid Schyborger,</p><p>Titel: Loyalty</p><p>Kompositör: Ingrid Schyborger,</p><p>Titel: Kindness</p><p>Kompositör: Ingrid Schyborger,</p><p>Titel: Passion</p><p>Kompositör: Ingrid Schyborger,</p><p>Titel: Your Inner Self</p><p></p><p>Medverkande musiker:</p><p>Sopransaxofon: Tom Gabrielsson</p><p>Violin 1: Lisa Chenver</p><p>Violin 2: Filip Magnusson</p><p>Viola: Madara Tupina</p><p>Cello: Erik Elvkull</p><p>Piano: Britta Virves</p><p>Kontrabas: Ingrid Schyborger</p><p>Trummor: Edvin Fridolfsson</p><p></p><p>Konserten tog plats den 2 mars på Kungliga Musikhögskolan i Stockholm. Vi var en ensemble på åtta personer och musiken jag hade skrivit till den här konserten fokuserade på att interagera jazzkvartett och stråkkvartett. Temat på konserten var "Humane Strings" och ordet <em>Humane</em> betyder några av de fina egenskaper vi människor har. Så som; att vara medkännande, vänlig, godhjärtad, generös och att vara öppenhjärtad. Så ofta glömmer vi bort våra vackra egenskaper och vi tänker för mycket på de negativa karaktärsdragen vi har. Min idé var att om vi kunde förtstärka våra goda egenskaper så kanske världen skulle vara en bättre plats. Detta tema försökte jag gestalta i musiken skriven för konserten. </p><p></p>

We have built a spectrometer to investigate the Near-Infrared (NIR) range of this radiation, which is used for bunch diagnostics at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser. This could give information on the development of microbunching, periodic features in the longitudinal charge profile of the bunches which have a negative impact on the operation of the facility. In general it offers an ability to investigate the influences of the laser heater, the compression, and other factors that affect the structure of the bunches. The CDR is generated 1934 m after the injector, at full acceleration. The spectrometer is based around the KALYPSO detector system, able to read out from a 256 pixel linear array detector at MHz frequencies, making it possible to obtain single bunch readings during current user operation of the facility, at 1.1 MHz. KALYPSO has an InGaAs sensor, sensitive in the range 0.9 – 1.7 μm. A 40 mm N-SF11 equilateral prism is used for dispersion. First measurements have been taken, and CDR has been detected. The spectrometer needs further calibration and resolution was lacking, but it can offer insight in to relative changes, and bunch-to and can be used as for fingerprinting the beam. A reduction in signal in the sensitive range and a skew towards longer wavelengths was seen when going from uncompressed to compressed beam. When varying the power of the laser heater the behavior varied from run to run, with changing machine settings. In some cases the CDR was attenuated, while FEL intensity initially increased, until the induced energy spread from the laser heater was large enough to inhibit the FEL process. Another, less expected, behaviour was also observed, where the initially low CDR intensity at first increased, while FEL intensity stayed the same, before it then followed the same pattern as in the first case.

This project has investigated the muon background of the SHiP experiment to determine whether it can boost the experiment sensitivity to visible Dark Photon decay. Using Fermi-Weizsäcker-Williams approximation to muon scattering we found the probability of muons generating massive photons, using Bremsstrahlung and direct lepton pair production as an estimation of the frequency of muon EM-interactions. In this work we only considered muons with momenta above 10 GeV/c. The number of visible Dark Photon decays was calculated for a range of the coupling constant and photon mass. The resulting range that promised visible decay has already been excluded by previous experiments, but the method could be used to further investigate enhanced production of Dark Photons from muons and electrons, and possibly also production of Axion-like particles. The work could also be used to estimate sensitivities of other experiments using muons.

This thesis attempts to develop a conversion algorithm between local coordinates in constituent detector modules and global coordinates encompassing the whole detector structure in a generic detector. The thesis is a part of preparatory work for studying the Hough Transform as a means of track reconstruction in the level-1 hardware trigger in the upgraded trigger and data acquisition (TDAQ) system in the phase 2 upgrade of the ATLAS detector at CERN. The upgrades being made are to withstand much more extreme conditions that come with the high-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). Two algorithms have been made and then implemented in Python scripts to test their feasibility and to compare them against each-other. The Rotation algorithm uses several rotations to correctly place the local coordinates in the global system. The second, the Shear algorithm, simplifies the process into two shears and one rotation, using the small angle approximation. Both algorithms need to be extended to work with more parts of the detector to be considered complete. Despite having lower maximum precision the second algorithm is considered the most promising attempt, since it is much less sensitive to the truncation error that results from working in an integer environment, which is a requirement for use in FPGAs. / I denna uppsats görs ett försök att skapa en omvandlingsalgoritm mellan lokala koordinater i konstituerande detektormoduler och globala koordinater i hela detektorstrukturen för en generisk detektor. Uppsatsen är en del i förberedande arbete för att undersöka hur Houghtransformen kan användas för spårrekonstruktion i den hårdvarubaserade level-1 triggern i det uppgraderade trigger- och datainsamlingssystemet (TDAQ) i fas två-uppgraderingen av ATLAS detektorn vid CERN. Uppgraderingarna som görs är för att kunna utstå de mycket mer extrema förhållanden som medförs av högluminositetsuppgraderingen av Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). Två algoritmer har skapats och implementerats i Pythonskript för att testa genomförbarhet och för att jämföra med varandra. Rotationsalgoritmen använder ett antal rotationer för att korrekt placera ut de lokala koordinaterna i det globala systemet. Den andra, Skjuvalgortimen, förenklar processen till två skjuvningar och en rotation med hjälp av liten vinkel-approximationen. Båda algoritmerna behöver utökas för att fungera för fler delar av detektorn för att anses kompletta. Trots lägre maximal precision bedöms den andra algoritmen vara det mest lovande försöket, eftersom den är mycket mindre känslig för trunkeringsfelet som kommer av att arbeta i en heltalsmiljö, som är ett krav för FPGA-implementationen.

The ATLAS detector at CERN's Large Hadron Collider has been instrumental in scientific discoveries,including the Higgs particle. As part of the High Luminosity (HL) upgrade, the current Inner Detector (ID) isbeing replaced by the new IInner Tracker (ITk), and Uppsala University is collaborating with industrypartner NOTE to produce around 700 modules for the ITk. The production process involves gluing hybridsto sensors using a glue robot, which currently lacks a complete metrology system needed to verify thegeometry of produced items. This project aims to integrate a Micro Epsilon ILD1900 laser sensor with theglue robot to enable accurate measurements in the z-axis. In order to reach this goal, a few differenttasks had to be completed. These included creating a measurement API to enable the utilisation of thelaser sensor, recommending modifications to the glue robot syringe and camera holder in order to holdthe laser sensor, performing validation tests of the laser sensor's measuring capability, developing a lasersensor mount for a mock-up glue robot used during the validation process and developing a holder for aUSB/RS422 converter necessary for communication with the laser sensor. As a result of the project, themeasurement API was successfully created and utilised, appropriate modifications to the syringe holderwere made, validation tests were conducted though deemed insufficient due to limitations of the setup,and, finally, the laser sensor mount for the mock-up glue robot and the USB/RS422 holder weresuccessfully designed and produced.

Free-electron lasers (FELs) are among the world's most intense artificial artificial sources of coherent light and are tunable to various wavelengths, including the X-ray spectrum. X-ray FELs (XFELs) are extremely useful for diffraction experiments to study molecules, materials, and quantum systems. A FEL consists of an electron accelerator and a structure of magnets called an undulator. The undulator has a periodic magnetic field, and when an electron beam passes through the undulator, the Lorentz force forces the electrons to oscillate and emit what is known asspontaneous undulator radiation. Initially, the undulator radiation is spontaneously emitted and incoherent. However, aAs the electrons interact with this initial spontaneous undulator radiation, they change their relative positions and form micro-bunches of electrons. These microbunches are shorter than the undulator radiation wavelength. Hence, the waves emitted by the electrons from the same microbunch arethey become in phase, meaning the radiation is now coherent with the radiation field, and the state of coherence develops. This process is known as self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE). Due to the coherence, tThe radiation intensity grows exponentially along the undulator, forming several peaks in the radiation pulse known as SASE spikes. One technique for obtaining ultra-short laser pulses is to isolate single SASE spikes by controlling where, along the electron beam, the SASE spikes can grow. This growth limitation is archieved by modulating the electron energies, thus only allowing electrons at specific positions along the electron beam to radiate. In addition, to keep positive interference between undulator radiation from electrons with different energies, the energy modulation must be compensated with a gradient of the magnetic field amplitude of the undulator, so-called tapering. There are plans to implement this technique at one of the beamlines at the European X-ray FEL (EuXFEL) to generate attosecond X-ray pulses and study quantum systems. One goal of the design process is to choose design parameters for the electron beam's modulation amplitude and the undulator's tapering coefficient. These design parameters shall be chosen so that the XFEL will have as short pulse duration as possible while at the same time not getting too low peak power. This thesis aims to study the effect of electron energy modulation and undulator tapering on the SASE and how the modulation amplitude and the tapering coefficient affect the XFEL's peak power and pulse duration. A model was developed to simulate SASE with a modulated electron beam in a tapered undulator. With this model, a parameter scan gave the average peak power and pulse duration as functions of the modulation amplitude and the tapering coefficient. The parameter scan showed that the peak power and the pulse duration decrease as the modulation amplitude and the tapering coefficient increase. Therefore, a trade-off exists between high peak power and short pulse duration. It was possible to exclude sets of the parameters that gave too low peak power or long pulse duration. This study also found an optimum range for the tapering coefficient where the peak power had a local maximum without a significant increase in pulse duration. The physics behind this optimal tapering coefficient is also discussed in connection to the electrons' energy modulation.

During the Apollo 10 and 17 missions NASA astronauts reported that they saw streamers emanating from the surface of the moon. They concluded that the streamers were produced by light scattering from dust particles. The particles are believed to be transported by an ambient electric field. This theorized electric field has never been measured directly, although the electric potential on the surface and above it has. The exact behavior and origin of the electric field is unknown, but has been approximated to be between 1 and 12 V/m. To measure this electrical field a new type of instrument, called Multi Plate Field Mills (MPFM) has been developed. This type of instrument is capable of measuring both the amplitude and directionality of the electrical field. Three of these instruments will be mounted on a 1U CubeSat to be lunched with the PTS mission to the moon scheduled to Q4 2019. In this work the MPFM were characterized. The precision of the instrument for electrical fields applied along the z, y and x axis was found to be 0.6, 1.3, 1.4 (V/m)/(Hz)^(1/2) respectively for measurements in air and 0.14, 0.6, 0.6 (V/m)/(Hz)^(1/2) for measurements in vacuum. This sensitivity outperforms the current state of the art Field Mills and, in addition to that, it provides an assessment of the directionality of the electrical field. / Umeå Lunar Venture

In factories handling fissile materials, criticality accidents can occur. The CAAS-3S system produced by Mirion Technologies includes a range of equipment to detect these accidents and alert employees to evacuate the facility and protect their health. The system consists of four types of plastic scintillation detectors. To determine the potential locations of the detectors and to ensure that the system detects all criticality accidents, Mirion Technologies is conducting positioning studies. These studies simulate criticality accidents using the Monte Carlo based code MCNP. Mirion Technologies would like to develop an MCNP model of these probes to build a response function to predict the experimental stress of the probes. Furthermore, during a criticality accident, the ambient temperature may increase significantly and the system must be able to detect an accident during a temperature rise without generating a false alarm. The CAAS-3S system includes a temperature correction. This master thesis has demonstrated that the temperature correction was able to trigger the alarm without generating false alarms for temperatures up to 70°C. MCNP models of the four probes of the system have been designed. It appeared that the energy rate deposited in the gamma scintillator calculated numerically by MCNP allowed to predict the experimental voltage during irradiation under photon radiation. In the case of neutron irradiation it has been proven that the reaction rate (n,alpha) on lithium contained in the scintillation matrix allows to predict the experimental voltage without having to simulate the alpha particles, thus reducing the calculation time. Correlation coefficients based on experimental results and numerical simulations have been determined for several incident particle energies in order to create a probe response function. / I fabriker som hanterar klyvbart material kan kriticitetsolyckor inträffa. CAAS-3S-systemet som tillverkas av Mirion Technologies innehåller en rad olika utrustningar för att upptäcka dessa olyckor och varna de anställda så att de kan evakuera anläggningen och skydda sin hälsa. Systemet består av fyra typer av plastsintillationsdetektorer. För att fastställa de potentiella platserna för detektorerna och för att se till att systemet upptäcker alla kriticitetsolyckor genomför Mirion Technologies positioneringsstudier. I dessa studier simuleras kritiska olyckor med hjälp av den Monte Carlo-baserade koden MCNP. Mirion Technologies skulle vilja utveckla en MCNP-modell av dessa sonder för att bygga upp en responsfunktion för att förutsäga den experimentella belastningen på sonderna. Under en kritisk olycka kan dessutom omgivningstemperaturen öka avsevärt och systemet måste kunna upptäcka en olycka under en temperaturökning utan att generera ett falsklarm. CAAS-3S-systemet innehåller en temperaturkorrigering. I detta examensarbete har det visats att temperaturkorrigeringen kunde utlösa larmet utan att generera falska larm för temperaturer upp till 70 °C. MCNP-modeller av systemets fyra prober har utformats. Det visade sig att den energihastighet som deponeras i gammascintillatorn, som beräknats numeriskt med MCNP, gjorde det möjligt att förutsäga den experimentella spänningen under bestrålning med fotonstrålning. Vid neutronbestrålning gör reaktionshastigheten (n,alfa) på litium i scintillationsmatrisen det möjligt att förutsäga den experimentella spänningen utan att simulera alfapartiklarna, vilket minskar beräkningstiden. Korrelationskoefficienter baserade på experimentella resultat och numeriska simuleringar har bestämts för flera energier av infallande partiklar för att skapa en sonderesponsfunktion.